49. Bonvin, J.-M., Cianferoni, N., & Mexi, M. (eds.). (2023). Social dialogue in the gig economy: A comparative empirical analysis. Edward Elgar Publishing. 50. World Economic Forum. (2025, January 7). The future of jobs report 2025. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the- future-of-jobs-report-2025/ 51. Ministry of ICT and Digital Economy, Republic of Kenya. (2025). Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2030. https:// www.ict.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-03/Kenya%20AI%20Strategy%202025%20-%202030.pdf 52. Ministry of ICT and Digital Economy. (2022). The Kenya National Digital Master Plan 2022–2032. https://cms.icta.go.ke/ sites/default/files/2022-04/Kenya%20Digital%20Masterplan%202022-2032%20Online%20Version.pdf 53. Kenya Private Sector Alliance. (2024). The Ajira Digital: Making the digital economy a reality for young women in Kenya. https://kepsa.or.ke/kepsanews/the-ajira-digital-making-the-digital-economy-a-reality-for-young-women-in-kenya-through- an-apprenticeship-program-by-emobilis 54. Konza Technopolis. (n.d.). Jitume program. Retrieved August 6, 2025, from https://jitume.konza.go.ke/#/home/index 55. United Nations Development Programme. (2023). County Profiles: Mapping the innovation ecosystem in Kenya. https:// www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2023-03/County%20Profiles.pdf 56. Council of Governors. (n.d.). Information communication technology (ICT) and knowledge. Retrieved August 6, 2025, from https://cog.go.ke/technical_committee/information-communication-technology-ict-and-knowledge/ 57. International Labour Organization. (2023, July 11). Community of practice established to foster inclusive digital economy in Kenya. https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/community-practice-established-foster-inclusive-digital-economy-kenya 58. Office of the Attorney General and Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. (2024). National action plan on business and human rights (2020–2025). https://globalnaps.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/NAP-Kenya-2020-2025- English.pdf 59. Deactivation refers to when a digital labour platform suspends or permanently closes a worker’s account, preventing them from taking further jobs through the platform. This often results in immediate loss of income and may occur without adequate explanation or recourse. 60. Department for Business and Trade, Government of the United Kingdom. (2024, August 30). Employment status and employment rights: Guidance for HR professionals, legal professionals and other groups. https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/employment-status-and-employment-rights/employment-status-and-employment-rights- guidance-for-hr-professionals-legal-professionals-and-other-groups 61. International Labour Organization. (2025, April). Law and practice update: Digital labour platforms in Kenya. https://www. ilo.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/Law%20and%20Practice%20Update%20020425.pdf 62. California Secretary of State. (2020). Proposition 22 – app-based drivers as contractors and labor policies initiative. https://vig.cdn.sos.ca.gov/2020/general/pdf/topl-prop22.pdf 63. International Labour Organization. (2024). Driving an inclusive and productive digital transformation for decent work. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/2024-08/Forum%20Extended%20Report_final.pdf 64. Ministry of ICT and Digital Economy, Republic of Kenya. (2025). Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2030. https:// www.ict.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-03/Kenya%20AI%20Strategy%202025%20-%202030.pdf 65. Fairwork. (2023). Fairwork Kenya ratings 2022. https://fair.work/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2023/02/230202_fairwork_ kenya-report-2022_RZ_small.pdf 66. Ministry of Labour and Social Protection. (2024). The Regulation of Wages (General) (Amendment) Order. https://www. labour.go.ke/node/470 67. Ibid. 68. East African Community. (2000). The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, Article 104. https:// www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf Trade and Labour: Pathways for Decent Work in Kenya’s Digital Economy 30

Trade and Labour Pathways for Decent Work in Kenya's Digital Economy 2025