The Global Cooperation Barometer 2026

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36. The White House. (2024, 17 June). Joint Fact Sheet: The United States and India Continue to Chart an Ambitious Course for the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology. https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements- releases/2024/06/17/joint-fact-sheet-the-united-states-and-india-continue-to-chart-an-ambitious-course-for-the-initiative- on-critical-and-emerging-technology/; US Department of State. (2024, 28 February). Joint Statement Endorsing Principles for 6G: Secure, Open, and Resilient by Design. https://2021-2025.state.gov/joint-statement-endorsing-principles-for- 6g-secure-open-and-resilient-by-design/; Hashmi, S. (2025, 31 July). The Gulf bets big on AI as it seeks the ‘new oil’. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg8z2mx508o; Pillai, R. (2025, 13 August). du launches region’s first live 5G-Advanced network in UAE with Huawei. Gulf Business. https://gulfbusiness.com/du-launches-regions-first-live-5g- advanced-network-in-uae-with-huawei/; Reuters. (2025, 15 April) Malaysia telco U Mobile to partner with China’s Huawei and ZTE for 5G network. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/malaysia-telco-u-mobile-partner-with-chinas- huawei-zte-5g-network-2025-04-15/; Reuters. (2024, 26 November). S. Africa’s MTN teams up with China Telecom, Huawei on 5G, AI. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/safricas-mtn-teams-up-with-china-telecom-huawei- 5g-ai-2024-11-26/. 37. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2025). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2025. https://www.irena.org/ Publications/2025/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2025. 38. Ember. (2025). Yearly Electricity Data. https://www.ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/. 39. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2025). Global EV Outlook 2025. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2025; International Energy Agency (IEA). (2025). World Energy Investment 2025. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy- investment-2025. 40. Baysa, N. et al. (2025, 27 October). Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2025: EMDE Spotlight. Climate Policy Initiative. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-2025-emde-spotlight/ . 41. Bitsadze, R. (2025, 9 September). Multilateral Development Banks Hit Record $137 Billion in Climate Finance to Drive Sustainable Development Worldwide. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). https://www.ebrd. com/home/news-and-events/news/2025/multilateral-development-banks-hit-record--137-billion-in-climat.html. 42. Projections expect adaptation finance to grow in 2024, albeit the metric remains difficult to track and is sensitive to changes in methodology and funding from large individual projects: COP30. (2025, 22 November). COP30 approves Belém Package. https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/cop30-approves-belem-package1. 43. Krishnan, M., et al. (2025, 6 November). The Hard Stuff 2025: Taking Stock of Progress on the Physical Challenges of the Energy Transition. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/the-hard-stuff-2025-taking- stock-of-progress-on-the-physical-challenges-of-the-energy-transition. 44. China accounts for 40–80% of the manufacturing capacity for five key clean technologies (solar power, wind, batteries, electrolysers and heat pumps), with an especially large role in solar power and batteries. See: International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023). The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-state-of-clean-technology- manufacturing. 45. Krishnan, M. et al. (2025, 6 November). The Hard Stuff 2025: Taking Stock of Progress on the Physical Challenges of the Energy Transition. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/the-hard-stuff-2025-taking- stock-of-progress-on-the-physical-challenges-of-the-energy-transition. 46. Global emissions have generally risen almost every year in the past five decades with a few exceptional years including 2009, 2015 and 2020. See: European Commission. (2025). GHG emissions of all world countries. https://edgar.jrc. ec.europa.eu/report_2025. 47. World Resources Institute (WRI). (2025, 6 November). STATEMENT: Brazil Launches Tropical Forests Forever Facility [Press release]. https://www.wri.org/news/statement-brazil-launches-tropical-forests-forever-facility. 48. Note emissions due to land-use changes are projected to decline; while emissions from fossil-fuel use (i.e. from the energy system) continue to trend up: Global Carbon Project. (2025, 13 November). Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions Hit Record High in 2025. https://globalcarbonbudget.org/fossil-fuel-co2-emissions-hit-record-high-in-2025/. 49. Mooney, A. & Foster, P . (2025, 17 October). Historic shipping climate agreement delayed after Trump attack. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/02936596-a403-4d02-aef6-1ed89deee984. 50. Abuova, N. (2025, 16 September). Central Asia, EU Forge Hydrogen Path for Green Transition. The Astana Times. https://astanatimes.com/2025/09/central-asia-eu-forge-hydrogen-path-for-green- transition/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CGreen%20hydrogen%20has%20emerged%20as,Issetov%20at%20the%20 opening%20session. 51. 2023–24 analysis on year-on-year DAH evolution by channel source – multilateral channels include Global Funds and funds channelled through multilateral institutions (e.g. WHO, UN, multilateral development banks). Similarly, 2021–24 shows an approximate 60% total decrease from multilateral channels vs. 30% decrease from bilateral channels. 52. US Department of State. (2024). U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) 2025 Country Operational Plan (COP25) Strategic Guidance. https://2021-2025.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/20241223-COP25-Strategic- Guidance-Final-to-post_508_mjm.pdf?safe=1; Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). (2025). 2 CFR 200.306. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-2/subtitle-A/chapter-II/part-200/subpart-D/section-200.306. 53. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2025, 15 July). FGH Report 2025. https://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/ files/2025-07/FGHReport_2025_2025.07.15_0.pdf. 54. Krugman, A. (2025, 31 July). The State of Global Health Funding: August 2025. Think Global Health. https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/state-global-health-funding-august-2025. The Global Cooperation Barometer 2026 34
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