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EKiéns Emillulius FUCHS,_erreigned on _ f,___"_.._n__ 1ndictm§nt4§four cnnnts@_under thg,, ; LQffic i,§;ZI_:_Se'c rots Lot, 111 Secrtion 1 . -'
Fbr;th§_oronn£ Sir_Bart1e3_$hswcros§,_3.6., Attorneg_§eneral.
Hr. Christmas Humphreys. .
an-. Curtis Bennett, 11.0. '
HI:Malcolm Morris. -' For FUCHS:
Sentence:- Fourteen years imprisonment.
At the commencement of the hearing the following counts upon
. which Fuchs was indicted were read to him: A
! That he em on e day in 19143 in the city of Birmingham,for a purpose pre3udicia1 to the safety or interest ofthe State, communicate to a person unknown informationrelating to atomic research which was calculated to be,
or might have been, or was intended to be, directly or
indirectly, useful to an enemy.
!On a day unknown between 31st December, 19h}, and1st August, 19hh, being a British subject, in the cityof New York, in the United States of America, committed
a similar offence. - '
on s day unknown in February, 19b5, being a British '
subject, at Boston, Massachusetts, in the United Statesof America, committed_a similar offence. '!
h! On s day in 19k?, in Berkshire, committed a similar -
"offence.
The Attorney General, then addressed the Court: _
"May Your Lordships piease, in this case I appear with m
learned friend, Mr. Christmas Humphreys, to prosecute, and the -
prisoner is represented by my learned friends, Mr. Curtis Bennett
and Mr. Mslcom Morris. _
"My Lords, this is e case of the utmost gravity - I sunbose as
serious as any which has ever been prosecuted under this4§tatute -
;% .4.':1 ,- ."-w'.¢- ..i92ir~-_ to an indictment in the four counts of which he is chsrged under
ff L section 1 of the Official-Secrets Act, 1911, with commnniceting;;;'*%-* . t n .;i--_ 'in£ormation about atomic research, calculated to be useful to an 1, -
enem.
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H, !_._ Ii-I-.. _To these counts Fuchs pleaded "Guilty".
and as Your Lordship has heard, the prisoner has pleaded GuIity' '__|_____ _____.. .-_ A_ _
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no doubt communicated information on a large number of occasions, 4-
the indictment relates to four specific cases, the first in this
country in 19b3, the second and third in the United States of
America in 19hk and 19u5, and the fourth back in this country
in; .19-I-71 - - .
"My Lord, that the information communicated was likely to be
of the utmost value to an enemy is unhappily a matter which admits
of no doubt, and I shall say something about that aspect of the -
matter presently-. -
' I ,"My Lord, I need not remind Your Lordship, of course, that the
country to which the information is conveyed need not be an actual
or present enemy. It is enough that the.1oreign country concerned
should be a potential onem, one which, owing to some unhappy
change in circumstances, might become an actual enemy, although l
perhaps a friend at the time that the information was communicated.
Lord Goddard:- "Or might never becomean enemy . p
Attorne1'Genersl:- My Lord, in this case the information was in
fact conveyed to agents of the Government of the Soviet Union.
Our relations with that country leave much to be desired but
their are not those of _enmit;r, and, of course, everybody hopes that"
eventually wiser counsels will prevail and that that country will
live in amity and agreement with the rest of the world. But none
the less it must have been quite obvious to the prisoner that the
information he was conveying to the agents of that Government-
would have its maximum value ii, so apparently he thoughtimight '
be possible, that country ever did become an actual and open enemy.
"Hy Lord, it follows from that, oi course, that the '
information was conveyed for e purpose prejudicial to the safetig ,_
. F--ond interest of the State, and strictly speaking there will be
need for me to go further into the prisoner's motives in conveying
that information. But, My Lord, in the statement which the '.-n'r'-?-iE11=.i;"r;*.;- - i [13-..fI"' ~.- ,=- -e"-J"2""e1' - ' =-'1' .-4~51 i _" ~1'-92~.'.e" 3i§@1*.s:?£*e-e*=*§-P-*=-"e-:~l~ 3" '- *~'*I_,.,','-.:-,;.;~'"_-~f.3'z:".i*f'I.- ."1;!;§§*; - :-:- > '-.
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fact that
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motive st' . ' "! .- 1 C! .
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of motive are so inextricably mixed with questions of' I I
I think it would be right,_both in fairness to the. _ .
and as a warning to others, to say a word or two about
the very outset, before I tell Your Lordship about the
facts, since the motives do make explicsble facts which in the
absence of expressed motive might be most difficult to understand,
"The prisoner is a communist, and that is at once the
explanation and indeed the tragedy of this case. Quite apart
from the great harm which the prisoner has done to the country that
he adopted and which adopted him, it is e tragedy that one of such
high intellectual attainments es the prisoner possesses, should
have allowed his mental processes to have become so warped by his
devotion to oommunism that, as he himself expresses it, he became
a kind of controlled schizophrenic, the dominant half of his mind
leading him to do things which the other part of
quite clearly were wrong, Indeed, My Lord, his
as we have been able to check it, we believe his statement to be
true! is a very object lesson in the meaning of modern communism,
and before I say s word as to the facts, perhaps I might be
permitted to add this, because it has an immediate bearing on the
C-EBB}
"In this country the number of communists is fortunately very
few, and it may be that s great many of those people who support -
the communist movement believe, as the prisoner at one time
apparently believed, misguidedly if sincerely, that that movement
is seeking to
it is to be a
supporters of
p ?§?indoctrinated
';_-their own country and are expectedfto subordinate the interests
J$£__their own country to the interests, or what they are told to __7§abuild a new world. What they don't realise is_that
world dominated by a single power and that the _
the Communist Party, the true adherents of communism,0
with the communist belief, must'become traitors to-_0
- v
his mind recognised
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' ' My Lord, he was born in Germany in 1911, and in the early
thirties - 1932 - when Hitler use beginning to rise to power in I ,
that country, and_Ihi1e he himself was still c student, he_joined
the Communist Party, and in Exhibit 3, which is the written.1.
statement he made, he refers to that Party, It was the period
when resistance was being built up to Hitler. He says:-
I accepted that the Communist Party had been right
in fighting against the leaders of the Social DemocraticParty to which he had previously belonged! one that I had
been wrong in blaming them for it. I had already Joined
' the Communist Party because I felt that I had to be in
some organisation.
"After the Reichstag Fire he joined the underground mvement ;-»~
which the Communist Party in Germany then became, and he says on
_ Page ? of his statement, about that inoident:- _
I remember clearly when I opened the newspaper in
the train, I imediately realised the significance, and I
knew that the underground struggle had started. I took
the badge of the hammer and sickle from my lapel which I
had carried until that time. I was ready to accept the
philospohy that the Party is right and that in the coming
struggle you could not permit yourself any doubts after
the Party had made s decision. I had violated some
standard of decent behaviour, but I did not resolve this &vdifficulty, and very often this incident did come to my §.,
mind, but I came to accept that in such a struggle, things i
of this kind are prejudices which are weakness and which
you must fight against.
"In 1953 he left Germany, first to go to France, and then to
country, and here, obviously s student of great promise, W come to this
_ he was given assistance by sn_orgsnisation called The Society for -
. the Protection of Science and Learning which enabled him to 2;-
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Lord Goggg;d:- "Do you know whether he left Germany because of the
fear of persecution? . . _ -e
gt§g;1ggL;g3ggm1;- Yes, My Lord, having gone into the underground
gggovement he was being searched for by the Police and left because of .
§£§he'dangcr of their persecution. ' ~..-,--i§-I|- _
_ J "" My Lord, he went to Bristol University first and was there - ~ r
_A9_siarded a doctorate of philosophy. He went to Edinburgh Universiy 2- -
where he had s scholarship, and there obtained a doctorate of
science, and in 1939 he was given a Carnegie Research Fellowship, '
I - elluiand
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and it is one of the tragedies of this case that he was and is a
theoretical physicist of outstanding ability to be numbered amongst
He was regarded at
quoting a report about
typical scholar. Hethe leading scientists in that particular field-
thst time by his colleagues - and I am
him - as 'gentlemeniy, inoffensive, and a
seems to have taken no active interest in
politics in this country, nor is he known at any time, and it is
still so to-day after the investigations made, to have had any_
association at all with British members of the Communist Party in
this country. But his interest in communism did not die, and he
says in his
to England,
'1
seriousstatement on Page 8, he first went to France and then
where:-
studied, and at the same time I tried to make a
study of the basic Marxist philosophy. The idea
which gripped ms most was the belief that in the pest man
had been unable to understand his own history and the
forces that.lead to the further development of human
society; and new for the first time men understans the "
historical forces, and he is able to control them, and
therefore for the first time he will be really free.
I carried this idea over into the personal sphere and
believed that I could understand myself and that I could
make myself into what I believed I should be.
"My Lord, then came the war and he was examined as were all
enemy aliens by one of the Aliens Tribunals set up in this country
at the beginning of the war, and that Tribunal came to the
Iconclusion that he ought properly to be classified as a Refugee
from Nazi persecution. He was placed in that category and
consequently allowed to go free, subject to certain obligations
as to notifying the police of his address from time to time.
Then, My Lord, in 19b0, when the country was in danger of':v
invasion, he was interned under an Order not made with relation
_%¢o him specifically, but made in regard to all the aliens in that
-§%5particular category. They were all arrested and interned and he
if himself was
,,%____transferred to Canada.
- My Lord, he refers to that matter in his statement on Page 9.
- He begins by saying, and it is typical of his attitude towards the
communist doctrinc:-
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In the end I accepted again that my doubts had been
wrong and the Party had been right. When Germany started_ _
the real attack on France I was interned,and for s long
time we were not allowed any newspapers. We did not know
- what was going on outside, and I did not see how the
British people fought at that time. I felt no bitterness
about the internment because I could understand that it
= was necessary, and at that time England could not spare
- good people to look after the interneec, but it did
deprive me of the chance of learning more about the real
1 character of the British people.
He remained in Canada until the beginning of 19h2, and, at
- that time, the danger of invasion having passed, interneee in this
category - the Refugees from Nazi oppression - were released, and
he was released amngst them; and he went at first to Glasgow
University, there to pursue ordinary academic studios. I emphasise
that because he was not released for any particular reason relating
to his own case or because his services were required, and at first
he pursued ordinary academic work. But after a short time a
I professor at Birmingham University who was engaged in atomic
research on behalf of the British Government, and who knew of the
prisoner's very high academic qualifications because he had already
made contributions in the form of papers and writings of a high
;,:
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"He signed the security undertaking, which
e
4atthe papers, on 18th June, 19h2, a document in
.. "P:..A:n:..
Q.
_92..., .£. -:-,_.._-1drawn to the security nature of the work, and
provisions of the very Statute under which heorder, asked for his assistance in this work, and accordingly he
is Exhibit H amongst
_which attention was
indeed, to the
is now prosecuted.
In the following month he applied for naturalisation as a British
subject. _~ _ ~ . . ~_
In view of the most important contribution that he wasgmeking
"3!-i:-standing as a scientist, after most careful enquiry into his -on-a-,,§4I_-
ii position, it was decided that it would be proper to grant him- - i
- - t 5 is British nationality, and on that grant he took the Oath of ~ -,. _
Allegiance to His Majesty.
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. t "My Lord, his allegiance to communism remained supreme and- ¢
what he did can perhaps best be set out in the terms of his own
statement on Page 9:- . '
When I learned about the purpose of the work I
decided to inform Russia and I established contactthrough another member of the Communist Party. Since
that time I have had continuous contact with persons
who were completely unknown to me, except that I knew- they would hand whatever information I gave them to the
Russian authorities,
At this time I had complete confidence in Russianpolicy and I believed that the Western Allies deliberately' allowed Russia and Germany to fight each other to the death. I had, therefore, no hesitation in giving all
the information I had, even though, occasionally, I tried
to concentrate mainly on giving information about the
results of my own work,
In the course of this work I began, naturally, toform bonds of personal friendships, and I had to conceal
from them my inner thoughts, _
'1 used my Marxist philosoPhY to establish in my mind
two separate compartments, one compartment in which I
allowed myself to make friendships, to have personalrelations, to help people and to be in all personal ways
the kind of man I wanted to be, and the kind of man which,in s personal way, I had been before with my friends in ornear the Communist Party. I could be free and easy and
happy with other people without fear of disclosing myselfbecause I knew that the other compartment would step in ifI approached this danger point. I could forget the othercompartment and still rely on it. It appeared to me at
that time that I had become a free man because I hadsucceeded in the other compartment to establish myself- _ completely independent of the surrounding forces ofsociety. Looking beck at it now, the best way of
expressing it_secms to be to call it a controlled
schizophrenia, ,
"My Lord, it should be said that the contact which he there
says he established with another member of the Communist Party,
'_fi was with a foreign commnist who was then in this country, and not
recognised by the authorities to be a communist .
The prisoner seems to have taken the first initiative but
those with whom he communicated asked for further details; and
»gi; that appears on Fags 12 of his statcment:- , l Z
'¥?,' " At first I thought that all 1 would do would be to
inform the Russian authorities that work upon the atomicc'-fiw._ _h._ _3-
-..-
.1-92
"And then, he goes cn:- '
Later at Harwell I began to be concerned about theinformation I was giving, and I began to sift it, but itis difficult to say exactly when and how I did it becausebomb was going on. They wished to have more details and" ---*____H____ _ __ hq_ - ...-»a,_-_.-....s ._ _ .s,____
3
I agreed to supply them. I concentrated st first mainly -éifat
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"lly Lord, from that time on he was in fairly frequent contact
with conmunist agents and once, according to his own account he
visited the Soviet Embassy in London. On the other hand he
appears to have succeeded in impressing upon his colleagues and
associates that he was s very security minded person, as the phrase
is, and he gave no inkling whatever that he had any active interest
in communism, or that he had any contact whatever with members of
the Communist Party. '
He says that he realised he was carrying his life in his hands,
but that he had done that in his underground days in Germany.
Rendezvous with the agents with whom he made contact were fixed in
advance, and there were prearranged alternatives to cover any
eventuality that might arise, special recognition signals and so
on, everything being done, perhaps not unnaturally, to keep these
contacts he was making a complete secret from anybody who might be
interested in what he was doing.
In December, 19143, so important had his service become, he
was sent to America as a member of a British Atomic Energy Research
Mission to that country, and whilst in that country he renewed the
kind of secret undertaking that he had given on the commencement o
his work on atomic research. t a
"For some time he worked in New York, and for some time in
New Mexico, and he stayed in America altogether about eighteen
monthm Whilst there he made several contacts with Russian agent
These contacts were apparently entirely unsuspected at the time,
' and in 19146 he came back to this country and until his srrestvtwo
[or three weeks ago he was employed as the head of the Theoretical
2 Physics Division of the Atomic Energy Establishment at Harrell.
J At all events for some time, hc continued in communication -» ._-r-ow.J_ _. '
-5
_-- -up-.7 .4bX _u'- his return to this country, in 19l;6, he was paid the sum of 8100:.
- "He said in the course of the recent investigation into this
matter that he had discussed with a friend the fact that a
Dr. Hum Hay, a man who was sentenced in this very Court about
' f_ noon/£9111.f
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so. I-did not go to one rende
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lly Lord, whether the prisoner realised _that___theee
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In the post-war
8I eould not look in the race, but they did penetrate andeventually I came to a point where I knew that Iof many actions of the Russian Government and of the __;__0ommu.nist Party, but.__I still believed that they would"' " " ' -a new world, and that one-day_ I would take p_e_rt____in it,
that on that day I would also have to stand up" an_d_eaythem that _there a;-te_things__which they qa__re_ doing ,I'1Ol'!5¥*=¢'lt=*£:*r:"»**;i.-¢.=Ti;-" .T=;;3-:1-.-..'-ft <5 .~';3."£;l' -2.1; _- -E: ¢;'?:.-;1'£-_I? i*'-Hii1.ii?-'5- ii? .1 _. _During this ti|n'e_'I_wae not sur'e'th_et I"could "guFe"_,." all the information that I had However, it became moreandmore evident that the time when Russia would expand
her influence over Europe 92ree_ia1-"away; and that therefore, ,_ __ I had to decide for myself whether I_ could gqlon for many"@~~ years handing over information. without being sure in my. _. ., _ . I _ O
the time. I decided not to go
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be going into the Eastern Zonemy own mind was closer to his" t
because he also believed that t3 _- . :,__" .- .. .. ._ _ ».i '- ,. '- _-- -11*-K-',.» ,,'- .3 _=,:. "' .o . _ "- . 1-""'-'1: ;i"}:s'--1e'£i5§?-It--§{E-3»? i-A "I
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the most exhlaus ti
at '@;;§é'-=;=:e»~-obi V-Le; =1 tievtvin regard to the matter,_and this
began againdoubts about Russian policy. It is impossible to give_->;;_definite incidents because now the control meohenisxu -Eda-'
aeted a ainst me also in keeping away from mefacte which
It decided I could not d
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suspicion doiui"to" the prisoner, although,;_'2 ha :15
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of Germany-V ' At that time-._,_
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_ ---921'fei'mQnths p'asced and_Is became more and,1mo:;e_--»*:-If-"2-T-»-.=---.--5 -=e'» Y-~ "*-* a'a&=a=-1i'1¢ea that I-hadto.leavéTBBrwe11.;étL-ZIL-I W-===...t~!1-=11:i~:-'1-2%-:1:->>!-q:-I-:15'-Y-j1~i'-3*?-1 -75?=3"-1??.-~? "*""'§1=onri-outed"with time fac *hB.*.Tth@r.é. Free. QY1-E° °° J.hB?-1P.§-?-;.-1@- 1. has given awry information in New icp_rkf,.-.,*-_I was 851-V9115-j.l"-;";'!'-?=i?13__."""T.=:?3'i-'"- "*""***T¢m' the chance of admitting it and staying on_at He.rwell.qI_'._j_;;fH.,;;.n.-:1-.""-"--.*;~.-t-=1-. of elem-ins out.:-1--I...ws=inot..é=v-I-mermlsh Qt?-..WB.=1i--.?¢. at"Ha1-viell e:i1d"theréfoi¥e <Idéni'od the alle§at_i.on*__ -. . .- .- .-- ,. -;.--,1. .»_ 2: -~.,--.+ 2:-e. sad §e91.ss1.!h5@. :-'*-'-'--=-_-¢;-'==Z;;.*:----1-".-f;.§-.=; .*-.-.~-;.-"-' ":-. }_-"f.?."4-"-.'3*¥¬3~':-.;":'; Lord Goddard: _;+;>_-:YD°.=9 _.11°_-."1e5?1_¥_.1?.]='4§-..7."?~5.-- 1-P -.,-~ _- =,»..--':. I ___ ___-f--. .;_.'7_:-:"_ 4-_-~-_-92-.=':*;.. 2:.-"-;ff,.';f_ _~T;_!.;_-_; 3,:-1 _ :._o:_:1-¬_--:{_f_...~a-__.,§_V_._M¬_;;, ; -ft;-;___,_:_: __a§_:.éhf_£_ , . _ . ., , ,_ ,...,., ,. . _ v . -rA_tt0.# ="; _w [email protected]}-31$ 5,: .-F315? E32...- Q? .- - - . -:~".-.--.r--Mr. -- = - - :.-"-. .1 Z ---'-=.IE-; ;,_;' . -_r ,_-_-.-__-- --w.-~ -»..-.- --;_.-;_ _ -_,,-_-.»'. -.-_ . "'§~..=--35 " -2- <. - -*-.. -.,s'toodZ#?";?-"It- 1é_-not -'a"cc'1-rect acoount or .92.' I92;-I} -_ -- -4-I_<"="d3%!3!¥jl"-'@¢é"'"""'92;|*'hIs.'1-L appears toihaire undertood; ' _ WhaYt__he_ 1-r!;B_1>~=_-f_1_1'18__°,*?T1,f1¬? _t.§.5.1...-.__;- = 7- its ' '~,@_'.._¢_._k;~ a5.;.l..;.;h*.2-; i+1¬ii-1?=;1-e£na'"imitate in Amerieaif-' Hisjrhole course c1_ condviot 7-,. - had not at that time been discoveredqj.-1* ___-r____ _,_ '-ls stat-;'w§5* was s5=-i?W§§§?ii-W-...--1? ' -.-or --- . 'How'e'fer," 11-. then began 1==>. some clear 1= me $11.15-*.._Z-._¥1_,_-.,-e,;t_--=e-.Il=-i-ii"§-'?-§-1;;*-'=;-*f-..-T?- §,iae.v1ng Harwell in those'circumat_ancss I Iould...d0 f-IO_.;-i*.=.P-t-¢.,-,,.r{¢~§-=,;-,-I.1-33:;-.<§an%-;'-d'=h* thing: ' I I-ould deal a great blow at Harwell, to all ll"-1§§_,.._'__ which I had loved, and furthermore, that Qt yould leave eus1>1e1ens"ssa1not people whom 1' 1=WB¢1- '"1° We" W
1 . . - friends and who believed I was their friend.- ,_-___I _1_1at1t.r»0--_--fZ;,j;£;;; !§Y¢ *-5-,'i;_§";".Y':"*.?-F :-";;_"race at fact that it nae been P05511116 for gs, in .0113.___hal£ of nu? In}-1213-1 to be friends with people, e c 92.. ._,¢. .. friend am 9,1-, the same time to deceive them and. _,,..-.e._A~*. ,._;».F-e_.;;.,-tendanger them." -3£- I had to realise that the control'-.1Ii%E{"f§':$»5E?§"?§1i"_"mechanism had warned uie of danger to mzielf but @1181-_ 111$ -=5-T had also prevented me_1rcm_ reliilis-F1181? I "35 5~°i?'¬ht°§-Z-kfr}é.%f§_- --~:'¥-'**"-_§?="-'-;¬?'~'"f-wiaeople who were e1ose_.to.-me-. -I .1-1161.1 realised. *h°F- combination of the. three ideas whic1_1_h°- made me. "h u-§I.'_-,,'-,4. j-'.:sl.Z--.'.;é;;-A_;"_-*_.1.;:"_: mar B5 tong ".. 1n.-g;_°t,.- that every aing1e_9ne_oi'.._'1i3§1.§$l_;;-:;-:-,§,,r~§-,_:§_§;;f@f_--.--,-=--1:-94,-;.-14%;-<~_----was grgng - that there are certain standards of_mora ---.~ behaviour .-which are in your em that you-mm ¢1.B¥°i!== ?.1I?¬51P-?»,"- that in iour actions you must _b.6 01681 in Your ""1 "135
..whether they are right or none '1 1'.h&t'¥0}inn:§t be able
-..-:i492¢5I1'%.'4-23"- "c1oubts and to 111? t° "B°1*° %é "3"" and I le881i..I nwse1.f.I8.B. we. by "" ' -'J ' -ht.--1; .. f." -.-f.--- * -F ' ' ' ' ms taken o£.the o or 8".."m-.9 . e-.-- - = ?-.- "
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before" agcpting somebody else s authority, to Ht-116 YO"! -
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1 "nines-the 1>roJe=1=-» most vf 1'-he Ens11B11"t--if?-*3§5§"".¢»:~,~-:- -'5;-;5i»'1e' ivith whom I had made pa:-sothal contactslwsre 1eft."-.~;'.-:-_=&- ' ..,~ ,=92._ _ _=.__- _ _ _ ._ ___ . - ,3. '1*'f'- - ;?'-.*3l*s7L§ arid wei*e'af1eetsd'to some degree car other by F119 _ kind of ph11osoI>hF-. Bi.n=e'c0m1_ns to Hl11.W17.-r.f_.I'.1T;L*.!7?.-F-_¢¬TI..jt""have met English peop1s'_o£ H1-.1 kinds, n-1 I 119-"° °°"3§,,§';;:;i?'-?';*.?'_':-_'~.:j*-_ to gee in many of them a -deep-rooted rmness which -;;. *7;-,-,:=s§*¢= V'eab1sé' them to. lead a decent my of life. s, ,1 d01_1'1i .1; -..L,.' know Where this sP1i-HEB from and .1 1°¥'§L think .*1 ?§'.F*9.'-.-~1..-,.
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Attorney General: With the assistance -of a legal adviser of his' , ' 2
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' ."These' are the" facts, ' and unless .Your_l-ordship or my learned
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!wfriend requires witnesse§ to be called, I would not pro;poseto__ ..
. -_-._.-.-_ . .,__. A_ __... .._ __call an? evidence. -. .'._ _' " __'_:_ ' 1 f*=-'-- A-
At this point, Hr. Curtis Bennett - for Fuchs - asked that
llr. William James Skardon, officer of the Security Service, be A '
called. Hr. _Skardon gave evidence that he first saw the prisoner
on 21st December, 19149. Fuchs had previously seen Wing Commander
Arnold.. Kr. Skardon saw him at that time over a long interview :
and again saw him on 21+th January and on other days. Witness
agreed that it was right to say that before he took a statement
from Fuchs, there had been no evidence upon whioh_the prisoner » .
could have been prosecuted. Fuchs had made a long and absolute
free statement to the witness. ."='T.-" -- 1 . - -
Lord Goddard: "On the 21st and 2?-pth of January, he was not under
arrest. ' i '. » .
Witness; We, My Lord. _ _
Witness continued that at that time Fuchs had been a free man;
quits patently acting on his free initiative, and the statement -
he had made first of all was an oral statement later reduced to -
writing. It contained a whole series of admissions against é .
himself which, insofar as witness had been able to check, had - - -
been true. Fuchs had not been in any way pressed by witness _
but had been much disturbed at_ what he had done._ He was e.t~_§hat
time quite clearly suffering under a good deal of mental stress-
1 It was e fact that since Fuchs had made his written statement he.
voluntarily given information which had been, and would be, -
.-_ .i71-_v of great use .to witness. Insofar as he could, Fuchs had dons _;; =,____ _._.._ - _ . .. _;_everything to co-operate with witness in trying to minimie the ;;_
wrong he had done. Witness agreed that Fuchs appeared to be a
serious and sincere young man. "oer. choosing, he comes before Your Lordship after'thi's very short ;' * .£ r .' " 1 _..»-1;-. 1; f :a~..- ._. -._' '...'.,'-Q.:_2*," +.'.=-' 1 .-113%-*5 ' ' -. ,= .4-l - ._.,.=-=' *1 .'... .'_~ I"A period of delay.» ;-1.=_~*~2==-"»'=1*-*: '_ : l: . - _ ,_~ e » _ C-'> .3-iV"Q¬!-$2 :-;Z:'-""E:?FF'2};---_,,r" ' .- '
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addressing the Court on behalf of Fuchs, Hr. 0u.rt_is__B_ennett
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' _' £'_'If Your Lordship please, I have so often 'hekard"fit"" said by:iIff_;
persons sitting where Your Lordship is now itting,_._thst the f"'}_-";.¢{-
-assessing of sentence is "by far the most difficult task e Judge " -
has to perform, but I s~.zl_:mit,_ if ever there 'was.s case in which '
- .. . .., . -, .-1' -- '_- _i ,_ -. - '- ' . -._.._-.-f.}:'~.~_ "M-*_ ' ~:, - ;-,' _,_-. ;_~_--1;; _._::_. -"L -..:.'__-. . ' s _"" _.l "it would be difficult to assess s proper sentence; this i that _.¢_'-;__ _ _ -. ._.. .;_ ._ ~" -U-3 V_ .8-..,, _ ¢:-- _;_._, :4, . ?-.'____::-_ -'_-- . '= -_';,,:'
case, and" we are fortunate in hsving'"Your Lordship as the Supreme
Head. of our Judiciary to assess~_this matter, weighing every point. _ '. _. .. *. db - _. .. .~--. >-,--- - V-"H _.. .__ _»_,_ _. _ ____..;_-_-_; __. ._ ._. - .. .-~.- s
for and against him as I 'icnow_You.r Lordship will." ".l,¢3 '_ - fl
_ "I hopeyou will bear with me whilst I put before Your Lordshi Q
certain matters whichin my submission should be put before any '
Court which deals with this case. -_ ~ '_I , _ '___
i p"_Hightl I endorse what the Attorney General has said in regard
to this msn's_position. It cannot be too clearly known
understood that the statement he made was the statement of a free -
man in s free country, acting on his own volition, and it cannot
be 'too clearly known that my learned friend, Hr. Morris, and mysel "
and thoseinstructing me, have seen this man for a considerable _- E
period of time. ' We are under no sinister influence which prevents;
our speaking out in the Court of Law - we have seen Dr. Fuchs and. . E. - ' ' .. - 1- " 1--
he is acting, in his plea of Guilty, on his own volition, freely
and knowing full well what he is doing. He is under no pressure
from any quarter, say whet anybody might like to say. It would -
be untrue to suggest it. _ _ . -. ~ ~ ~ - s
"Hay I also endorse what the_Attorney General said of the?-.f>". I!
tragedy of this man sitting in the dock at the Senior Assite ourt 7' - 0 .
. . T __ _ _- - J Q
of this Empire, pleading Guilty to these offences; born in _ _
Germany in 1911, brought up among the smouldering fires of ' '
political struggle and strife in that unhappy country, a young man-. ' 1' a-..'in the twenties and early thirties when the Nazi Power, that
sinister power, was growing in force, s member at that time of ' S
-the 3.. ID. P. of Germany My Lord, I sin trying to telescope these
observations as far as I can! finding eventually at a critical » p -
, . . . ./moment7.
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' ' moment in hi_a,1ife,fin the _year_ 1932, when'he' would Jae twenty-on'e,"!;1'. -. - - ' ' .
_"' ; finding that the Social Democrats were not the people who were _1
; -?'e-1e'=:~=e-=Pf¢'--..'-e. ..Tl - 1" 21'-'_ .;?:§~?.." _-e -'=-- =1
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' J" '_in' Germany were riot caring or minding,'a'bout the ineuitable onrush
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n the Prussian - "In that eeee the £nen'cnanee11er dismissed
~ _ _ Elected Government from office.1-- He hadhoped
which he belonged rouldfight that. What they did was to" lodges_ - _ _ _A_: __ -...,. __.._-__-.- __ , - - -._-- _ I _ ,_ . .
he had suspected, namely that the Party to which he belonged was
' ."Set as we are, in this country, where political feelings are --
' at least polite eee preperiv eeneuetea, it might be difficult te
undertand the feelings that prompted thie'man_fs joining the 2 T. -
. " Communist Party, but, My Lord, in Germany, with the snouldering
_ embers of political-fever, it was natural in 1932 thathe would
join the communists as the only people who would fight
Insofar as he was then fighting Nazism, it can only bea matter of '
' congratulation here that he was so doing. He was not lying down,
as the submissive Germans were". ~ e- e .- e " h -' 5'-3 -
He joined that Party and that is the tragedy of his case, - 1 _-- _ _ - going to fight the Nazi uprising," that the upper and middle classes; <
that the Party to
ineffective appeal to the Leipzig High Court, and hethen knew what
no
good in fighting the onrush."'- *3g=;1§-"_'f-Q'-;}}_ff§,e*,"} ' ' as -
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because they, with their diseased logic and most harmful beliefs, . ' -
. persuaded a young man, and not the only young man is "Dr. Fuchs who
has so been persuaded. ' The sinister argument is difficult to '
understand. ' In this country there are few enough who tmderetandl
it, fortunately. Your loyalty to your country and your pin:-ty only
become one whenyour country is govferned by a communist goyiernment.
-' "It is the most curious argument. It you are, like he was, __ e
. German, a communist, hi loyalty to the coumunist ideology puts
T...him in this position - that he is the em it is iedeetrineteen eegg ~ .'-J g U _ _.
' ~ him, that that loyalty is in fact loyalty to your country because:
B- you are only being loyal if you are trying to force coumunist -
~ doctrine on your country. . . L -.
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' "-'-. '!Bo whilst your-country is not communist, your loyalty is
.an"1»; is aeeii-i" as I1-.i.;;¢s;e"'?
5 _- A to the fulludootrines of __0omuniss1-_ _ P 2:.-__ _. -F; it I I : :1 A ' M -Zn vi L _ . _ _ _ _-VI; g___,_<~;,;_.::_:--:_! _ :_-_ »-3;:-._ _ _ Ii. , . 5 . . _ . __ I _' ._ He' was acting under the belief that the only loyalty he knew " ;
H-. to Germany "was for that country to become 'communist._' - that was
bred 1nto'mm'w the smouldering force. or political passion in "
Germanyior he cannot be hlsmecii __.;_-W __ 1;!-. -1 --. "--9292 ...- »..-..- 1 . .. ,.- .
"rhea the struggle binrst into flames in Fehrua}-_y_1933 when
. somebody set the Reichstag on fire which was the next door house
' of the President oi the Reichstngs ' There was .a ecrcech througho
Germany against oornmmists. Thisu T
scientist, this s-cholarlywinan, '
read that news in the newspaper on the train the morning after it *
happened. He went underground, scarcely saving his own life, a
came to this country in 1933 for the purpose of conducting his _
scientific studies in order to fit himself out to be a scientist ~-3
to help in the rebuilding of a communist Germany, not to throw _ =.*
atom bombs at anybody, but to study physics ' o é
- "A theoretical physicist, he was educated at Kiel University,
Leipzig University, Bristol University, and F-dinbur@1University. ' =§He pursues his peaceful studies and had not the war come, he may
have been a candidate for a Nobel Peace'Prize or a membership of it
the Royal Society rather than for goal; ;
Unhappily the Nazis got power. War came and he was interned, 1
properly, and he has every sympathy for the fact that hewas
- . .
< interned - he realised it had to be. The disadvantages oi his
being interned were that he did not realise the fight and -
. _ _ ~
resistance put up by the citizens of this country against air" -
. . and other attack. . ~- i - ' ' _ Q-. .
,__!_ "My Lord, he was made a British subject in 191'-I-2 8 a known
~=-= 9-» - ' . d.151}-_;oommunist who never deceived, or pretended he was anything else, ,- _'Iv-
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3 whose associates over here when he came - and I differ from my _;; L.
.__;§ _ _-- . -'5
Britain, but met and associated with the very people you would '
think he would - coumunists in this country - German communists
- and English communists. " ' -
0 0 0 0/I|OI.- friend - he was accepted, not into the Communist Party or Great}, 1' -
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-¢" 'Lor<i Godda:-d':_ "i don't know whether you are suggesting that was p
'- ~ -- I_' hnom to the autho_ritiesf?'fwf;,_r_;_'__';_f;; "2'-* ~' ""' ~ - , ,.
I gr. Curtis" Bennett; ._"I dont know
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It was on his recorder in this country at the !-Iome Office that he _.._ I _ _ _ V 1
Attorney General: "It was realised when he was examined by the -~15
Enemy Aliens Tribunal a_t the beginning of the war, that he was- . ~ .. - . ' 92" '
a refugee from Nazi persecution because in Germany he had been a
r communist. _ ._All the investigations at that time _and since have not-._r - ,-
__ 3'7: _ _:_.'_u__v__ ._._ : __a 2. __ _._ .5. __.--_ __-M . __._ Mr, Curtis Bennett?"i51£"_'£"a§={'¥é£¢1i,;, iir._Att orney'*wili correct. me. I.
_ was a'member of the iermen Gonmunist_Party,'" . '=_i"l.'?_ .:""'; '1J
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racy of, the '
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4:shown he had any association whatever with British members of the
- Oomnnmist Party, and the investigations at thentime of naturalisatict;
. 1 -
alitended to show he was quite immersed in his academic studies; -3?
his work on research, and was taking no active interestjin pO1!.i1'i10B-
at all. In fact, he considered it his duty not to take any. .' _
interest in politics in this country.'! __; _- .-<1-=' - *1 - ' '
Hr. Curtis Bennett: "Not that he was acting as acommunist here,
but it was known that in Germany he had been and was a communist. -
I make no more comment about it, I state a fact, ' H taha I think it.
was'pr-stty plain that this man who becomes a British subject in '
191+: could never have achieved that, without it being known shat
his political allegiances were in Germany. ' ' r - ' ' - _
"I'make this appeal on behalf of Dr. Fuchsa this man, a» ,
comniunist, with his greatbrain, is quite properly used by geoplel -
gain this country during time of war to supply his knowledge and the
~.,.:;.s}cil1 he has in his hands. All I say about him is this, and I
5='- hope it is a right observation, that anybody who has read anythingi: . _ -;_'.7 _ -"_-- - c - - . _ _'§'*'
'_ _of-Harnist theory must know that any man who is a communist, "
. whether in Germany or Timbuctoo, will react in exactly the same'5
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Fhy Lord, with regard to the second count, from December, 19h},_
to August, 19kb, he was there divulging the products of his own
brain plus other things and the mesh of the sieve in his mind had
become e little wider. That was in the city of New York in 19hk.
_"In the third count, in 19h5, in Boston, Massachusetts, he was
at that time on ho1iday.- The mesh of the sieve had become at its
widest, and he was, because of his political beliefs, giving
information, not only from his own head; but of other matters as
"B110 I - . _ _
' Hy Lord, the gravity is mitigated in my submission by the
fact that he was not able to give away more than what he knows in
his own department - one side, a theoretical side, of these atomic
researches. -
"With regard to these counts, Your Lordship will have noticed
the dates. .They are in fact at a time when Russia was fighting
as an ally of this country. My Lord, it would be an arrogant
argument to say that Dr. Fuchs is a person who is entitled to say,
II decide what we will tell the Russians. My learned friend and
I have sought and sought and sought again some answer to these
three counts, because it would be, on the face of it, difficult to
see how in 19h5, 19hh and 19h5, when the Russians were fighting
with us and the sinews of this country and the United States were
bent to helping our Russian allies, to say that information given
at that time was given with prejudice to the State. One would
wonder how the Attorney would fare if Count One had been presented
in the year 19hh. But, My Lord, we have come to the conclusion
that that was no answer, because of our client's answer tcthe
gigguestions, that he was not giving aid to the Russians because they
_@§§;§ere allies. He was giving assistance to the Bussians_ ' _
>1 because he believed in communism." " -
$_Jiord Goddard; "And he was giving it, according to his own 3* 3' '
statement up to the time of victory and to March, 19b9Q"
---./Mr. Curtis '
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0 '?°9 '
Bennett: "The indictment starts in 19h3 when Russia Er. Curtis
is our ally. In the second count Russia is our ally, and in the
- .-
third count Russia is our ally. If that is not important on the-
question of sentence on these three counts, then I have made a
mistake, but, M Lord, it surely must be if he were dishonest and
said he gave information because the Russians were allies. But
he does not say that, and I may be pointing out something against
him. He gave it because he believed at the time in the communist
ideology, and there it is. He has pleaded Guilty to these
points because it is a purpose prejudicial to the State if you
tell even an ally, because it is for the state to decide what
should be given to an ally. The proper authorities deciding that,
would help an ally to the utmost at this time. If he is not to
claim-too much credit for helping the Russians when-they are a -
fighting ally - and he does not claim credit ~ my submission is
he should not be blamed too much if, after the war is over, he
goes on doing the same thing.
'WA scientist is in this position ~ he is taught, or teaches
himself or learns, that A plus B equals O. If he is told tomorrow
that it is A minus B that equals G he does not believe it. But .
your sensible citizen or politician, moving in the affairs of the
world, told that, would agree with both. He has to. But the
change of political alignments is not the business of scientists,
for scientists are not always politically wise. Their minds move
along straight lines without the flexibility that some others have.
Once it was accepted that this man was a communist fanatic, one
cannot blame him too much for going on doing this after the end. 1"-
of the war. T
"Upon the fourth count, and this is a count not covered by ,
-n-u- |._§-III:--t;L closes up and finally shuts altogether, and because of his ' ' é;§_ I
onassociation and social contacts with the decent people he met, 13 Z
scientists and the like, and because of the bshayiour of the
politicians in the Soviet Union and other countries of Central
Europe he realises at long last that he has been wrong and is
' L ..../prepared _'
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prepared to faoelit. And so the information in that period in
1911? he gradually kept more and more to himself, and finally, at . _ ' " Fw
the beginning of 19149, he stopped giving information of any sort M7 ?
" because he had seen the light. 'And as he puts it in his statement, ,'
My Lord, and the best thing I can do is to ask Your Lordship to
H turn to it - the lat page:- . _ .
Since coming to Harwell I have met English people I
oi all kinds, and I have come to see in many of them s i ---~1==~-is-.-A»-+==:--.--'-1 -
deep-rooted firmness which enables them to lead a decent
way of life. I don't know where this springs from, and
I don't think they do, but it is there.
"That is a pretty pithy way of putting the decency of Western
civilisation. My Lord, he realises how wrong he has been. Long
separated from his communist comrades of the old-days, he has
travelled a long and bitter road, not the road of plunging into
revolution, but trying to save his own country, and being seduced
by this communist belief into the betrayal of this country of his
adoption. Surely the fact that he is not a British born subject,
but one by naturalisation. must be a matter which would make Your
Lordship say, and I am not saying that the matter is not grave,
of course! it is the less grave, asnhe is not a British born
subject, He ceased giving information altogether and is in a -
dreadful state of mind. '
"And whilst Mr. Attorney was speaking, I was asking Dr. Fuchs
if it was a fact that he knew there were arur suspicions about hi.m._
He had not the least idea there were suspicions against him, but
he told Wing Commander Arnold at Harwell that his father had been
offered the chair of philosophy at Leipzig University - Leipzig is
in the Eastern Zone oi Germany under Russian control. He felt
that that was a way in which the authorities here might consider.. -. -- ad -~- ~ s- --ft->';j, 1 '§diaté¢:er*;:¢*Zo='ii1¬ .> '_;_.._.;.3. - '_ 5*--ll; F »._-:7 iv _- :_z.92--1 :<2.» 1?? * -»-re"-'5,.--. ,.,» .. ~ A -ya, , -: 1;; s - ' -'- ...§~;"-' ;. - ' '.
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_j;i:;_him a bad security risk. Pressure might be brought - one thing ,
-._--or another might happen - and he might fall back on.his old beliefs,
_an_d_he told Arnold in the hope that theywrould speak to him about .'._, __ _ p _ , J
-_ it, and a Your Lordship viii see ri-ea Arnold's evidence, he said I i
that on 12th October, 191;9. He was, then seen in December by »
Dr. Ska-rdon. Llylord, here on Page 11, Hr. Attorney read it out, 1
..../and
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giant not to be thought by anybody as the Number One Brain in--=::e'-- ' '
@§§§wmtry_upon matters of this sort, not in the least, but he
5* &st'br considerable attainments. I don't want him put tooa ll-. .0 '- 22 -O
Your Lordship made an observation, the passage which starts:-
- . I was than confronted with the fact that there was
evidence that I had given away information in New York.
I was given the chance of admitting it and staying at - Harwell, or of clearing out, " ' .
"Hy Lord, nothing which Dr. Fuchs says through me is intended
to conyey in the slightest way the impression that the authorities
in this'couniry would regard information given in the United States
as less serious than iniormation given here. Obviously they stand
on the same footing. No argument of mine is addressed to say,
Ihave done something in New York, and it does not matter. Very
much the reverse. The position is this, that he recognised when
spoken to by Bkardon that there was suspicion about his conduct in
the United States, and he took the view, rightly or wrongly he is
not going to say, he took the view that if he had made whether in '
England or in the United States it 1 Just as serious! a mistake of
some sort, having regard to his high attainments he would continue
to be employed, and Mr. Skardon has said there was no evidence upon
which he could have been prosecuted for anything. There you have
this man being logical in my submission, having decided to tell
everything, tells everything, makes it about as bad for himself as
he can, and provides the whole of the case against him in this
Court. .There is not one piece of evidence produced in this case
which is not the result of the written and oral statements he made
to Mr. Skardon in December, and January of this year.
Why Lord, he made that long and involved statement which was
the result of oral conversations and was eventually turned into a
statement in writing, with his full co-operation and consent.
. 4
To-day there is this scholarly young man of considerable attainments,
this _
is a
;-hi»-the scale and it would not be right to put mm" too low.
of considerable attainment who has a sectional knowledge of matters
of importance to this country.92
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' "And now, Hy Lord, I come to almost the end. This is a man,
whether British, German or Russian, who is entitled to have Your
_Lordship consider him as a human being in assessing sentence.
He is the half of the equation of which the other half is the
State. What he has done is not merely to say, I am sorry, let
_me off lightly. He says, I am sorry, I realise I have done
wrong, and insofar as I can I will repair the wrong I have done.
I cannot repair it all or take back the information, but I will-c,
' give information ~ and I am not going, in the interests of the
State into what he has told Mr. Skerdon, unless Your Lordship J -
wishes to know in another way. He has backed up that statement,
Exhibit 3, with valuable, practical assistance to the authorities,
- which is as much as you can expect any man to do.
"Hy Lord, in these days, when the genius of mankind seems to
be unhappily turned towards making things which will destroy instead
of things which will build up, it is perhaps a consolation to know
that Dr. Fuchs's attitude has been changed as the result of his
association with British people, and chiefly British scientists,
whose humanity and decency have conquered him, so that, although
it would appear you are concerned in atomic research, the scientists
so concerned remain decent human beings in this country and have
affected by their example a man who has been indoctrineted. in a
time of bitter struggle with these ruthless and deadly theories
of communism.
Dr. Fuchs knows that any sentence passed must be a heavy one.
I hope he has not sought through me to escape responsibility.
I only hope that such observations as I have made will be of some
assistance to Your Lordship. In presenting this man's bacground
_ and history to Your Lordship I can only hope that if,-at the
'7-i.-gébeginming of this trial, Your Lordship could not understand the
jirfcomunist ideology - Your Lordship will not agree with it of - c l
ran-.._. 3 __$,._=4.-course - but in some measure you might be able to understand what__
was acting in this man's brain as a result of what happened in '
1932 and 1933. _
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t "And finally may I commend this man to Your Lordship, secure
in the knowledge that in this country, which we, I think with
- - -I-hawe-- Justice, claim to be the fountain of all justice, certs
modern world, if not in the old world, that the sentence which is
passed upon him will he tempered with the mercy which Your Lordship
always shows in every case you try."
Fuchs was then told by the Lord Chief Justice that he stood
convicted of felony, and on being asked if he had anything to say
- beforesentence was passed, he said:-
"My Lord, I have committed certain crimes for which I am
charged, and I expect sentence. I have also committed some other
crimes which are not crimes in the eyes of the law - crimes against
m friends - and when I asked my counsel to put certain facts before
you I did not do it because I wanted to lighten my sentence. I did
it in order to atone for those other crimes,
- I have had a fair trial and I wish to thank you and my counsel
and my solicitors. I also wish to thank the Governor and his staff
of Brixton Prison for the considerate treatment they have given me."
Lord Goddard: "In 1933, fleeing from political persecution in
Germany, you took advantage of the right of asylum, or the privilege
of asylum, which has always been the boast of this country to people
persecuted in their own country for their political opinions. You
have betrayed the hospitality and protection given to you by the
grossest treachery. '
"In 19h2, in return for your offer to put at the service of this
country the great gifts Providence has bestowed upon you in
scientific matters, you were granted British nationality. Fron-
of your oath, you started to betray secrets that moment, regardless
of vital importance for
ggld-in abhorrenco by the vast majority in this country, your_¬,___ ,_ .
Zobject being to strengthen that creed which then was known to be'the purpose of furthering a political creed
:-_... . ».JIi-* , $inlmical to all freedom loving countries. " -
There are four matters which seem to me to be the gravest
your conduct you have
country has hithertoaspects of your crime. In the first, by
imperilled the right of asylum which this
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z extended. Dare we now give shelter to political refugees who may
be followers of this pernicious creed and disguise themselves and
then treacherously bite 1-..:ehand that feeds them?
not only the projects and _J - "Secondly, you have betrayed
inventions of your own brain for which this country was paying you
and enabling you to live in comfort in return for your promises of
secrecy. You hare also betrayed the secrets of other workers in
this field of science, not only in this country, but in the United
. States, and thereby you might have caused the gravest suspicion to
fall on those you falsely treated as friends and who were misled
~ into trusting you. _ - .
_ Thirdly, you might have imperilled the good relations between
this country and the great American Republic with which
His Majesty is aligned,
"And fourthly, you have done irreparable and incalculable harm
both to this land and to the United States, and you did it, as
your statement shows, merely for the purpose of furthering your . 92
political creed, for I am willing to assume you have not done it
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. "Your statement which has been read shows to me the depth of Q ; -.,1:=-.=s=.=- .- -,i-,¢_-,
. iiself deception into which people like yourself can fall. Your _' e. ';__ - ".'- =.. -'crime to me is only thinly differentiated from high treason. In ' - '
.. this country we observe rigidly the rule of law, and as technically
it is not high treason, so you are not tried for that offence.
"I have now to assess the penalty which it is right I should
impose. It is not so much for punishment that I impose it, for
punishment can mean nothing to a man of your mentality. ~__, '
"My duty is to safeguard this country and how can I be.-gsure
that a man, whose mentality is shown in that statement you have made, ,. . .- . I "
0f. 92 '
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.=£_' _ . not, at any other minute, allow some curious working of your -
'1'".-mind to lead you further to betray secrets of the greatest possibleii _ '
-.-,1 J'va_lue and importance to this land? _ _ . -"2 '- -i -' "The maximum sentence which Parliament has ordained for this
crime is fourteen years imprisonment, sndthat is the sentence
pass upon you.
gergeagtI =I
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_ Director, FBI srecm. nmavsnw! °"E= 3/2°/5°
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_7- ~¢»..,1, _ w- to _3;3PIcmr3 - ;~ HERHN IS IJNQLQSSIFIED usV o DATEA-A1. KI! lBY5° Z92Y§92
Rebulet dated larch 3, 1950 and Iew York tel dated llaroh 10, 1950,
relative to laboratory run by ERNST BBRGMINH in Philadelphia.
Ih llaroh 16, 1950, lliee D BQlHY BBHZRETI, leoounting OfficeBellerue-Stratford a.+=.1, Philadelphia, .a.-ma amt musénncmlm
oi Few York City, reeided at this hotel in ro<Ia 1431 Iran llaroh 12,
1945 until January 4, 1946.
m-. arson mas, in charge of law Produete Division of Publioker '
Industries, Incorporated. 1429 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, advised
that during the period BERGEAHN stayed at the Bellevue-Stratford
Hotel, he was oonneoted with Publioker Induetriee, Incorporated. i
He performed hie work at the Iifflin Street Lahoratoriel of Publ iokerInduetriee, Incorporated, which laboratory was located at Delaware 7
at-emxe and liifflin Street, Philadelphia. _ 3, oi
"¬.92w~-"BERGLMIW worked with Publ ioker Industries, Incorporated, B188
pointed out, as the result of an agreement between the Ieismann
Institute of Pelee-tine and Publieher Industries. Iheae two "
organizations made an agreement whereby Publioker Induetriee would
handle all patent arrangeunente for the Weizmann Institute in this
country. In addition, the Ieizmann Institute furnilhed the eoneult
eervioee ed pereono like BBRGMLHH, to aeeiIt,Publioker Indultriee
experiment: in induetrial mature. The pereon whom BERGMANH worked
with at the llifflin Btreet Laboratory was Doctor KARL Ell%IBR of
Publioker Industrial, who ianow oonneoted with Iowa State College.
BIBS also pointed out that another pereon who was aeeoeiated withERCMMTB at Pnblieher Induetriea, an; who night hlrnilh additional
information on BERGMILNH, wee RICHARD , who presently reeidee
at 50 Delaware .a'eeme,_ Pennegrowe, For Jersey. BASS knew oi no
mentioned that the only other addreea they had for BRBGEELBH wee at
16 last 66th Street, New York City other laboratory that BERGMMIN had in the Philadelphia area, and %/
Io lead ie being let out by the l'hil_adelphia otfioe tor EMMEIBRor IIIIBR to be interviewed rlative to additional knowledge theyhave on mnnmmr. _ ED093539 " " ' "BJQ:¢ b COPIES DE$TROYEDmn'?XEQ _ 64 9 L65-4296 R as nov 19.1950 64- a AP? 1990
eon Iew York spasm. nmrmr! ' 11, 'n..m F"_n 15n;.;§2ETm vgél 9/V
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Director, FBI A _ - 3,/20/150
For the information of the Bxresu and interested office, the
library indioes of the Franklin Institute Library in Philadelphia
were dzecked, concerning B2332 BHIGMAIE. It was ascertained thatBERGLMIH had authored two hooks, both of which were publishedin the year 1943. i'he name of one o use books I!.l*0B'C lene. , and the other was titledlgauerismand Isoherizetion
o.t.Jh_'ganigu_§ompounds". Only the 1¢u=e1-Feat was aiiifableini i
Philade1phia} "H'6i?irer, both of these boob are on tile at theLibrary oi Cogress in Washington, P. 6. - -
the latter book, "Isomerisn and Isomerisation or Organic" COmp0921nd.lI",was Iritten by ERNST IJ&VI1*ER¬iIAHN oi the Daniel Bier! Research
Institute at Rohoveth, Palestine, and was published in 1948 by the
Interscience Publishers Incorporated or Few York and London. ail
book was dedicated To w colleagues at Daniel Siefi Research
Institute, who have helped in developing the views presented in '
the £'o1l0Iing_pagea". the introduction in this book read asfollows: ' ' '
Doctor IBHST DAVID IBEGMANB, who started his academic
career at the Ghemische Institut of the University of
Berlin, later b came a scientific collaborator ct. Professor Giihlli, and was recently appointed
. Director of the Ieizmann Institute of Science in
Rehovath, Palestine, kindly consented to deliver inlectures on the Iscnerisn and Isonerization orb:-ganic
Compounds, while staying in this country in 1946. Thelectures were attended not only by stat! members and _' : ., . - graduate student of Brooklyn Polytechnic, but by many
other scientists and other educational and research
chemists who ranted lectures collected in a book.
mu introduction was written by n. anmmuhuzm presumablyoi '3:-_ooklyn Polytechnic Institute§._ "' " o
, . --- -" -",' ' -1'
The preface of this book, which was dated Janua:-y_l94B, is quotedas rollers: __ .--_,_s-.1.-. .;'__;-in ~ ' _ _ ' . f- .- >1
r - H _"l!-he six lectures in the_,'hook tom the naterial A
' presented at a seminar held at Polytechnic Institute
' ' t of Brooklyn during winter of 1945 and 1946 " .. - . . 'I 1? ' 1.; _ J
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. ,1 _ _ _ . -.-_._ '
Additional review oi the library insiices oi the Franklin Institute
reflected that in volume 71, issue number 3, of the Journal of
bnerican iemical Society, da d Ila:-oh 1949, there appeared on"pa e lll1_an article e it1ed%ynthesis of 1-Iminotluorene" byB.%KR B-ENE and LT H. The I.!"|;101QI'B.l rece red1 011 '
liovember 12, 1948 from the Ieismann Institute of Science at
Rehovsth in Israel. . ' . -
Iith respect to IIILTOE CRCHIN, there was a footnote which stated
that the publishers oi the lnerican Chemical Society wished to
thank the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation for a fellowship
granted to HILTIN ORCHIH, which made the work on this article
possible. 0RGHIH's present address res given as the United
States Bureau of Hines, Pittsburgh, P8. '
There also appeared in volume .71, issue number 6, of the Journal
of hnerican Chemical Society, dated June 1949, an article on
Page 1917, entitled ','Synthesis of Fluorenthene and its Derivatives"
by E. BERGMLRN and MILTCH GRCHIN. This article was received on
January 3, 1949 from the Daniel Siefi Institute at Rehcvath,
Israel. The same footnote concerning ORUHIH appeared on thi
article, as appeared on the article in the larch 1949 issue oi
the same magazine. v ' '
s , '. - p - .
A review of the 1947 directory of the American Chemical Society
reflects that ERNST BERGIMNN of 16 East 66th Street, Iew Iork 21,
ew York, was listed as _a member oi this society. _ .
"Thehtelyst", the local publication of the Philadelphia sectionct the hnerican Chemical Society, was reiiewed for thryesrs
1945, 1946 and 1947, and no sientiorwaa found concerning Doctor
ERNST BERQJAHH, ll being connected iith the Hiltdelphil section
of the American Chemical Society. a
. . - _ __ - _; 4 - . _
Credit and criminal checks, and other logical sources of intormtion
in the Philadelphia area, tailed to reflect any information other
than that which is set out above, concerning Doctor ERNST BERGMAIIH
or the tact that'he had.a laboratory in Philadelphia. -- ' _
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0' ' r eice Memorandum - UNITED sures GOVERNMENT
u 16,- :1.95o_ _ "T0 = DIRECTOR, FBI - n41'x= };g__§-eh. 11*1vM"-;_= sac, cmzm A - T af1vBJB¢Q1~"obc'AsE o A * ' 1 MNED
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Rebulet March 1, 1950,. in the above entitled cas_ n 41¢}:
was requested to obtain photographs of $603?! YANNIER.
. Enclosed to each, the Bureau, New York, and Boston, are two
pictures of WANNIER obta.ined- from the University of Iowa. The
picture was taken in September of 1942. No other photos of e, ____ _wmrma were available. RUG. . F IV Omaha
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3-,,5,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,__ _ ._ _. ' -_r . _ _:_'_;_ -" ., . .. ' . , -Oi Z92/[6m01"1'26lZl772 - UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
-T0 "= DI1iECTOR,.FBI" . vAm=~;;1:5=14- :1 ?KM = w. Bowl A 92-192";- 5']- ' *
-slm-=¢r= Qroocass ' _ cmssrnin aw. GP?§?E"i E;§'5 ./ W7,, ll - O - , -! . . -Y5; ' - 9 5| VP a1
_Re1erenoe 1e made to Boston teletype to Bureau and In York -.__=_- rch 9, 1950,
reflecting that 111 pictures of suspects for the Unsub, roeived
through noon, llaroh B, 1950, at Boston, had been l'1OIn to R0 = '-I~ on the
afternoon of lurch 8, 1950, et the Boston Division, Ind that e 1 photographs
- received through the close of buaineel, In-oh B, 1950, had been shown to KRISTEL
IREMAN on larch 9, 1950 """51
Ioddentificationn were effected, and tne photographs Ih_o1|n are lilted below:
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