Strengthening Indonesia China Palm Oil Trade with Sustainable Practices 2025

Endnotes 1 A pivotal meeting of Asian and African nations held at Bandung, Indonesia in 1955. See https://www.unesco.org/en/ memory-world/asian-african-conference-archives. 2 Ministry of Trade of Indonesia. (2024). Laporan Perdagangan Indonesia–China 2023. Jakarta: MoT. https://www. kemendag.go.id/id/media-center/siaran-pers/laporan-perdagangan-indonesia-china-2023. 3 ASEAN Secretariat. (2023). ASEAN Matters: Epicentrum of Growth. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ FIN_ASEAN-Annual-Report-2023-June-December-Epub.pdf. 4 Statistics Indonesia (BPS). (2024). Indonesia Foreign Trade Statistics: Exports and Imports by Destination Country and Commodity, 2023. Jakarta: BPS. https://www.bps.go.id/publication. 5 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2024). Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade – April 2024. Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), Washington, DC. Retrieved April 1, 2024, from https://fas.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/ oilseeds.pdf. 6 International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2023). Supporting Smallholders in Sustainable Palm Oil Production in Indonesia. Geneva/Jakarta. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/ zskgke326/files/migration/gcp/UNDP_GCP_Indonesia---Supporting-Smallholders.pdf . 7 Ibid. 8 European Union Delegation to Indonesia. (2023). Analysis of Certification Systems: ISPO, MSPO and RSPO in the Context of EUDR. Jakarta: EU Delegation. 9 China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED). (2023). Taskforce on Green Value Chains: Promoting Sustainable Commodity Trade. Beijing: CCICED Secretariat. https://cciced.eco/research/ special-policy-study/global-green-value-chains-greening-chinas-soft-commodity-value-chains/. 10 WWF Indonesia. (2023). Sustainable Procurement for Greener Future – Palm Oil. Jakarta: WWF Indonesia https://wwf. or.id/en/publication/palm-oil-sustainable-procurement; Indonesia Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs. (2024). Indonesia National Dashboard on Smallholder and Land Registration Progress. https://dashboard-perkebunan.jabarprov. go.id/. 11 Ibid. 12 Chain Reaction Research. (2023). Indonesia’s Palm Oil Deforestation Risk: The Role of Independent Mills and Traceability Challenges. Washington, DC: CRR. https://aidenvironment.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Chain-Reaction-Research_ Financial-Risks-of-Commodity-Driven-Deforestation-Lessons-from-10-Years-of-CRR_2023.pdf. 13 Solidaridad and IDH. (2022). Cost of RSPO Certification for Smallholders in Indonesia: Financial Barriers and Incentive Models. Utrecht/Jakarta. https://www.solidaridadnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Palm-Oil-Barometer-2024_ Consultation_Paper-1.pdf. 14 Based on policy statements and updates from Indonesia Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs. World Bank. (2024). Digital Infrastructure and Agricultural Traceability in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/ documentdetail/099010124154533452/p1814301bcfa750919f361620f57a835ac. 15 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS). (2024). China: Oilseeds and Products Annual Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/ DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Oilseeds+and+Products+Annual_Beijing_China+-+People%27s+Republic+of_ CH2024-0042.pdf IISD and TFA. (2023). China’s Palm Oil Market and Sustainability Considerations. Geneva/Beijing. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ssi-global-market-report-palm-oil.pdf. 16 WWF China and China Sustainable Palm Oil Alliance (CSPOA). (2023); Market Study on Certified Sustainable Palm Oil in China. Beijing: WWF China. Retrieved from: https://www.wwfchina.org/publications/cspo_study_2023.pdf. 17 IISD. (2022). Sustainable Commodity Trade in China: ESG Trends and Market Readiness. Geneva: International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/sustainable_china_trade_framework.pdf . 18 International Trade Centre (ITC). (2023). Barriers and Incentives for Sustainable Commodity Trade in Asia: Case Studies on Palm Oil Markets in China, India, and Pakistan. Geneva: ITC. https://intracen.org/publications/asia-palm-oil- sustainable-trade-2023; WWF Indonesia. (2022). Market Shifts and Certification Challenges for Indonesian Palm Oil. Jakarta: WWF. https://wwf.or.id/id/publication/market-shifts-certification-challenges-palm-oil-2022 . 19 NDPE stands for “No deforestation, no peatlands, no exploitation”. See https://www.sustainablepalmoilchoice.eu/ndpe- commitment/. 20 Nestle’s 2024. Non-Financial Statement. https://www.nestle.com/sites/default/files/2025-02/non-financial- statement-2024.pdf. 21 Bunge. (2024), Sustainability Growing Our Business: 2024 Global Sustainability Report, https://delivery.bunge.com/-/ media/Files/pdf/2024-Bunge-Global-Sustainability-Report.ashx. 22 Cargill. (2024). Impact Report 2024, https://www.cargill.com/sustainability/doc/1432270798723/2024-impact-report.pdf. Strengthening Indonesia-China Palm Oil Trade with Sustainable Practices 17