Innovation Ecosystems 2025
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58. O’Halloran, J. (2025). IDC: global edge computing spending to approach $380bn by 2028. ComputerWeekly.com.
https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366620991/IDC-global-edge-computing-spending-to-approach-380bn-by-2028.
59. In IT, latency is the time that elapses between a user request and the completion of that request. Even processes that
seem instantaneous have some measurable delay. Reducing such delays has become an important business goal.
Source: Cisco. (2025). What is low latency? https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/cloud-networking/what-is-
low-latency.html.
60. UK Parliament. (2024). POST Research Briefing: 6G mobile technology. https://post.parliament.uk/research-briefings/post-
pn-0734/.
61. Edge computing optimizes Internet devices and web applications by bringing computing closer to the source of the
data. This minimizes the need for long distance communications between client and server, which reduces latency and
bandwidth usage. Source: Cloudflare. (2025). What is edge computing? https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/serverless/
glossary/what-is-edge-computing/.
62. Knowledge Quarter Liverpool. (2025). [Home page]. https://kqliverpool.co.uk.
63. Open Banking. (2025). [Home page]. https://www.openbanking.org.uk/.
64. JTC. (2025). Punggol Digital District. https://www.jtc.gov.sg/punggoldigitaldistrict.
65. JTC. (2025). Punggol Digital District: Powering the district’s ecosystem. https://www.jtc.gov.sg/punggoldigitaldistrict/odp.
66. JTC. (2025). Punggol Digital District: Powering the future: How businesses can benefit from Punggol Digital District’s smart
grid. https://www.jtc.gov.sg/punggoldigitaldistrict/story-articles/how-businesses-can-benefit-from-smart-grid.
67. JTC. (2024). Punggol Digital District: Here’s what to know about ENGIE’s District Cooling System at Punggol Digital District.
https://www.jtc.gov.sg/punggoldigitaldistrict/story-articles/what-to-know-about-engie-dcs-at-pdd .
68. NTT East. (2025). NTT e-City Labo: Innovation hub for advanced technologies and customer use cases. (Unpublished).
NTT East’s case study submission to the World Economic Forum for this report.
69. Claudel, M. et al. (2017). An exploration of collaborative scientific production at MIT through spatial organization and
institutional affiliation. PLOS One. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179334.
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