The Gran Chaco Pathways Towards a Sustainable Future 2025

67. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_FullVolume.pdf. 68. Among these initiatives are: Trinational Commission for the Development of the Pilcomayo River Basin (1995), between Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay; Binational Commission for the Management of the Lower Pilcomayo River Basin, between Paraguay and Argentina; Binational Commission for the Development of the Upper Bermejo River Basin and the Grande de Tarija River; and Trinational Framework Agreement to implement the Subregional Action Program for the Sustainable Development of the Gran Chaco Americano (PAS Chaco, 2009), aimed at cooperation for the sustainable development of the region. 69. Alonso, I., Alfred Arnold, G., Alonso Argüello, G. D., Bardy Prado, R., Caballero Alvarez, P . J., Flores Montes, N. G., Guimarães Monteiro, J. M., Mioni, W. F., Sanjinés, V., & Taraborelli, D. S. (2020). Análisis comparado de políticas públicas de protección y gestión de los bosques nativos en el Gran Chaco Sudamericano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina. https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/bitstream/doc/1126729/1/Analisis-comparado-de- politicas-publicas-de-proteccion-y-gestion-de-los-bosques-nativos-2020.pdf. 70. European Commission. (2024). Regulation on Deforestation-free Products. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/ forests/deforestation/regulation-deforestation-free-products_en. 71. European Commission (2019). EU Communication (2019) on stepping up EU action to protect and restore the world’s forests. https://commission.europa.eu/publications/eu-communication-2019-stepping-eu-action-protect-and-restore- worlds-forests_en. 72. Brown, A. (2018). Corredores Ecológicos del Gran Chaco Americano. ProYungas Foundation. https://siga.proyungas.org. ar/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Corredores_GranChaco-1.pdf. 73. Habitat fragmentation refers to the process in which a continuous habitat – the natural environment where an organism typically lives – is broken into smaller and isolated pieces, due to human activities (Jackson & Fahrig, 2013). 74. MapBiomas Chaco. https://chaco.mapbiomas.org/project/. 75. The REDD+ programme aims to reduce emissions and forest degradation, funded by international organizations (UN, World Bank, Green Climate Fund) and private entities like the Global Forest Coalition. The data includes the project’s start year and the amount of funding awarded. 76. United Nations Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2023). A Decade of REDD+: Notable Achievements by Forest Nations https://unfccc.int/news/a-decade-of-redd-notable-achievements-by-forest-nations. 77. Green Climate Fund. (2022). GCF results-based payments: Stepping stone to unlock private finance at scale. https://www.greenclimate.fund/insights/gcf-results-based-payments-stepping-stone-unlock-private-finance-scale.  78. United Nations Development Programme. (2022). National REDD+ funding mechanisms: Lessons learned and success factors. https://www.climateandforests-undp.org/national-redd-funding-mechanisms-lessons-learned-and-success- factors.  79. The Autonomous Departmental Government of Tarija is finalizing two pivotal documents – a departmental climate change policy and an accompanying action plan – developed with active participation from local communities. These documents align with national and municipal policies, as well as the Territorial Comprehensive Development Plans (PTDI). Once approved, they will become official and publicly accessible, serving as a foundation to attract funding resources, including from the Green Climate Fund. 80. The data analysed for this report considers only nationally protected natural areas within the four Argentine provinces in focus (Salta, Formosa, Santiago del Estero and Chaco). In contrast, Fundación Vida Silvestre estimates that 9% of the Argentine Gran Chaco territory is protected, as it includes all natural areas under national, provincial and municipal jurisdiction. More information: https://granchaco.vidasilvestre.org.ar/. 81. Alcañiz, I., & Gutierrez, R. A. (2020). Between the Global Commodity Boom and Subnational State Capacities: Payment for Environmental Services to Fight Deforestation in Argentina. Global Environmental Politics, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 38-59. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00535. 82. Greenpeace. (2022). Deforestación en el Norte de Argentina: Informe Anual 2022. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/ planet4-argentina-stateless/2023/01/e9b71707-deforestacion-en-el-norte-de-argentina-informe-anual-2022.pdf. 83. Ley No. 422/73 Forestal de la Nación de Paraguay. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/par23975.pdf. 84. Costa, E. (2023). PPCDAm: new plan Against deforestation includes technologies to anticipate devastation and investment in bioeconomy to develop the Amazon. https://infoamazonia.org/en/2023/04/14/ppcdam-new-plan-against-deforestation- includes-technologies-to-anticipate-devastation-and-investment-in-bioeconomy-to-develop-the-amazon/ . 85. Environment for Development, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. (2024). Costa Rica’s Payment for Ecosystem Services scheme has been evaluated. https://www.efdinitiative.org/news/costa-ricas- payment-ecosystem-services-scheme-has-been-evaluated. 86. Gómez, A., Sarsfield, R. (2023). Can tropical forest loss be offset by a forest “credit”? A closer look at an emerging environmental market in Paraguay. Environmental Policy Innovation Center. https://www.policyinnovation.org/blog/ tropica-forest-loss-paraguay#:~:text=Paraguay%2C%20a%20small%20and%20biodiversity%2Drich%20country%20 with,initiative%20allows%20for%20the%20mitigation%20of%20environmental. 87. United Nations Development Programme. (2023). UNDP’s High-Integrity Carbon Markets Initiative. https://climatepromise. undp.org/sites/default/files/research_report_document/High-Integrity%20Carbon%20Markets%20Initiative%20-%20Final.pdf. The Gran Chaco: Pathways Towards a Sustainable Future 57