Resilient Firms and Economies 2025

1. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2023, 28 August). The High Cost of Global Economic Fragmentation. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/08/28/the-high-cost-of-global-economic-fragmentation. 2. Multilateral development banks (MDBs) are defined as “supranational financial institutions that support [countries] to help them achieve various goals. While the support is primarily financial, many MDBs have accumulated a good deal of experience, which allows them to propose non-financial services too, such as policy advice, capacity building, technical assistance and training. MDBs are a key element in the multilateral development system”. It is recognized that many related development-finance activities are also carried out by international organizations and national development finance institutions operating domestically or regionally with similar objectives and instruments. See: European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS). (2024). Multilateral development banks: state of play and reform proposals. https://www.europarl. europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/762477/EPRS_BRI%282024%29762477_EN.pdf?utm_. 3. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (n.d.). GDP based on PPP, share of world [database]. https://www.imf.org/external/ datamapper/PPPSH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD. 4. United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2025). World Trade Policy Uncertainty Index reaches record levels in Q1 2025 https://unctad.org/news/uncertainty-new-tariff-costing-global-trade-and-hurting-developing-economies. 5. Munich Re. (2025). Natural Disasters 2024: Climate Change Is Showing Its Claws. https://www.munichre.com/en/company/ media-relations/media-information-and-corporate-news/media-information/2025/natural-disaster-figures-2024.html. 6. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2024). Confronting Fragmentation Where It Matters Most: Trade, Debt, and Climate Action. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/01/16/Confronting-fragmentation-where-it-matters-most-trade-debt- and-climate-action. 7. Reuters. (2025, 14 March). World Bank Chief Economist Sounds Alarm on Emerging Market Debt Issues, Urges Liberalization. https://www.reuters.com/markets/world-bank-chief-economist-sounds-alarm-emerging-market-debt- issues-urges-2025-04-25/. 8. World Bank Group. (2023). Natural Disasters Force 26 Million People into Poverty and Cost $520bn in Losses Every Year. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/11/14/natural-disasters-force-26-million-people-into-poverty- and-cost-520bn-in-losses-every-year-new-world-bank-analysis-finds. 9. United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2025). With falling foreign direct investment, investment-promoting regimes increasingly more important to reach the SDGs. https://sdgpulse.unctad.org/investment-flows/?utm_. 10. United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2024). World Investment Report 2024. https://unctad.org/webflyer/ world-investment-report-2024 11. Business Today. (2024). Gap Between Infrastructure Needs and Expected Spending Is $15 Trillion by 2030. https://www.businesstodayegypt.com/Article/1/4468/Gap-between-infrastructure-needs-and-expected-spending-is-15-trillion. 12. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2024, 15 February). Emerging Markets Face a Perfect Storm. https://blog-pfm.imf.org/ en/pfmblog/2025/04/emerging-markets-face-a-perfect-storm. 13. World Economic Forum. (2025). Global Economic Futures: Competitiveness in 2030. https://www.weforum.org/reports/ global-economic-futures-competitiveness-in-2030 14. World Bank. (2024, 18 July). Africa Human Capital, Heads of State Summit. https://www.worldbank.org/en/ events/2023/07/25/africa-human-capital-heads-of-state-summit. 15. World Bank. (2024). World Development Indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/ 16. World Bank. (2024). Digital Transformation Drives Development in Africa. https://www.worldbank.org/en/ results/2024/01/18/digital-transformation-drives-development-in-afe-afw-africa . 17. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2024). Sustainability Policies and Practices for Corporate Governance in Latin America. https://www.oecd.org/corporate/sustainability-policies-latin-america.htm 18. Ambrus, S. (2023, 18 May). How Latin American Countries Became World Champions of Happiness. Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). https://blogs.iadb.org/ideas-matter/en/how-latin-american-countries-became-world- champions-of-happiness/. 19. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). (n.d.) Law in transition special edition - Resilient. https:// www.ebrd.com/content/dam/ebrd_dxp/assets/pdfs/legal-reform/law-in-transition-journal/special-edition/litse-resilient.pdf. 20. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2024). Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2024. https://desapublications.un.org/publications/financing-sustainable-development-report-2024?utm_. 21. United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (n.d.). Economy, investment and finance – Data insights. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/insights/theme/238?utm_#metadata. 22. World Bank Group. (2021). Global Community Steps Up with $93 Billion Support Package to Boost Resilient Recovery in World’s Poorest Countries. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/12/15/global-community-steps-up- with-93-billion-support-package-to-boost-resilient-recovery-in-world-s-poorest-countries. Endnotes Resilient Firms and Economies 28