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Tatu City. (2024). CCI launches USD 50 million call centre at Tatu City. https://www.tatucity.com/news/cci-launch-us-50- million-tatu-city-call-centre/ 29. Ministry of ICT and National Guidance. (2025). National Business Process Outsourcing Policy – 2025. https://ict.go.ug/ site/documents/bpo-policy.pdf 30. International Labour Organization. (2024). Digital labour platforms in Kenya: Exploring women’s opportunities and challenges across various sectors. https://www.ilo.org/publications/digital-labour-platforms-kenya-exploring- women%E2%80%99s-opportunities-and 31. Kwanya, T., & Wakunuma, K. J. (2023). Regulation of digital platforms for a socially-just gig economy in Kenya. Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society. https://zenodo.org/records/7895722; Munyu, M., et al. (2024, November 4). Protecting labour rights for gig workers. DLA Piper Africa. https://www.dlapiperafrica.com/en/africa-wide/view. html?item=c9393551-9a77-11ef-a7bc-069fd42faff7 32. African Union. (2014). African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection. https://au.int/sites/ default/files/treaties/29560-treaty-0048_-_african_union_convention_on_cyber_security_and_personal_data_protection_e. pdf 33. Ministry of ICT, Innovation and Youth Affairs, Kenya. (2022). The Kenya National Digital Master Plan 2022–2032. https:// cms.icta.go.ke/sites/default/files/2022-04/Kenya%20Digital%20Masterplan%202022-2032%20Online%20Version.pdf 34. Ministry of ICT, Innovation and Youth Affairs. (2019). Digital Economy Blueprint. https://smartafrica.org/wp-content/ uploads/2021/08/Kenya_Digital_Economy_2019.pdf 35. Ministry of ICT and the Digital Economy. (2023). National Broadband Strategy (2018–2023). https://ict.go.ke/sites/default/ files/2024-09/National-Broadband-Strategy-2023.pdf 36. Ministry of ICT and Digital Economy, Republic of Kenya. (2025). 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Kenyans stayed longer without power in 6 months to December. https://www.the-star.co.ke/ business/2025-03-28-kenyans-stayed-longer-without-power-in-6-months-to-december 43. The TVET curriculum is revised when the need arises to align with the National Occupational Standards (NOS), which are developed in collaboration with industry. 44. Kenya Private Sector Alliance. (2024). The Ajira Digital: Making the digital economy a reality for young women in Kenya. https://kepsa.or.ke/kepsanews/the-ajira-digital-making-the-digital-economy-a-reality-for-young-women-in-kenya-through- an-apprenticeship-program-by-emobilis 45. Kaushal, T. (2025). Gendered labour produces finance: Navigating profits and care as intermediaries of finance. Economy and Society, 54(2), 209–232. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03085147.2025.2489881?af=R 46. World Bank. (2024). Working without borders: The promise and peril of online gig work. https://documents1.worldbank. org/curated/en/099011724092026769/pdf/P1773021669c080021bb971499c18a61008.pdf 47. Fairwork. (2021). Fairwork Kenya ratings 2021: Labour standards in the gig economy. https://fair.work/wp-content/ uploads/sites/17/2021/12/Fairwork-Kenya-2021-report-accessible.pdf 48. International Labour Organization. (2025). Digital labour platforms in Kenya. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/ files/2025-04/ILOP-Digital-Labour-Kenya-v6_0.pdf Trade and Labour: Pathways for Decent Work in Kenya’s Digital Economy 29

Trade and Labour Pathways for Decent Work in Kenya's Digital Economy 2025