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Qif Memorandum - UNITED s.m'rEs_ GOVERNMENT
TO 1 '
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SUBJECT:
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MDirector, FBI . n~rs= 5-2?-S3
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5&9, Richmond 571657! I
LSPIQUAGE Kn liTLHNnL ScCuRITY INVboTiGAT1uNS ./féieus 427/iutyls 655% ff
While at the German Locument Military Section of the Depart-
mental Records Branch, AGO, U.S. Army, Alexandria, Virginia,
it was brought to the attention of an Apent of this ofFice
that, contained in the captured German records is a book
printed by the Gestapo in 19hl with the translated title of
"Personality Pile of Suspected soviet Aeents". Mr. nl3$D
UKU¢, an employee of the AGO, pointed out to the Anent that,
appearing on page 51 of this book is the name "ntnue races,
stud. phil. born December 29, 1911, Russelsheim; h:nA Kiel".
This book contained approximate1y'lh0 pages listing names of
suspected soviet agents. Mr. $o5Lh related that this hoox,
which is catalogued under the classification of "LAP 113/13",
German tocument Section, iszuailable for loan to government
agencies for periods of thirty days, which loan is renewable.
Mr. oUn also informed that the records of the German
Aomdh vilitary lntellipence, reflect the following in-
formation on persons who are designated in the records as
azents of the !SdEHR: '
ma; uhxia-zIc1+.;¢ bL:il;.iXf>T;¢IH. code name "n-79", born 1.19;, 35,
1h?9, Vienna Austria; Profession: Official of the "5 Con-
sulate 1enerel, Vienna, Austria, notei of date June l, l9bb. ' A
Speaks perfect enrlish, Country apainst which used: America,
¬bCHth$TuiU had been working for A3a;¬n since Varch, 193*,
The card contained a note "cannot be used as of June 1, lbh".
Jozck :PA£TH, doctor of philosophy, code name "FRWH" and-"20
profession, phvscist e meterolorist. Born octobar P, ld97,
Prieoere, Switzerland. Residence Rue Liotora 71, Genervia,
Switzerland. Jpeake German ui re¢eh_ Began working for
Germans March l9n3. Last ncted.c¢ntact was May 19 H. Country
chains; which wet: is th< United -ttcs of enerica,
KARL ihE?c, born october 30, ldS, Vienna, elstria. Profes-
sion: official 0? the united States Consulate, Vienna, Au
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tria. German citizen. Working for Germans from June 6,
101m to September 30, 19141.; against the United States.
As of the latter date a note on the card stated that LQPFL
could not be used. Speaks English. A
JlHIdJV5KY: not known if this is first or last name},
code name SC 2529", Merchant, Czechoslovakia citizen.
Card contained note "was sent to United States", Last
note on record was October 1, 1939,
The Hureau is requested to advise Richmond if it is de-
sired that HICH£DBAU5H, German Documents Section,AGO,
W.S. Army, be recontacted "or any additional names of
Adm Anents where it is indicated that those individuals
were used against the United States. Mr. BAUQR works with
these records constantly and has stated that it is probable
that names, other than those ppearinp above, will appear
as he continues his review of tne ARsnHn records.
It is sugwested also that, 1? not lready available, the
book Personality File o? Eunpected Soviet Agents", might
be of interest to the Bureau.
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Reference is made to etter dated Jyly l4, 19555
received from Representative .W§j8T1ipg§Qbl of the JointCommittee on Atomic-Energy. cu will recqllpthat Representative
Cole su ested that -i t i gg a re n er ew of F he night be of val e.The CIA received a similar let:er~§rom/ggle. ¢5'/lull ---TIILT---
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On July 1?, 1953, Ralph Clark of the CIA advised
Liaison Agent Papich that Allen Dulles had instructed him to
review the matter. Clark stated that the CIA was not interested
in becomming involved in a re-interview qf Fuchs and that it wasDulles opinion that such an interview should be handled by the
Bureau. Clark stated that Dulles did not wish to be abrupt with
the Committee and to the contrary he wanted to handle the matter
_ as tactfully as possible. Dulles therefore is handling the
reply and will personally contact Cole. He will advise the
latter concerning obstacles which might be encountered with the
British and he will point out that the CIA is continually on the
alert for any new information which might be related to the Fuchs
case. In order to impress Cole that the CIA desires to be fully1 cooperative, Dulles will inform the Congressman that the CIAwill instruct Herbert I. Miller, CIA ofioial now in London, to
be on the alert for any new information concerning the Fuchs
case. Miller is a CIA Specialist on Atomic Energy matters and
he has been in London for the past two or three weeks discussing
miscellaneous Atomic Energy matters with British authorities.
Miller will be instructed to report any information that is
volunteered to him concerning Fuchs. Dulles is also informing
the CIA London ofice that if any such information is receivedlit should immediately be referred to the Bureau's Legal Attache.
Clark exhibited a copy of a cable which was sent to the CIA
office in London wherein Dulles officially instructed Miller
not to become involved in any investigative action.
ACTION:
The above is being referred to the attention of theEspionage Section. 09nscoaozn 1 65-__ 5330; .- 1537
SJ.P:bja C gmnm ' 109 "~ J'm_5Q 1953___cc: Lampher J J I
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I Reference is made to my memorandum to you dated
Jly 16, 1953, regarding the letter from congressman Cole, ' y
Chairman of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, dated -'
July 14, 1953, suggesting that a reinterview might be had of
-Fuchs. The Bureau prepared a reply to the congressman, taking 4.1.
the position that we conducted a most thorough interview of Fucys
and covered all points. we do not specifically state that ' ,»we feel a reinteruiew isnot advisable but we point out that td "/
it is deemed desirable to do so, we have the channels br it. '
The Director approved this letter but suggested that we first show §92|it to Admiral Strauss, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. IQ:
The_letter was shown to gtrayss at 1:30 P.ll. today. W
After readinguit, he s_tg_ted_y_he co_ncurAred uholeheartedly in theBureay's reply and ihtended to max§*6"¥E$1p"re~ene"same"géaérol
vein to the letter directed to him in this matter by the
Uongressman. Strauss asked if he could have a copy of our
letter. . N. s ». . ,
You will recall that Strauss, by letter of Jyly l5,gl953,advised that he had received a letter from Congressman, Cole .
regarding Fuchs and would appreciate discussing the matte; with ~
the Director. Strauss advised today that the letter from_the' Bureau
to Cole answered all the questions he had in this matter lmd that,therefore, he had no further points that he wished to discuss with 0!-
the Director on this matter. He stated we could consider his lette r
of July 15 as completely handled.1 __jjj.{Y5'0e" 1533A.Q..TlQ2v'_: moms-H - 7.I 2 go, - *~"'>.§L'--3 /H -. It is recommended thawl Airn fill to Strauss a tickler
.3» . xcopy of our letter of July 16, 1953, to Congressman c'ole.dy,_,
ADDENDUM: '-- *
' At 2:30 pm. today I showed the proposed r_ep}y__tQ Uo;;grossman.Cole to Hr. Iilliam !?_oger§_'5_'!"'fT92§ 'DE'IE,i}'1i'e.nt._.J,;!""' V ' ter,r aciing:_if:"92h"e'""s=b'dt3'ii"i't'1i5IIsffa"11e1 U' zrovs'~r;%¥¢r and h e appro_ved_ i:,t$s;,_b§i ng s en t.- .¢ =__' _-<1-» .- ~.-:-of-< I- " " """ " ' " .__A '-*' fl-~~UIBHYIIJ J A_1- ".1 6 ==rq'§» ~- 'AUG go, Z
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Ugngressman Sterlingole, Chairman of the Joint Committee En Atomic Energy who, in his attached letter of July 14, '-.953, suggests that a reinterview night be had of Dr. Klaus»
Fuchs~i-trdetermine whether there was any material which he
supplied to the Soviets. which he thought too insignificant
to mention in 1950, and whether he should be interviewed to
determine whether he knew of any other sources the Soviets
had within the atomic program. ;
In preparing our answer, which is attached, we
are taking the position that we conducted a most thorough
interview of Fuchs and covered all points whether we believed
they had any apparent significance or not. Fe point out
that Fuchs admitted that he furnished some information to '
the Soviets on research being done to perfect a Hydrogen bomb;
It is felt that c'ole'e letter may be referring to the progress
which has been made in the production of a Hydrogen bomb!.
Iith respect to the implied question that Fuchs might have
information -concerning other persons who furnished data to the
Soviets on atomic energy, we point out that this matter was
moot thoroughly gone into with Fuchs, and he categorically
stated he knew of no such persons, It is to be recalled that
the Bureau representatives who questioned Fuchs spent a great
deal of time on this point. Is close our letter without .
specifically stating we think it not advisable to have Fuchs
reinteruiewed, but we point out if it is deemed desirable to
do so, we have the channels to raise such a matter. This was
_. placed in the letter in order that CIA or some other agency
' may not jump on this matter and r s for an interview of* Fuchs by their representatives. £F&T 92
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o It would appear possible that Gongressman Colo was "
merely trying to reopen the Fuchs matter in order to gain2 additional information which would result in favorable /! publicity for his commieef A
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1.11-. }cgg_____.. Ii/, V A ,
K 1Honorable J. Edgar Hoover
D:Lrect0r _ 2
Federal Bureau of Investigation -.,_
Washington 25, D.C.
Dear Hr. Hoover:
I have received today a letter from Sterling.
Cole, Chairman of the Joint Congressional Committee on
Atomic Emer in which he suggests that a re-interview
of Dr. Kla chs and a re-analysis of that case might
prove of value. I understand that a similar letter has
been sent to you.
Before answering Mr. Cole, I would appreciate - .
the opportunity of discussing the matter with you.N Could you let my office know when it would be convenient3-! _ _ . ~-_-al
M 1. Tc! 5
Mr. T.r
Ivl_r. GT-.v1rx___.
Mr. 11.1 L;o__.._
Mr. lit-;:n___.__..
M1". Tra:,'._____.
Mr. G'.arty___.
MT. Liuzir
Mr. Win-c -
Tole. Room
Mr. He1lon1an__.
Mr. Sitoo____
Miss Gnndyi.
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for me to come down and talk to you about it. I
" Faithfully yours,
1| "" S Hme aorta. e92 ;1_r»>3QE£?~ ~ » _ ' - I t nzcoancu 51
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THIS DOCUMENT IS CLASSIFIED TCP SECRET
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V UNITED STATES ATOVIC ENKHIIY CWIMISSION
- Notice of Reclassification. v . " - ~ 1 .
, W October 11+, 19;!» i_ ll Date!
T9: . Edgar Hoover, Director, federal Bureau of Investigation
FRUM: Central Document Control Office, Division of Seciirity, U. 5. Atomi
Energ Commission, l90l Constitution Avenue, Washington 25, D. 3.
I Authority to reclassify the below listed TOP sncnm document B! to
¬ an K has been received from
a ¥:+ L-a_'="_" °P e _ _ . on 1°/713/54?
It is requested that the new classification be marked on the documenf- 9!
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be completed and returned to this office. ,,_
Identification Number of Docu:nent s!, or i1AUnnumbered
A * a 7 We Briefautxcleeeified Desqaniaptivn N if
4.
LIV-33-1|. - It-r to J . Edgar Hoover from Strauss, Re: Cong. Cob:8&5 ltr of 7/11+/53, Dr. Klaus Fuchs.
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wiiiiml. Riley a as W s
Chief, Central Document Control Office . _
Division of Security, Washington, . C.* Per¢%.4e+,¢é=.z.=Q~
Frances I, Meske -éa
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TO: Central Document Control Office, Division of Security, U. 3. Atomic
Energy Commission, 1901 Constitution Avenue, Washington , D. C,~mo».- /5,-v The classification of the above-listed TOP SECRET document a! has been'92}*' changed on this date. "
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mmrm ILAU8 roams ,,_,,____A Q _ ::.G:-ix
. Hr. Parsons of the London Sunrgispatch,
Oirbls 8-6535 telephoned the Bureau and talked to
, Crosby on Deoenber 15, 1953. Hr. Parsons stated
. he understood that American authorities had approached
British authorities _ Qr germigsign to interview Klaus
Fuchs after that individual has-completed his sentence.
Mr. Parsons continued that the efforts of American
authorities to secure Fuchs had not been denied bythe American Embassy in London. -f_ -; r '8. .0
' Parsons inquired whether the nieau is attempting
to interview Klaus Fuchs further and if the Bureau were
, not, whether we knew of any other agency which was
y attempting to talk to Fuchs. Crosby told¢3_lr. Parsons
the Bureau had no comment on his question.
13*
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7° ' MR. TOLSON M ' 11; DATE: 12/ 30/53J /I ROM I Ho H. _ >l ® I _ ' _ ..:::-A L. w I Kmpm KLAUS races = @11=-~;;~ ~"/ 0 ,6, _ - 3-zsszomcs - R °@=**=*>' " 0" , /I 1..-E. _ 5/e/82 A/mt X/s~;~:J Q Trial.srnorsrg - ~ 2f.. :"_§In a memorandum dated 12/;8/53 jwn. Belmont t Mr. Ladd tt was stated that whtle tn a dksaysston wtth
General Leslte Groves he ratsed the ques ton of Fuchs name
. havtng appeared tn Israel Ha1pertns notebooh tn Canada. ¢*
General Groves tndtcated that tf he had had the tnjormatton 92
tt would have meant somethtng to htm. The memorandum stated
1 why the tnformatton had not been furntshed to General Groves.
- The Dtrector tnstruoted that thts matter be carefully reutewed
" to make certatn that we were on our toes.
The followtng perttnent facts were developed:
' Halpertn was born 1/5/11 tn Canada and ts a
Oanadtan ctttzen. He received a Ph.D. Degree at Prtnceton
Untverstty tn 1935 and taught mathemattcs at Harvard Untverstt
tn 1937>39. Stnce then he has taught at Queen's Untverstty
tn Qanada, except durtng 19U2-35 when he was on mtlttary
leave servtng tn the Canadtan Army where he worked on secret
projects. Documents removed from the Russian Embassy tn
Ottawa, Canada, tn 9/5/U5 by Igor Gouzenho, a code clerk,
revealed Halpertn was part of a Sovtet mtlttary tntelltgence _
network; had furntshed tnformatton on Canadtan research and 1had been asked for but was unable to obtatn tnformatton on Ci;
Uranium 235. The Breau was advtsed of this tn November 195QU
Halpertn was arrested 2/15/H5 by the RCMP and
charged on 3/29/H6 wtth vtolattng the Offtctals Secrets Act
and consptracy to furntsh tnyormatton to the USSR. _Charges
were dtsmtssed because a co-oonsptrator refused to testtfy
agatnst Halpertn. j '
L ~ . .
- At ttme oj arrest, o notebook and dtary oontatntnp
over 700 names, conststtno of bustness ftrms, tndtvtduala, .|1.
, 1 thetr spouses, mtnor chtldren and tnoomplete names, were 14obtatned by the RC!-{P from Ha1pertn's home an a photostat c H1=-12s,..e@-w~weo acoauzo-as Iii .._5 8 805439% Ol?s72:?u'.1#1W 'n,. ' JAN 11 1s.=# ~I.rssme ecc-Mr;-ggtrnwnt _.$,lE3 Ll " ~ N
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the documents was furntshed to the Breau ltatson representattve
tn Ottawa, Canada, who sent the photostat to the Bureau on
3/12/#6. These documents were made auatlable to the British
Intelligence by RCMP, whtch foot was hnown to the Bureau, but
the Bureau was not aware at that time that the British
authorities did not tahe copies of the documents. All the
names were not searched through the Bureau indtces until
subsequent to March 1950 but on 6/ll/#6 copies of the documents
were sent to interested fteld offtces wtth instructtons for
the offtces to identtfy the persons listed in the documents
and to submit a report on each tndividual identifted. Notnvesttcaticn was conducted of persons wtth foreign addressgsggqkg
' Among the entries in the address booh were the
followtng listed tn space provided for one entry: !K1aus
Eyhs, Asststant to M. Born, Sh Gear e Lane, UnivgrsiijlEdinburgh S_a1land, Camp ll Camp Lg Internment Operation,K7Tst?I H§Tngman, 55 Carvel Rd., Watertown. On 9/M/H6 the
Boston Offtce submttted a report on Kristel Hetneman whtch
reflected that she had prevtously restded in Watertown,
Massachusetts: her husband, Robert Heineman, was a member of
the Communtst Political Assoctatton in Boston in l9U#; and
an alien enemy form whtch she had filed on 2/25/#2 stated
that she had a brother Dr. Klaus Eu§&aa£In1BHsin_1he
English Arm Nothtnp was eveloped durtng the tnuestigation
tUTn3Tcote that Klaus Fuchs had been tn thts country or was
engaged in Atomic research. There was nothing i the addressbooh to indtcate etther of those factagimm g Q
At a conference held on_1[£Q[5y between Bureau
representatives and representatives of the Manhattan Engtneering
District, a request was made for MED to furntsh the Bureau
a ltst of tndivtauals and thetr backgrounds who were sent
by Great Brttian to atd in the Atomic Research Project. G01.
Lansdale of MED stated that the list would be furnished butthat General Grgyes had stated that TO¢QCQlTpf8UgQ§§Q*0 -__l.-an "" 5"" 79" 7>°°*Ql°%.'!§ ..2£;i5.?l¥"3i§@Tua....§a¢1é§._$l.*eu»ié¬r¢@__2..E§_.._i ""¢Y>'"".'1*.:y" f f§Ia@oe ht.as.a1nm§{ese. as 9 1'35.-*..1.I,cQ1an r _;wQen:ZEe31degtw§gosepe sqgroncrentgg. dgp_gg the Bureau agatn speciftedlly reisted Ueneral roves
o furnish a ltst of the tndivtduals and tdentifytng data to
the Bureau. 0n_j[;?_8_L. MED furnished the Bureau the ltst of
Brtttsh sctenttsts in this country engaged in such worh and
the letter stated that all had been cleared by the British;
w t=2@§e,<=n t!§e..Lt,§1u.res1-t.e:asa.a.£n_.§l1eat,ea..that_..newas "19r--.mL..@ r» lieu , ¥1£*4%¬.. "w".12¢ro.uaa.a-._s.h_owo- JIO.other identifyliyngplgalta was gtzien. " ;a.'.'8[1l!lt.h, MED advtsed
that DFi'K§ Fuchs hod=3een trahsferred to Project Y which we
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hnew was Les Alamos and on Z/2/H6 hED*advisgd_Dr. K. Fuchsle t r En land o §£g§;y6T*"raaw§* banre%e nogemgidi3L_m_'_"en ti f incL<£?!.1*Z7:@~..eP.e.r.Jur.ntsh:efItItatTZTE¬,T.Bi4'1.6QLW.1-¥§.D.,'PQ_,"was a églg §heg§_eve re uested, The Bureau did'no? searchs name through indgces as ittvt was on incggglete name, <
no identify _ _2dHhe hagubeen cleared b _ M it h ing data a y f
Fuchs entered the U. S. at Norfolk on %g414g§ andwas interviewed by gureau Agents i2 connggztog wit ;egg arpanel procedures. isf ull name ilnqs M_M " Hszduq u ""8obtained and it was'h0t¬B thot"E§ was*d'BafU?dlTEed E?1?ish 7
citizen. This information had been furnished to the Bureau
by Norfolk Office by letter dated 12/I8/#3.
Interviews with Balperin, Fuchs, Kristel and Robert
Heineman all brought out information that Fuchs was in an
internment camp tn Canada in l9UO and that while there Halperin
sent him some technical publications. Balperin states he would
not hnow Kristel Heineman if he saw her and Fuchs §tated he
had never had any espionage dealings with Halgerin,1*-<v-I-v -:- »;.- -1-_-'1-=->-»--w-A-' - _- ~ .. ..,-,. -W»-_ n~92 T .,-J,-_92_.,,; _-1?.-,..,.92 12110:/-IQ Br B 0Ii'$'§IIl"Vp$¬I§
~. - CONCLUSIONS:
.1.<l The following questions are presented in connection
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Iwith this matter.
1. Should the Bureau have disseminated the address booh]"and diary of Halperin to General Groves of the MED when it
iwas received by the Bureau in March l9h6f This address booh
represented raw investigative material and was not of the
type which is suitable for dtssemination. There is nothing
n the documents to indicate that any of the persons therein
it bet noted
that
the documents to General roves.
2. Did the Bureau have the responsibility of notifying
' MED in March l9H6 that Fuchs name was in the Halpertn address
boohf There was nothing in the address booh which indicated
8..to have disseminatedU $0!
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that Fuchs was engaged-in Atomic rese rch or that he was everin the U. S. It should-be noted thatgoreign addresses .
were given for Fuchs. MED had never furnished to the Bureau
any identifying data on the Dr. K. Fuchs who was in this country
working on Atomic research as a British scientist. Therefore,
it does not appear that the Bureau had any logical reason foradvising MED that Fuchs ' name was in the documents. W 5 £4
3. Did the Bureau have the responsibility of notifyingMED after the receipt of the Boston report qf 9/4 46 concerning
Kristel Heineman that Fuchs hame had appeared in the address
book? This report contained no indication that Fuchs had been
in this country or was engaged in Atomic research so therewas no reason to ngézfy MED of Fuchs name appearing in the
document-s._;|§§£¥' 1 Q
4. Why was there a dely of from 3/12/46,when the Bureau's
liaison representative in Ottawa sent the Halperin address book
and diary to the Bureau, to 6/ll/Z6 when copies of those documents
were furnished to our field offices for indices checks and identi-
fication of the individuals residing in the territory covered
by_the offices? These documents were handled at the Bureau by
former SA William K3 Harvey who has resigned and thus.he is not
available to answer that question. During that period of time
he was handling the Corby and portions of the Silvermaster cases.
It should be noted that apparently some time was spent at the
Seat of Government reviewing the names and having photostats
prepared to submit to the field for action. Also a review of the
names indicated that there were business firms and minor children
listed which would indicate that the list was not completely
subversive.@H.._.s__.r-1-¢u e
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' E5 Fuchs and gave no indication that he was in the U. S. or that he
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5. lhe list of names gpearing in the addness book and
diary was submitted to the Bureau on 3/12/Z6, why were they not
searched through the indices until 1950? As set forth above'mis
matter was handled by former SA William K. Harvey. A memorandum
in file dated 3/30/50, showed that of the 85 pages,,5 had been
searched through the indices by that time. The rest of the names
were searched after the preparation of that memorandum. It
should be noted, however, that the field ojfices covering the
addresses of persons residing in the U. S. had been instructed"
to search the indices of those offices and identify the persons
listed in the diary. At the time the diary was received there
was a heavy burden placed on the Record' Section because of theCorby and Siluermaster cases.%iI'- E u
6. Considering the name qf Fuchs as furnished to the
Bureau, should there have been an identification of him made
when; '
a! the letter of 12/3/Z3, was received from the
Nonfolk office which contained his full name and stated that
he was a British citizen who had entered the U. 8.? lhis was
the first data in the Bureau files on Fuchs and there"was
nothing in the letter, of course, which indicated that he was
an Atomic scientist or was engaged in espionage.
b! MED furnished on 3/28/Z4, the name K. Fuchs, on
8/ll/Z4 the name Dr. K; Fuchs, and on 7/P/46 the the name Dr.
.K. Fuchs? The name 2 was not searched through"e indices on those
3 occasions because no identifying data was given and MED had
advised that the British security had cleared Fuchs. It should
also be borne in mind that the name Fuchs is the German name fore¢I¥i §fox'and the name Klaus is the German name far"Uarlf both of
which are common names. ' _
the Balperin diary and address book were received
lhe address book indicated/Ponngn address for
was engaged in Atomic research. ¢ u
d! the investigative report concerning Kristel
Heineman was submitted to the Bureau by the Boston qfice on
9/4/462 The report showed that Kristel Heineman had a brother,Dr. Klaus Fuchs, but itindicated that he was serving in the
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English Army and there was no indication that he was in this
country or woo engaged in Atomic research.
RECOMQEQQAIION: '
.Ir. Belmont states that
by him at his recent meeting with
contact General Groves concerning
General Groves request that he beno commitment was made
General Groves to
this matter nor did
contacted. It is W
recommended, therefore, that no further action be taken.
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In a memorandum dated 12/l8/53 from Mr. Belmont"
to Hr. Ladd tnformatton was set forth that General Groves had
ratsed the questton of Fuchs name havtng appeared tn Israel
Ba1pertn's notebook tn Canada. General Groves tndtcated that_
tf he had had the tnformatton tt mtght have meant somethtng
to htm. The memorandum set forth the reasons why the
tnformatton had not been jurntshed to General Groves. The
Dtrector has tnstructed that this matter be revtewed carefully
to make certatn that we were on our toes;
och round o Halpertn;ii 11' C llsrael Halpertn was barn tn Canada on 1/5/ll of
Russtan-born parents_and ts 0 Canadian ctttzen. He received
an A.B. Degree and M.S. Degree at the Untverstty of Toronto
and Ph.D, Degree at Prtnceton tn 1936. He taught mathemattcs
at Harvard from 1937 to 1939. Since that time he has been
employed as a professor at Queen's Untverstty at Ktngston,
Ontarto, except for the pertod l9h2 to l9#5 when he was
servtng tn the Canadtan Army attached to the Dtrectorate of
Arttllery where he worked on secret projects.
Secret documents removed on 9/5/M5 from the
Russian Embassy tn Ottawa, Canada by Igor Gouzenho, a former
code clerk at the.Dnbassy, reve led Halpertn wa
the Sovtet network tn Canada. Ie furn S e 1. ormatton about b3
anadtan armament research and development and was ashed for
tnformatton on Urantum 235» whtah he had stated accordtng to
the documents was absolutely tmposstble to get."
He was arrested by the Royal Canadtan Mounted
Poltce on 2/15/#6. The Canadtan Royal Commtsston concluded
that he had communtcated secret and conftdenttal tnformatton_
to Russto on more than one occaston. On 3/29/#6, he was
charged wtth vtolattng the Ojftotals Secrecy Act and wtth
consptracy to furntsh tnjormatton to the USSR.
At the trtal the Canadtan Government was unable -
to prove the consptraoy because a witness, Lunan, refused
to testtfv. The Judge then dtsmtssed the consptracy count
stnce the Crown was unable to prove Halpertn's oonneotton
wtth the consptracy and the Offtctals Secrecy Act charge
was also dtsmtssed as the Crown was unable to present the
necessary background to tntroduce the Russtan documents
revealtng that Hblpertn was part of the Sovtet esptonage net-
work. . ---
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H in address book and diary of 1.-Ialperin arcs removed from
his home on 2/I5/Z6, by the RCMP when he was taken into custody
by them; On 3/12/Z6, the Bureau liaison qficer in Ottawa sub-
mitted a single photostat of those documents to the Bureau. There
were more than 700 names contained in the documents of which '
644 were capable of search through the Bureau indices. It was
determined that some of the names were business firms and some
dates of birth shown in the documents indicated that some of the
individuals were small children. Ihese documents were reviewed at
the Bureau by former SA illiam Harvey, but they were not searched
through the Bureau indices. Interested_field qfices were furnished
copies of the documents on 6/ll/46, and were instructed to
identify the persons whose names appeared in the documents and -»
submit separate reports on the individuals. No attempt was ma eat that time to identify persons with foreign addresses.§§Q!!!¥15' L
The Bureau was aware that these documents had been made
available by the Canadian authorities to the British Intelligence
authorities who were in Ottawa in connection with the Corby case.
It was not known at that time, however, by the Bureau that theBritish authorities did not take copies of the documents.8§i{;fL*
Bureau field offices obtained subversive data on some
of the individuals with U. 8. addresses listed in the documents,
but on other individuals no subversive data has been developed,
It has been determined on interview with some of the persons
listed that they were not personally acquainted with Ealp rinbut knew of him through his work on mathematics. g u
Among the entries in the address book there appeared'
in the space for one address the_following;
' Klaus Fuchs,»
Asst. to M; Born _
84 George Lane . _
University of Edinburgh, Scotland
Camp N coup L! Internment Operations
Kristel Heineman 5 Carvel Rd. ~ ,Vatertownjiw i M
ido-investigation was conducted on Fuchs inasmuch as it
appeared from the address book that he was living in Scotland
or that he was in an internment camp and thus was not in the U. S.
It was also believed that the information was in the possessionlqf the British authorities. lhe Boston Qfice did conduct aninvestigation on Kristel Heineman, and.in a report submitted by§§Q¬E;T
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that qfics on 9/4/46, it was shown that Kristel Heineman had,
prior to January 19, 1941, lived at 55 Carvel Road in hatertown,
Massachusetts, and that she had registered as an alien enemy on
2/25/42. At that time among the relatives that she listed living
outside of the U. S. was a Dr. Klaus Fuchs who was listed as a
brother and serving in the English Army. This report reflected
that her husband, Robert Heineman, was a member of the Eommuniet
Political Association in 1944. Nb information was developed
which indicated that Fuchs was engaged in Atomic research or hd
been in the U. S. '
Ihrongba TI_0N RELAIIFE T0 _FU_C'Iy'S Fvngasaeb W170 pa ZIRIQAU Bl ugzaurrhh
E1VGI{qEERIh'G_QISIRIGT: 1 . - .
During a conference held on l/P0/44, with representatives
of the Bureau and representatives of MED it was determined that
instructions had been given by President Roosevelt that British
scientists were to participate in scientific research and that
complete cooperation should be furnished to those scientists who
were designated by Prime Minister Churchill to come to this
country to participate in this ewperimentation. At that time
the Bureau desired that we be furnished with a complete list qf
those individuals together with their background. Lt. Col. Lansdale
of the Manhattan Engineering District stated that he could furnish
a complete list but that he had been prevented by." V ' _ ;'
what General Groves had called protocahjhm inquiring into the
backgrounds of the individuals sent over by the British. On
2/25/44, Bureau representatives contacted General Groves of
MED and a request was made.again that the Bureau be furnished
with the names and identifying data of the British mission attached
to the Atomic project. . - ' -
By letter dated 3/28/44, ETD advised the Bureau of the
names of the British scientists engaged on the project. The _
letter stated that all of the individuals listed had been cleared
by the British. Among those listed was the name Klaus Fuchs,
who entered the U; S. on 12/3/43, and had been assigned BEBE
pass number 8?59. No further identifying data was furnished
concerning Fuchs.
Under date of e/11/44, BED advised by letter of- -;
the movement of certain British personnel in this country and '
that letter contained the following pertinent paragraph: L-
"Dr. K. Fuchs has been transferred from New fork
.to I. He plans to leave on ll August and
arrive for duty at I on or about 14 August."
We know that Y was Los Alamos. By letter dated 7/2/46, MED
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advised the Bureau that Br. x. Fuchs had returned to the United
Kingdom on 6/?8/Z6, by bomber from Montreal.e
Bureau files=fail to disclose that any request was ,
made of the Bureau for a ile check on Fuchs by MED. Fuchs . -returned to the U. B. ll/£1/Z7, to attend a conference between
officials of the U. 8., Canada, and Great Britain concerning the
declassification of certain atomic material. He departed for
England ll/30/4?. The Atomic Energy Commission did not request
a name check on him inasmuch as he had been cleared by British
security authorities. It should be noted that the Manhattan
Engineering District never furnished the Bureau with the complete
name and identifying data of Fuchs. .
Ihe Norfolk Qfice advised the Bureau by letter dated
12/18/Z3, that of the passengers arriving on a British naval
transport which arrived in Norfolk on l2/3/e3, was a Klaus Emil
Julius Fuchs who was born l2/B9/ll, in Germany but was naturalised
as a British citizen on 7/B0/42. He was interviewed at thattime
in accordance with regular panel procedures but no investigation
was conducted.
connncrroni ssrnzsn ssnesers Ahl! Focus: _
Kristel Heineman was interviewed on 2/P/50, by Bureau
representatives and advised that about 1943 actually 1940!
Fuchs was sent from Great Britain to Canada for internment as
a German alien. While there he was contacted by Balperin who
befriended Fuchs and furnished Iuchs cigarettes. .She stated that
Wendell Furry, a brother in law of Ealperin and a member of the
same Communist Party club in Cambridge, Mass. to which Robert
Beineman belonged, advised Robert Heineman that Bhlperin had
informed him of Fuchs internment in Canada. Thereafter, Balperin
forwarded messages from Fuchs to Furry who in turn gave them to
Robert Heineman. Robert Beineman generally substantiated her -
statements. .
Balperin advised a representative of the RCMP that during
the summer of 1940 he attended a number of semi-scientific meetings
in the New York and Boston area. He believed that while attending
one of those meetings. in New York City it was mentioned that
certain scientists were being sent from Great Britain to Canada efor internment and that they could assist 5;ise fellows by sendingto them technical publications and¢ther/$5 rts. _He stated that
he sent Fuchs technical publications, newspapers, or pamphlets on
a few occasions. Balperin stated he did not write Fuchs anyletters but may have put a note in with one of the papers and thath
he may have received a postcard of thanks on one occasion from Fuc 8
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but stated he would not know
today. He could not remember
to the efect that ihchs was in
Fuchs informed representatives of the Bureau that during
the period from Hay 20 to June2, 1950, he had never had any
espionage dealings or qfiliaticns with Halperin. lb the best
of his recollections he had received a letter from Balperin while
in the detention camp in Canada. He said that Halperin may
have learned of his presence there from his sister or from
members qf the German Communist Party in England who might have
requested Hblperin to look after scientists incarcerated in
Canada. It was his recollection that he received a letter from
alperin stating that he was sending to Fuchs some scientific
agazines and desired to know if there was anything Halperin
ould do for Fuchs. Fuchs stated he believed he had received
two magazines qf a technical nature and believed that he may have
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"/ SYNOPSH: A//6; gi 37%! '- 5:5! /in In 6" r! 47 4 - - IDuring General Groves discussion with me as set forthydn
my memorandum of 12-17-53, he raised the question qf Fuchs name having
appeared in Israel Ba1perin's notebook in Canada. General Groves indi-
cated if he had had the inJtrmation it would have meant something to
him. Ihe_facts regarding the Israel Ealperin notebook are as follows:
On 3-12-46, the Bureau's Liaison Representative in Ottawa
. node available the notebook of Israel Halperin, an individual iapli- v
cated in the Soviet network in Canada, which contained several hundred
'names including that o_f'KhusI'ucE§T'I§'5't. to ll. Born, 84 George Lane,
Univ. of Edinburgh, Scotland, Camp H. Oanp L-!. we instituted in-
vestigation of persons with U.S. addresses in the Halpsrin notebook
ne whose man,
sachusetts address in n Iotertown .
Iuohs ted States fbr England in June, 1946, after
having conpleted his work in the United States at Les Alanoe. He re-x
turned to the United States on ll-ll-4?§_jbr a short conference and
again departed for England on ll-30-47,l%srewas therejbre a period qf~
three aonthe after the Bureau's Liaison Representative submitted the *~
erael Ealperin notebook to the time when Fuchs left the United States
or England.in 1946.
'92k lhe Manhattan Engineering District MED! never requested a
nane check on Fuchs at any time and their files reflect they accepted
the British clearance. lhe MED at no tine furnished us with the full
name of Fuchs or any background concerning him; although pursuant to
n oral request made by us relative to British scientists in thi .country, the MED on 3-28-44, directed a letter to us stating ligkughg"
was among a group of British scientists in the United States engaged in
work of'interest to the MED and it was stated that all the British
scientists had been cleared by British security. Also on 9-1-44, we
weave /an ' /; H ' ' '1-"'="k 19;?J2 Rsigtiiitg we mum ' 75*"
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that Fuchs left on 6-26-46, by bomber for £nglandfrom Montreal.
' I To our knowledge there was absolutely no connection
between the Fuchs name in the Ealperin notebook and Fuchs
espionage activities. Fuchs was interned as a German alien -
in camps in 00nada_fron July, 1940 to December, l940, and during
that period Halperin contacted him and gave him some technical
publications at the-instance of Kristel Heineman. According to
Ivchs, that was his only contact with or knowledge of Israel
Halperin.
from the foregoing it is apparent that when we received
the Ealperin notebook with several hundred names in it we did not
know that thelIwsFachs in the notebook with a foreign address given
was identical with the.K. Fuchs who had been identified to as by
ED as a British scientist. The only way this could have been
stablished would have been through an investigation instituted
in England concerning the individual in Balperin's notebook. we
id not do this. -
ACZTUN;
ne foregoing is jbr your information in connectionwith the comments made by General Graven;/,
DEIHIL8:
" Documents abstracted from the Soviet Embassy at
Ottawa, Canada, by Igor Gouzenko, Soviet code clerk who defected
to the Canadian authorities on 9-5-45, supported by the tsstinony
of Gousenko himself, established that Israel Halperin was a member
of the oviet military intelligence espionage network operating
in Canada during the period of l942 to 1945. Apprehended in
February, 1946, Halperin subsequently was placed on trial jbr
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conspiracy to violate the Canadian Official -Secrets Act. On
8-4-4?, the charges against hi: were dismissed because of the
failure to develop sufficient evidence to sustain a conspiracycharge. 00-342972 enl. res! -
_ On 3-12-48; the Bureau's Liaison Representative in
Ottawa, Oanada, forwarded a Photos-tat of the address book and
diary of Israel Halperin. lhia address book contained several
hundred names of individuals living in the United States andother parts 2% the world. Among the entries appeared the '
following: . Fuchs, Asst. to ll. Born, 84 George Lane, Univ.
of Edinburgh, Scotland, Camp .v. Camp 1;.!.' mu was followed
by the name of Kristel Heineman, 55 Oarvel Rd., Voter-town
Jlaseachueetts!." A preliminary review was made of the nanes
and addresses contained in the address book and diary and on
6-ll-46, Photostate of the two documents were sent to nineteen
offices covering territories in which the addresses were located-lThe offices receiving copies of this letter were instructed to
immediately identify all of the contacts of Halperin listed in
the book. Instructions were given that reports should be -
mitted setting out the identification of these contacts.
It was our understanding at the time we received the
notebook that the RCMP was cooperating very closely with Peter
Dwyer of III-6, who was then in Canada in connection with the
Corby case. Fe ;. therefore made no attempt to investigate
individuals listed in the book as having addresses in Great
Britain or in other points outside the United States. The
Halperin case was a Canadian case and as such was the primary
responsibility of the BUMP. I'e now know that the RCMP offered
o Is did institute an investigation on Kristel
Heinenan, sister of Klaus Fuchs, and the Boston Office developed
information concerning her and her husband, Robert Bloch Heinema
de mined to hav b en a member
I
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Actually, while the Bureau 's"I.iaison Representative
sent us the information in llarch, 1948, Fuchs left the United
States in June, 1948, and it is doubtful that General Groves
would have taken any action on the information if it had been
made available to him. Fuchs returned to the United States
on ll-ll-47, for a short conference and again departed for
England on ll-30-4?. _the Ealperin data to Peter Dwyer, but he did not take it.$i_GREn£
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- The Manhattan-Engineering District ulna never
requested a,nam'e oheckon Fuchs at any time and t eir files
reflect they accepted the British clearance for him without
any investigation. MED at no time furnished us with the e
full name of Fuchs or any background facts concerning him;
although, pursuant to an oral request made by us relative to
British scientists, the RED on 3-28-44, directed a letter to
the Bureau concerning British scientists who were in this
country and engaged in work of interest to the FED. This
information included the name of K_._f'Z_uo_h§_._ The statement
was made in the letter "Representatives of the British Govern-
ment in this country have assured this office that all of the
individuals who are in this country were cleared by British
security prior to their departure from the United Kingdom.
' 0n 9-1-44, there was received a letter dated
8-ll-44, from MED which reflected Fuchs had been transferred
from New York to "T'6neaning to Los Alanos!. On '7.-3-46, we
received a memorandum from LED which reflected tuohe had re-
turned to England on 6-26-46, by bomber from Montreal, Canada.-
It might be noted at this point that on l2-18-43,
the Norfolk Office directeda letter to the Bureau which advised
of the panelling on 12-3-4,3, of the E.ll.l'. Andes with eightycivilian passengers who 'hado arravai at Norfolk. One of thesepassengers was il Jul..iLl8 . aha, ba1m..l2:-_28:1.l,,.,,
Ru3sslshsi_m,_Geermany. He was listed as a British citizen,
natural ised 7-30-42, in England.
It might also be noted that there was, to our '
knowledge, absolutely no connection between the Fuchs name
in the Halperin notebook and Fuchs espionage activities.
Fuchs was interned as a German alie in camps in Canadafrom July, 1940 to December, 1940. tifroel Halperin was
interviewed by the RCMP on 2-28-50, and stated that he had
helped a number of persons who were interned in Canada and
that he had sent Fuchs technical publications, newspapers
or pamphlets on a few occasions. He claimed not to know
Kristel Heinenan. Actually, Kristel Eeineman said that
she learned that Fuchs was interned in Canada through '
Uendell Furry, the brother-in-law of Halperin, and during
the course of Fuchs internment she r eived messages fromher brother through Helper-in and Furr§jFuchs, when inter-
had any espionage dealings or affiliations directly or in-
directly with Halperin. He said he had received a letter
from Halperin while he was in the detention camp in Canada. 'loiewed by Bureau representatives in Hay, l950, stated he never
He stated that Halperin might have learned of his presence E there from his sister, Kristel Heineumn, or through member
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carcerated in Canada. Iche said he also received from
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thanking him_for these magazines.
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the Balperin notebook with several hundred names
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a foreign address given was identical with the K. iwchs'who
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Best wishes. ! [
J. .1 {'_r5]q,i; Q!" Hugh 01eBB@»* % W
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51. LOUIS. MO. I
4049 BHAW Av}.
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Borrow no} MASSACH us:-r-rs
February 10 , 1954
Mr. Hugh CleggUniversity of Mississippi ,.,_,__1-~-.-_-:"_':"0T-. C0§7'i'-i':I373'»13University, Mississippi ~- »- 1- "'7"? .'"T'-3'=*D.. ea/P Z? ~3é.!'?.-.Dear Hugh: ' pip ?
I don't think tne Dire tor will enjoy
reading what Cunningham quoted from his conversation
with P-Ir. doover.
Sincerely ,
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GEE-hm .§L','< vi '<._*:'T '-1: J: I I
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if Diplomacy Failing, I-A_Iooye:r
Stood up to 0 B lie"= ii B B " -.s§sI#.»>.u
:' WASHING ,_ Fe '."'7-'~Presldent Eisenhower
looked as fit as the proverbial fiddle at the dinner heaved
in his honor by-the radio and television correspondents
here at the Statler last night. He seemed to enjoy him-
self thoroughly, too. He rocked with laughter at the
sallles of the several comedians and seemed as' deeply
entranced as anybody by the ili 05--58! M158 ~79-e,
Froman-~and Raymond Masseys impersonation of Presi-
dent Lincoln. Julius Lallosa was another of the vocalists-
He made an engaging juvenile impression, but he sang
asifhisnosewerefull. "- 92 - - -
I F This is really quite a dinner and theres no reasonwhy the Chief Executive shouldn't enjoy himself. There
1 , are no speeches. In fact, last night-; didn't even introduce the head
table although a more distinguished
could scarcely be assembled." of the Cabinet and the mem-
of the Supreme C°92.11'1- 1"¢1"¢'
mg Ml. Chief Justice Warren, wen:
displayed there side by» side, along=,-;::;,-,, J Iwith the members oi the Joint
,_ e -,3 Chiefs oi, Staff. and others to the
. number of Possibly 75 P°1's°" g°. ~-1' -:-if The chief idea. however. 15 1°
»3°°Ym- ' hglp the Presidenthave an evening
out. The festivities begin with a. cocktail hour, which
he _doesnt attend, orat least- didnt last night. then
a sumptuous dinner, followed by a vaudeville Program
featuringthe finest music and some of the. best enter-
tainment the show world can provide. _ _' _. ,
Refrigerator Giveaway Man Grows Bold ' t 1
Any reference to politics, or world affairs. Iimes
from the actors, and they seldom dealjn it very seriously.
There were only two passing references to such-matters
last night; ~ The rst was introduced by A11 1-inkl¢tl¢1-Wlio served as master of ceremoni. V '- ,_ ~ . ~'
. 1; He said, when approached about appearing, he had
wondel-ed,a little bit about his reception, bill had 4°
glded that after a year of the Eisenhower administration
it was all right for a man Wh Elves Pefflefaflrs 9 ?
{aria livlngto be seen in public in Wasl1ln8l¢°ll- --- '><=.;1.I..;/' N. l
- .- '- ~ .-I -fl 92at "-"<1
lle l =seemed, laughed _har anybody. A.§*at_;ove, theChief Executive-loolt_. "urpris-lngly_ -t. j '
6* My dinnerjpartner, believe it or not, was J. Bdgar_Hbover. He proved to be en my and cordial conversa-
tionaiist, and altogether a charming gentleman. He
doesnt pull his punches on his ideas, either. Obviously
he_'doesn't believe in cuddling a Communist, and, ir'om.;his conversation, that goes for Cornmyullst; nations, as,
well as some that arent Communist.. ~.-1:. I I
- At our table, for instance, was a friend and colleague,
Everett Hollis, who'd only flown in from Berlin" yester-
day morning. He'd been covering the Four-powermeeb
ing -there but had, thrown it up and come home because"
lieisaid the story is already obviously dead. It's perfectly
evident, he said, that Molotov is only stalling with the
us strategy oi turning theaffair intoya soap box
cfrorn which he can campaign for the recognition of Red
-China. 'l_'_herelJ be no unification of Germany, and prob-
fably nothing for Austria, nor anything else worth bothcr- 'g with, Everett was saying. . '- ' A , .
_ omes Time to Try Intelligence Channels _
Mr. Hoover and I fell to discussing this, and he said
there definitely are times when diplomacy won't work,
and that you simply have to stand up to the opposition. AHe said, forexample, when Britain held thevmaster atonispy, Klaus Fuchs, he wanted to send a man over to inter "
yiew Fuchsand every approach through the channels o
diplomacy brought a negative answer. It was contrary l
o customary British procedure and such, the answer T
kept coming back, the net of it being that he was told»
tomindhisownliusiness. . - ,1 _P ' ' ,So I got in touch with British intelligence," he
said, and I told them-I wasn't interested "in diplomatic l
, relations, the State Department, Inor the business of any
other channels or categories. My job and my concern
was only with security, I told them, and I wanted to have
a man question Fuchs because -I wanted to know who .
stole the atomic bomb here in the United States and how -ltheystoleit. < -' _ . , 1. 1' I told them I did_nt intend to be brushed off an},%
further, that the British weren't too popular with sev-
lerai sizable segments of the American population; and_I .lwenl ahead to give the generally accepted reasons.'_ I -
ftold them I wanted to see Fuchs with full freedom to:question him, nd that if the "request were turned down<afgain, I'd give ,a public statement to the American peo-
lple describing just exactly what had happened, what my
Nqllest" had been and why, what the British attitude
Iwas and what the British answers had been. The per-;mission to see Fuchs came through within 24 hours!. ..
I? For the benet oi his'large and loyal following,
Wm pleased to report optimistically on the general con»
dition of that decommissioned old hulk, Admiral BennieArnold. We had luncheon at the Anny & Navy Club-
Saturday and spent the rest of the afternoon at his
wburbw estate in Chew Chase. He looks good and is
as full of the old scratch as ever, but hes having f *-1
.v
xii.-1Tb mi trb ti mm mm Pm Suvm__ 1e. He thinks maybe itl-s-gout. More of the A _--rep Jemima; the gatheringl, .h°Y°_.¬f' § °l°1 -1¥-- -"=~* -'
with a funny monologue, stopped, turned toward the
swings as if being intermpted and said, What » ~ -..'-' HOW 5
Ithat again? Eh;-:n_ he said Oh, and turning back to
_, 'aud.ience'he said, It's along distance telephone call.
ey say a' mans calling from Berlin, and he says hisTHE BOSTON HERALD
*v,r92'-~= l§'§bZ'"°Ty 8.1 1954¬§?°""* "t
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".-4" -. -' ' 92-w '-__ i --.-.-. - . -,i ~e:~.-_- V _-,_ .1.7 - _ -, Director of nwere y pff- _. ' » The University of lieeteeippi A 'A13LI?¥FOR:5-T1Q5c°MAm'm ..
University, Iteeteelppl . . . <1-rt-.1-1:1aw?-:1!& F"11ED _H " , 1' _ - _ ._= -. n.1':E_%/$/.lZ;..73'-'37_Dear Hugh: " i » 5.; A _. _ 92.
~ ' ~ Clyde has brought to ny attention your - --
-_ brief notes, with enoloeuree, which were receiuecg
- _ on February 28, 1954, and I can happy to have they
_. opportunity to no the copy of -Senator Io6'orran'r
4 -1 - letter of February 8, 1954, and your reply of ~' Iebruarp 16, 1954. ' '- ~ - ' ~ ~-1 »-
I an sure I do not have to tell you' ' 1 interested I was to rcociithe article by B111 _
rd! cent ouo It' & 921 .
o
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u Sincerely,
2 W r »_ _-_-<,».;.-Q ' »./ Fimntnphan which George a IQ y __b I not thoughtful of you to forward it to re. , _ >-
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Ur. Harding,
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63 MAR 10 1954 _a good friend
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March 30, 1954
J. Edgar Hoover
Federal Bureau of Investigation
93:11 K: Pennsqrlvania avenue
Washington, D. O.
W dear Sir: _
The question has arisen concerning the present status of
__G_lwsus-Fuohs,_ British Scientist, accused and convicted of
espi"oi1'§gi5 in the Manhattan project matter. Some opinions
exist that he has been released from prison in Britain
despite lack of published reports to that effect.
At your convenience, will you please give us a mm-down of
. his present whereabouts and statue. .
. E-
oz-man
Assistant ManagerHsried X b
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, RECORDS SECTION
_OOOO O _O4"'O3@ _, I994
l:Hlame Check Unit-Room 6523 ' O
%AttmtionService Unit-Room 6525
Cllforwnrd to Fil Ravi .»
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QQ<.92$ 92Qi-. Korma Buried - -M . H H; '
I qfAsaietent Manager;_ G I *§ ~'0mehn Chamber of Commerce;=?%§§@>>$§° J§ 1o8 South 18th Street
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1 I6 -- . ,__ _E5155 8 AFT. 141251 APR6 1954 ,
end; ..Omaha, Eeggggggm
Dear Mr. Heriedc. .' . ' . - .
*'- In your letter of Mhgch 30, 195k: You asked es to, .
the present status of Klan Qhle Fuchs was sentenced to " N
fourteen years imprisonment under the British Official Secrets
Act on March 1, 1950, in London, England. Ho information hen
been received indicating Fuchs has been released from incarcer-
ation. He was last reportod to us to be serving hie,eentenca in
Bnglanc at Stafford Prison. -
1 hope this information will answer your question on
this matter. ' .
" -" " " _ < -H . Sincerely yours, _ '
_ mu coxmmzn " .-&2&3ii¬°i1l?mmm $40114:2. jib KL!-7"-3!":Q"!A John Sugar Hoover
Director
NOTE OH YELLOH: . .
. The Bureau file: were negative concerning Norman HariedOur files reflect the Omaha Chamb i. -d18P08§d toward the Bureau." - or or cogerce ¥a§~Pe°p'w9;1 1-
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,§§;E¥*%%' - M JMH:inn ":=7- t A1 . e LLLLL hewr» ~ '-;~..- During the oourse_ot another investiagtion, SA JOH§_ -W
:??jne'g. _ . - '
4.9,. -@ I ~ s- . "* *~;pby #08 Memomndum - UNITED smrss GOVERNMENT
, {Q ._ nxn."-zeros, FBI . a5-58605! ' um, August 12, 1951»
|,/ kw r sac,/cszcsco 5;.-'f3u16! Rib eis - . =vH1==1= HAP-RY Goth. was ~ A1-Y» **°° ".?§,°§¢5§ll§§> ' /11 . - 1 ' * Esrloms" - .n'l-T1 "Y " 23%?» '1'? ;
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, MC nonovcn hsd cause to interviewrir. wuss muons, Office .-IA Manager of the Houghton é Mifflin Publishing Company, 25QO' <,_;South Prairie Avenue Chicago, Illinois *' " '§' "- ' »-:5 ~ -
_ _._. ____ I _ >._ . _ ._.__.,_¢-n-M" I I _ - .. ~_,'»< _ I _ H .. c _ 4
- ' - SIMMONS stated that in the. first pm-1; of April, ~I _-
195k, he had occasion to take e vacation to his summer reai-_-=_
deuce in North Caroline. On the evening of whet he believed if
was Friday, April 9, 195R, during the course of his trip, he
and his wire had occasion to stop at Tweeds phonetic! Motel 1' _
. Lover night at Hbt Springs, North_Caro1ins.. He said that while _
he and his wife were at this motel they became acquainted with ' _
the operator of_the motel, one Mr. THEEDS phonetic!, who invited '
them into his residence in the motel to watch television.= *I
.» -
v~-l '~ During the course of the evening while TWEEDS and '
the SIMMONSes were watching television, they had occasion to
_ hear a speech on television by Attorney General HRBERT A.
BROWNELL regarding the HARRY GOLD case. During this television
program, SIMHONS stated he believed that a picture of GOLD
was flashed on the _televiaion screen. Folloui ng the program,-
THEEDQ, after seeing the picture of GOLD, stated to-SIMNDN$,--euereqonivhome he h 'individuals who were Th GOLD's company, he no vrLJ §
occasion stopped at Tweeds Motel and stayed for 2 or 3 days " _here they held conferences, the nature of which THEED8 did not_f/I
now ' A - ~ -~. 1 L: "D -5' ' '. 92 I _ ' '
TWEEDS advised SIMMONS that through conversation
with on of the three other individuals, he came to the cone
clusicn that this individual was a union leader from Asheville, -
North Carolina. THEEDB added that he did not know the identity .
or occupation of either of the other two individuals involved. "f.
l REGISTEIED . A I 9292._§, ___;---J _ J
~' 2» 3-El-Wt!-_" 4/#7i H " " A F" Tm 465-15:21»! ~
" - " 19 .1oAuc-an 1964
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oxaaoron, FBI 5-58,805! RE: HARRY cow, was.
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1," . _ '11A did state to SIMMONS, however, that during the trial of HAREEJ v;o~ 4 A-.:"~= -/. =--».- . ~-- ~.I1;~- , . .. . ,,._ - . t ._ J . - ' . ' ' - ~- ". ' ;"" ' w P ' ' - 9 - Y - @- -92~-.92».-1- N. -A ><I ,._.,.. ,< . .
-f? ~3¬5'TWEEDS further related to SIMMONS_that_he at :aa;e*a_
moment could not.recall the exaot dates that_these phrported1i*1¢~
meetings between GOLD and the other individuals took plabe;%aHe;e <I,.v
GOLD one of'the other three individuals involved-returnedu-rqT;
to the motel in an'attempt to obtain the motels records;'L,"f?
indicating the exact dates during which GOLD and his associates y
stayed at the motel; According to SIMMONS, TWEEDS related to-r?
this unidentified individual that the motel records were at vi-
that time stored in an inaccessible location and he could not j
immediately produce them. In lieu of this, the unidentified
individual then offered to transport TWEEDS to the location "_=
where the GOLD trial was then taking place if TWEEDS wou1d~ 4 *
testify that GOLD was staying at the Tweeda Motel during cer-
tain periods when the United States Government claimed he was
elsewhere engaging in subversive activities. - -. i ,T,'-~:
g gacoording to SIMMONS, this unidentified individual
also offered TWEEDS a large sum of money if he would go East
and so testify, in addition to paying all his expenses to and
from the scene of the GOLD trial. TWEEDS told SIMMONS that
he believed the records of the motel regarding GOLD's tenancy
at the motel were still available as of April, 195k. - - ~
' . SIMMONS said that he asked TWEEDS whether or not he
had ever reported this information to the FBI and, when THEEDS
replied-in the negative, SIMMONS suggested that he do so. SIMMONS
added that at the present time he does not knoi whether TWEEDS*
ever reported this information to the Federal Bureau of Investi-gation. ' »
The above data are being set out for information
purposes, with copies to New York, last known office of origin.
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A Director, re: -" .122-eoe! ' _
. o nu, Joe? {an} - 1 _
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F 1; " é Remlet 8/18/54 captioned :ap¢eg¢g; - 3,! 1-;_.-
A reoiea of the epeeen of Attorney eneral Herbert lronnell
- delivered a/o/.54 to a national televieion and radio audience, in
dieoloeed that no nention one node of lorry Gold, eonvioted . .,
eepionege eubjeot, but that the Attorney General did refer to ' _
Den Uold, Prceident, International Par and Leather Icrkere Union,
one had been eonoioted of fraudulently executing n non-Oonnuniet
affidavit under the prooieione of the Labor Management Relatione '
Act on 4/8/54. le information eet fertn in relet undoubtedly
' refere to Jen told rather than Ferry eld» e _ .
' ' ' Ineleeed ,/or the Charlotte Qffiee ie a copy of relet. - .
6! ehould interview Ir. hoeede phonetic!, Proprietor of noeede
Hotel, lot Hpringe, Forth I-or-olino, and obtain full detcile '
eoneerning the eontaot node nith nin in eonneotion oitn efforte 92
to obtain nie eeroicee ae e Iitneee in the trial ef Jen Gold. -- I.
I
for the infornation of the GI Office Gold one tried at QUoehington, o. 0., and tr» trial ran fro: 2/as/54 until 4/2/.54. .
-»1ne interview with hoeede enonld he conducted with the tnought in
nind of e peeeiole violation of the etaiute oonoerning enbornation
o}perjary.' -. _ I- . . .- -_-. ~ ;__ .
The reeulte of thin interview enould be furniened to the -
lureen in a report euitable for dieeeninotion under the caption -.
"Ben Gold, ma, 1947, su!," lea fork, origin. aI . mmm _ I .. 1/ 'm§*T2*" 3,°F.¬9i@ Br 5'6 -
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§:§§°m;*_f_""061et 8/12/54 eete forth info obtained fro: I'hee1er'Sinnone_~o,f -"
me-'___£'0 who, in d oonuereation with oeede in April 1954, van advieed
f§f§_f°'--~that lbeeda had been approached by repreeentativee of Oold for inf
no-.___..and testimony to the effect that Gold was staying at Tweede Hotel
;f::'-ut times when he was alleged to have been engaged in C? front
1-.._____actiuitiee. 6'0 aietakenlu connected the info with Harry Gold§F°°n;-;;--rather than Ben Gold. - A. YEYLLO ' /1:1. ....: .P§"'§%E4 -
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Oice Memorandum - umrso surns eovsnuusur . l hnadiTO 9| Mr. Tolson DAB: June Z3, 19 arr;
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Q ac _1}_§a,rW{_1_s oi the Associated Press AP! advised my offzce l
today that he had a mo st peculiar inquiry from Albuquerque asking that a
check be made at ashington of various Government agencies as it was
understood all records on the dealings of Ha.rr;r3Go1d had now been declassied.
dams stated that this cryptic message did not give niuch to go on and AP was!:outine1y checking with the Atomic Energy Commission, Armed Services,
Justice and the FBI.
_ He was advised that we did not have any information we could
furnish in his inquiry and suggested that if Adams heard anything from other
checks AP was making or got additional inquiries from Albuquerque that
further explained the matter, that he let us know. Adams stated he would
do this. _ .
"w92/ W t cc: Mr. Boardman 92,,_, " _
Mr. Belmont _,_; _ .31JJM:arm -. . - -'
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I . Reference in aade to Er. Rea ch's Dene of ll/1'?/56
aduieing that Kimball Johnson, Chief, Investigations Divil ion, 0 I:
Service Gonaieeien G80!, contacted Liaison Agent Batee and advised
that lhilip Young, Chairman, CBO} was scheduled to testify befare_
the above sabconnittee concerning security casee en Government
but, rather, derogatory data on relatives and associates. Johnson. eaployeee which do not involve derogatory data against the employee, 92Qg
92aduieed he was helping Young prepare hie teetinony and anted to
include any published naterial which night ehow justification_[or
taking action againet an employee on when there was information
indicating association with eubuereiueo. He specifically wanted
know if there was any information indicating that Klaus Fuche' fathe
was a Coanunieti After checking with the Ebpionage Section, Batea
indicating Fuchs father was known to be a Communist Party member.Paduieed Johnson there was no information available to the Bureau
For your information, the summary brief prepared by thel$pionage Section an §g§hs, dated 2/l2/51, reflects that hil
,_ iuahe, father of llau uchs had been a minister of religion inGermany until 1931. 3romvl§§l to 1932 he was_profeosor of lheology
em'eeed for membership i at the University of Kiel, and was di 1
Social Democratic Forty, He was a we
49 as a
Ihiladelphia, lb. A fmler acquaintance of Emil Fuchs, one Alber
_ fray Martin, who had been with the American Friends Society in
Germany from 1936 to 1938, reported to the Jnerican Conoul,
Hamilton, Canada, hie association with Fuchs and ewpreeeed the
opinion that Fuche wan not a Communist. In that connection, he
recalled that Fuchs in the period from 1936 to 1938 had eepreosed
great concern that hie children--2 eons and 2 daughters-hadColununist tendencies. State Dept. di8pOl:O!i 2/14<so!. .1]
: None. For your information. ACTION y jus: o - / -4; .4 T- ! 58305 ' 1"-111--111». . Bl2§§?,_ .5;-"?TnEE5i'o:-:o""' S, I ,3~- V EIQIIIPI P0 S.» C! - 3 92 * 92Date ai Do icalion enito DEC -'$ - -_;n the
iety -
was n
oponeorehip of American Friends Service Committee,$0
coo!?
92_
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At 11:30 a in. today /4! the D r requested 111,. Bum:that we prepare a menorandum for Hr: Lloydégggiieai on an ';:';""~
1: * it tn 1 on era t 'uriediction "- Governnen heozr y, ou n ng e c Jre atomic energy matters during the time the Manhattan £A£:1.,,¢A/I67720!:.,.7§2d%77Z UNITED STATn.~3GOVERNMENT' '
1° = me. Ia. 2'. zz'x2:zz1d;f§92 ' Mm April 4, 1956
I Tohn__....._IRON 8 KB: do H0 Nichale._..-.-.-
. _ B¢lnoa:n__._...
hoon..._.i suamcn _z4_gg' arsnrogzozr. I oyrq M239! M§1'2'£_'5_._$'___ M---~¥§v-J see .14. w.r;rei.: 1: 11¬9£!{§EHI£I¬..£-39.~£<*-E*?i1'_.1f!}??T?"§°T
M :::.-
Iimemwd
Eng'lneer-tag District was in effect, the purpose being __
to reflect who had jurisdiction over matters pertaining A;.
to the development of the atomic bomb.
The memorandum should point out that under the ,
agreement, the FBI did not have jurisdiction and, in fact, '
that we were excluded from the field. The memorandum should
point out that this eituati on was in effect when Fuchs cam?
into the country. This should be a complete and factual
presentation of the situation as it existed at the time the
Manhattan Engineering District was in control.
Please handle this at once.
AHB:LL,_.r_ .,.1-'.-.-»---- jr_f"_"f 11'-"§.Y'92";92'_7.§:.>'D
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11 APR 111956 I _o
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Iagiiii tiaiiii "***o.:o °**Q "#1"1, 1» n ;f'lf 1 -I 6% .ne.z._- .A 2-.-v . Oonise ion on Governnsnt Beourity _. ALL x§TQR92.m»1gn'¢b_uwAIum 92_
General Aooountin 0 ioe buildin - ' »=~w=':IFI1B -:3-92'.*"?_' 1'-1. - ' . 9 . 7 , " .?_:..II? 5 =1/-I-'=~** '-=, ' Ioshington 85, D. 0-, _. _;.: I - _ .
Dear In [rights -in ' A "-1 ' " ' 4
Relative to our conversation yesterday regaraing _
" Jurisdiction ea atomic energy utters during the time the
. Manhattan Engineer District was in ezistenoe, I believe the
following information is pertinent. _
"; " . - -On rebraarg 9, .2942, an agreement known as the
' Del ieitaiian Agreement was signed by the federal Bureau of -
»: ;.?~':f:Ei~%;.;Investigation I81!, the Office of Naval Intell igenoe HI!- -I . and the Military Intelligence Diaision,!lD!. This agreement; '; '. referred to the investigative duties of these three agencies "
_* and provided that the KID would be responsible for the
investigation enii piispoeol of all oases easing under the
categories of espionage, oounterespionago, subversion and
sabotage-in the military eetablieheente, including civil in.~- .; ;._'___>-.. ._-_.. _;,;;_-;_;-;,_,_._M<~ P eaplog, nilitorureeeroe and eiliiary control.-K. . - - -< -"~ ' 4 "" -- ~ - .,1. .- . - _ Z ._ =,,. .3-p ..-3 92_ - _ _ _.1: *;7» - :_»--92 i '.'.. - .--T-3 - - ' ' '~ !.'l -. ~ A _. - .2 1 In earl; 19$? III investigations, particularly on .
thevpset coast; refleeteion attempt by the Bouiete to eeoere. ,,
' ' information on the atomic energy projeoi Iron personnel - I .f 1,.g:,eooi§;eduitgh':he:r;oJeo:snd 00ll8IlO:13f;IlP:lh,i: ilgfglizots - » - ..e pro gee e ereo on was pronp g urn e e pa . - . __ ilitorgjintell igenee who requested that the HI osaes it ' - iigpestigation concerning o soientist in connection thproject es eiliisrgintell igenos was eonaooijng its" s§n.,;P P
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Letter to xv. IUIC eriyne
ttairnan
. __ onnieeien an Ieaernnent Bhanritg e I V; Y ,... - _ _ , . .. ,1.. __ '~. - . 4 . *_- '
- - ». w. .-» . " A "~.t -». . _;@ ~r~ , f '. , - -. ..
, A an e eeneegaenae, en April 8, 1948 an qfieial qf,..the III aenferreanith lajer General leorge . Strong, .- -'
Jeeietant Chief qf Stag}, 0-2, Iar Department, and an egreenent
nae reached that the FBI nenld take no action anleee epeagfioallg
reqaeeted by ailitary intelligence regarding inveetigationa qfpereone connected vita the laabattan Ingineer Dietriat awn!, g
the atonia energy project.- at thie eaaference, it nae agreed
that the Iar epartnent nae conpletely responsible Jwr
protective aatiaitiee in connection with the HID project. Itie
agreement continued in efect daring the entire tine the MID
nae in eaietence andfi:ed reepanoibilitg for elearanaej '
proaedaren and inoeetigationa on the Iar Departneat. - "
Information available to thin Bureau indicatee that
in the Eanner qf 1942, the United Staten erng, through the
orpe qf Engineers, nae given charge qf prooarenent and
engineering phaaee qf the atonio energy project. The lib nae
organised for thin purpose. In lay, 1943, the entire project
nae turned over to the RED which nae headed by then Brigadier
General Leelie 34 Graven. /
_ _ ,_ . .
It ie te be noted, however, the FBI continued
inaeetigatione of eabvereiue aotiuitiee apart fran pereennel
aonnected with the atomic energy project and aheaever . " Y
investigation diacloeed infbrnation bearing in any nanner on
the atonio energy project or ite pereonael, it nae fnrniehea
innediatelg to reeponeible nilitarg aataoritiee.
fhe Jtonia Energy Act nae eigned August 1, 1946. The .
Atania Energy vonnieeiaa did not ¢;;:¢:a11y take over the program
,fron the RED nntil January l, 194?. Since January 1, 1947, the
III aae eeeroieea jeriediction and ceadnctea investigation nnder
the provision: of the ltoaio lnergg eat.p It eloald be noted,
aeneoer, that the ltenie lhergg Act provided that "daring neon
period of tine after Jagnet 1, 1946, an nag be neaeeearg to late
the ineeetigation, report and deternination, a! any inaiaidaal
nae nae pernitted aaoeea to reetrioted data by the lanhattan
lhgineer Dietrict nay be pernitted aaceee to reetricted dataand 8! tie Eennieeien nag enplog any individual ate nae elplegedby the laahattaa Engineer Di,!ri¢t.'
Iran the above, it ie clear that the IBI are not have
any jariediatioa in clearance preceduree and inveetigatione qf
people aeeociated with the aTD.
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develcpmemt Qf the etc: bomb at Lee Alemee, lee lwzice. Bering
line, 1946, fiche departed the lhited Staten for Gceedc and the -
lhited Iingdcme The record: cf the Immigration and Ihtarcliectiem
ervice reflect inch: again cieited the United Stctee Iceenber 11,
1947; and departed on Ieeember 8, 1947.- Atomic Energy cemeieeiee
records reflect Fiche nae in the Ihited Staten luring lecember, I94
fer a leclceeificctica ccqfereace on atomic energy matters and fer
diecmeeieme et the Argonne lcticnoi Laboratory, chieagc, Illinois.
. A lb regeeet sue received by the I$I'frcm the Atomic '
lhergy Oemniecicn fer en inveetigctien cf Fuche when he Ice
given eeeeee to reetricted data ie lbeeeber, 1947. »"
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relating te Fuchs indicates that c letter woe directed to
lrigcdier General Leelie B. Greece by It L. Iebeter of the
lritieh Supply Council in lbrth America on Decenber 11, 1943,
mhich furniehed iefcrmaticm indicating that £1 ihche had been
given epecial clearance by the Britieh eecurity erganieuticn _"for ucrk en thie project j ._ _ .
' er. Sidney leuburger, Jr., Ghief, Security Qperetieee
Branch, Atomic Rhergy Cemmieeiee, Lce Jlemee, Jim leeicc,
cdvieed in October, 1949, that membere cf the Britieh mieeiee
mbe were etaticned in Ice Alemce during the ecr mere cleared .
hy the lritieh Government prior te caning to the Uhited Stctee
and the hited Statue Government bed eeedeeted ee ieeeeeigctiem_.
qf theee member: cf the Britieb mieeicn. . . _.-',- 1--I
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Captioned case has been reviewed and careful
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any re-interviews, interviews or other
action mhichmay now appear warranted. In
the event such now appears desirable,
necessary action is being initiated.
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1There are attached excerpts concerning the above-
capttoned case taken from "The FBI Story, A Report to the People, "
by Don Whitehead published by Random House, 1956. These excerpts
are from page- 8! 3Q3-,3; 1, 355 of the book.
The mu we of the book may be found in the ma: Libraiy.
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IT WAS December '3, 1943. The United States Fifth Army in
Italy was slowly hacking a bloody path across the Nazi-held mountains
toward Cassino. On the Russian front, the tide had turned against the
Germans in the battle for Stalingrad . . .
From out of the Atlantics icy mists, the British transport Andes
steamed into the sheltered waters of Norfolk, Virginia, and dropped
anchor. The long, hazardous voyage from England was over and the
tension was draining out of the crew and the passengers. At the ships
rail a small group of British scientists laughed and joked as the lines
were made fast and preparations completed for them to go ashore.
Tonight, New York City! A city that fairly sparkled with lights when
compared with London, where people had stumbled through dreary
blackouts for four long years . . . a city with no enemy planes dron-
ing overhead, no ames leaping up to silhouette jagged bomb scars
. . . no crash of blockbusters or antiaircraft batteries and no wail of
the sirens night after night to shatter sleep and edge the nerves. . . .
Beneath the excitement of arrival was another, greater excitement.
This was generated by being a part of a war eort so secret that only
a handful of people knew its real meaning-and even among their own
select group they could only guess at what the future held.
None of these men of science could know that in the pooling of their
knowledge with the Canadians and Americans they would harness the
atom as a military weapon in the incredibly short time of nineteen
months. Not even the brilliant, sallow-faced young physicist, staring
for the rst time at the United States, could imagine such an achieve-
ment.
An older scientist leaned on the ship's rail beside the young man,
whose eyes seemed large and round behind his thick-lensed glasses.
There it is, Klaus, the older man said. The colony we traded for
a cargo of tea. And I'm bloody glad to he here."
Klaus Fuchs smiled. Pm glad, too. I have never been in the United
States before.
Oh, you will nd old friends . . ."
No, Fuchs said. I have only a sister in Cambridge, Massachusetts."
It was the truth. Fuchs knew no one well in America other than his
sister. He had ed to England from Germany in 1933 after Hitler had
risen to power in the Reich, just as many scientists had ed. When
Germany and England went to war against each other, he had bee
interned briey as an enemy alien, but the internment hadn't last
long. He had gone to work for the British in nuclear research and now
Page 303 of "The FBI Stor- a~.<"' NET! v--»-.---._~-*"" WY" A Report to the People" by ' _ ~ "' Don Whitehead A1! 11" A! Q, D
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he had British citizenship. Already he had established a reputation as
extraordinarily brilliant physicist and mathematician. Thats why he
as a member of this mission.
No, Klaus Fuchs knew no one well in America other than his sister.
ut somewhere out there among the millions of people a stranger was
waiting for him. Fuchs knew that one day he and this man would meet
and each would recognize the other. In that meeting a bond would be
formed, just as the bonds had been formed back in England with the
Stranger. A faceless, formless, nameless shadow. Each time it was the
same. He was out there at this moment, walking strange streets in a
strange city, waiting for the day, the hour and the minute of their meet-
ing.
A voice called, Klaus! The young scientist blinked. I-l_e turned from
the rail and hurried with the others down the gangplank.
There was no bothersome red tape or checking by security oicers.
The Army had exclusive responsibility for guarding atomic security and
for clearing personnel assigned to the Manhattan Engineer District,
which directed the atomic energy program. The British had assured
the Army's Manhattan Engineer District that Fuchs had been screened
and found to be trustworthy and loyal. These assurances were ac-
ceptedf
Within a short time the British group was en route to New York, to
enjoy the citys glitter and then to plunge into the atomic unknown.
But one member of the group was not entirely engrossed with atomic
problems. A few weeks after the arrival of the Andes, Klaus Fuchs
strolled from the Barbizon Plaza Hotel on a windy Saturday afternoon.
A few minutes later he stepped from the subway in New York Citys
Lower East Side.
Passers-by may have smiled faintly at the thin, sallow fellow, bun-
dled in an overcoat, who carried a white tennis ball in his hand. But
perhaps not. Even more uncommon sights go unnoticed on New York's
streets.
And then Klaus Fuchs saw the Stranger. The scientist knew him in-
stantly by the gloves in his hand and the book with the green binding.
He was middle-aged, perhaps ve feet, ten inches tall and solidly built
His face was round and impassive. The Strangers eyes icked to the
tennis ball in Fuchss hand. He spoke, and the two of them stepped
into a cab.
Avenue, the Stranger said, I am Raymond." Never was he to let When they were seated at a table in a restaurant on lower
A icker of a smile twitched the scientisfs lips. "I am Dr. KlausFuchs know that his real name was Harry Gold. 1 p - "
" Fuchs. 'Ihe Stranger nodded. '
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Fuchs told his companion of the super-secret Manhattan Engineer
District. I-le talked of the concentrated eort to solve the scientic and
industrial puzzle of quantity production of ssionable uranium, and of
the goal of harnessing the atoms energy to a military weapon. He
promised specic details later, and after arranging a recognition signal
for the next meeting, they parted.
In those few, eeting minutes, Klaus Fuchs and the Stranger had un-
locked an unguarded door leading to the most appalling crime in our
time-the theft of atomic secrets for Soviet Russia.
This was early 1944.
In early September, I949, the struggles on the battleelds of Europe
and in the Pacic were a four-year-old memory. Communist Russia no
longer was an ally. She was, in nondiplomatic language, the Cold War
enemy of the Western World.
At his desk in the Department of Justice building on Pennsylvania
Avenue, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover studied a top-secret report-
and his face ushed with shock and anger. Here was information, re-
liable beyond doubt, that agents of a foreigi power had stolen the very
heart out of the atomic bomb, stolen the secret of its construction and
detonation.
Hoover reached for the intercom telephone. He gave a series of or-
ders to his key subordinates and soon the vast machinery of the FBI
was in high gear. In essence, Hoovers orders were: The secret of the
atomic bomb has been stolen. Find the thieves!
Hoover and the FBI, not the Army, were now responsible for atomic
security. In the Atomic Energy Act of I946, which tightened up on
atomic security, Congress said:
Except as authorized by the [Atomic Energy] Commission in case of
emergency, no individual shall be employed by the Commission until the
Federal Bureau of Investigation shall have made an investigation and re-
port to the Commission on the character, associations, and loyalty of
such individual . . . all violations of this Act shall be investigated by
the Federal Bureau of Investigation . . .
This responsibility became effective January I, I947.
And here in Hoovers hands was information of a crime so shock-
ing that it was to be called the crime of the century."
Hoovcrs men swarmed into the Los Alamos atomic plant near Santa
e, New Mexico, and other plants. They dug into records and person-
el les of the Atomic Energy Commission, and interviewed hundrc
of people who might have some clue. Within a few days, the FB
reached the conclusion that the key gure in the crime had very likel
Page 305 of "The FBI Story,
A Report to the People" by
_ Don Whitehead
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n a member of a foreign mission; a man with free access to all the
ork done on the uranium processing and bomb assembly; and, most
° ely, a physicist. The British were notied of these conclusions.
During this intense man-hunt, President Truman jolted the nation
with his announcement that the government had evidence that withiri
recent weeks an atomic explosion occurred in the U.S.S.R." Now the
world knew that the United States no longer had a monoply on the
atomic bomb. It was clear, too, that somehow Russia had made seven-
league strides in atomic development, drastically weakening the tree
worlds power position in relation to the Communist world.
Near the end of September, the coil of evidence was tightening
around Klaus Fuchs. On the known record, it seemed impossible. He
was now the respected head of the Theoretical Physics Division of
Britain's atomic energy establishment at Harwell, a man with a bril-
liant future. He seemed to have been a discreet fellow, totally absorbed
in his work. The women who had known him remembered him as a
shy, sweet guy," with no apparent interest in politics. British security
oicials had vouched for his loyalty.
Then a small alarm bell sounded. An agent digging through old Nazi
records seized by intelligence oicers in Germany during World War
II spotted an entry bearing the name of a Klaus Fuchs.
Translated, the entry said: Klaus Fuchs, student of philosophy, De-
cember 29, 1911, Russelsheim, RSI-IA-IVA2, Gestapo Field Oice,
Kiel.
The agent noted that the Klaus Fuchs in the Gestapo le had the
same birth date and birthplace as the German-born British physicist
who had worked at Los Alamos. The initials RSI-IA stood for
Reicfrssicherheitshauptanrt, Central Oice of Security Police. The Ro-
man numeral IV was a department of the RSHA. The symbol A2 iden-
tied the special le into which the Gestapo dropped the names of
those they listed as Communists. In the Communist le, also, was an-
other name identied as that of a relative of this Klaus Fuchs.
By itself, the old Gestapo le was proof of nothing. The Nas, for
political and other reasons, undoubtedly had accused many innocent
persons of being Communists. Still, the information couldnt be ignored.
Agents sifted through every record they could nd that might pro-
duce any sort of lead. They turned to the le of the 1946 Canadian
spy case in which Igor Gouzenko, the cipher clerk, had ed from the
Russian Embassy at Ottawa to disclose the operation of an atomic spy
ring. In this le was aphotographic copy of an address book picked up
by Canadian police. Among the names was the entry: Klaus Fuchs,
84 George Lane, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
The entry had held no special signicance for the FBI in 1946, and
Don WhiteheadI
Page 306 of "The FBI Story»4 Report to the People" 50
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neither had the name of Kristel Heineman, who, it la'tet developed,
Canadians the FBI had been on the sidelines as far as atomic person- was Fuchs's sister. When the notebook of names was received from the
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But now his name meant something. 'I'he bits and pieces of infor-
mation, when joined together, all weighed against Fuchs. Hoover noti-
ed British Intelligence MI5! of the new developments and suggested
Klaus Fuchs as the man to watch. M15 agents shadowed Fuchs. By
the end of October the British themselves had decided he was the
atomic spyor at least one of them.
It was December, 1949, when William J. Skardon, Harwell security
oieer, tapped on Fuchs's door. Once inside, he told Fuchs he was sus-
pected of passing information to the Russians.
Fuchs seemed surprised. I don: think so, he blurted. Skardon per-
sisted. I-Ie told Fuchs there was precise information that he had.
Fuchs repeated, I do not think so.
That's an ambiguous reply.
I do not understand," Fuchs said. Perhaps you will tell me what
the evidence is. I have not done any such thing."
Fuchs continued to deny his guilt. But on January 24, 1950, he sent
word to Skardon that he wished to see him.
Ska:-don came to Fuchss rooms. You asked to see me and here I
am-II
Fuchs said, Yes, it is rather up to me now. It was plain that he
was under strong emotional stress.
In rambling fashion, Fuchs reviewed for Skardon his life in Ger-
many; his ght against Nazis; his early belief that communism held the
cure for the world's ills; and his fear for his father, who was in the
Red zone in Germany.
Skardon listened. Fuchss ramblings, he knew, were providing the
motive for his acts, but Fuchs still wasnt talking about the acts them-
selves.
Skardon suggested to Fuchs that he might as well unburden himself
and clear his conscience by telling the full story.
I will never be persuaded by you to talk," Fuchs exclaimed.
But after they had had lunch together, the confession came tumbling
from Fuchss lips. Yes, he had given the Russians atomic secrets from
the time he began working on nuclear research in 1942 until a year
ago. He had sought out the Russians himself and on his own initiative.
nals and told where he would meet the Stranger. Yes, there had been
an irregular but frequent passing of atomic information to the Russians.
Shortly after he returned to England from the United States in 1946,lefore he went to the United States, he was given the recognition sig-
Page 30'? of "The FBI Story,
A Report to the People" by
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Fuchs continued, he_ had accepted £100 from the Russians as a sym-
bolic payment which would signify his subservience to the cause.f
Was Fuchs ever bothered by doubts about such treachery? '
Yes, he said, lie had begun to suer doubts. He still believed in com-
munism, but not as it was being practiced in Russia. Now, too late, he
saw communism as something to ght against.
A signicant little scene took place when Skardon accompanied
Fuchs to the War Oice on January 27, 1950, where Fuchs was to
make a formal statement. Skardon faced Fuchs, the man who had be»-
trayed England, the United States, Canada, his associates, and men of
freedom wherever they were.
'Ihe Briton said, I ought to tell you that you are not obliged to
make a statement, and you must not be induced to do so by any prom-
ise or threat which has been held out to you.
Fuchs looked at Skardon. Perhaps at that moment he understood for
the rst time in his twisted life the true protector of human dignity-
government by law. He said, I understand. Carry on."
Four days after Fuchs signed the statement, the British advised
Hoover that they had "resolved" the case and that it was established
that Fuchs had been spying continuously for the Russians from the end
of 1941 until February, 1949.
The FBI Director notied the governments top echelon of the tum
of affairs. On February 3, the British announced Fuchss arrest.
Into FBI Headquarters came a message from Steve Early, former
White House press secretary and then Deputy Secretary of Defense:
Pm glad to see Edgar is in it. Ive been ghting a battle for a long
time that he is the only one competent to handle this kind of matter
and this will strengthen my arguments."
And Hoover cabled Sir Percy Sillitoe, who headed M15: Congrat-
ulations on a job well done. Your cooperation in this case is much ap-
preciated. Regards.
The Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy was to say:
It is hardly an exaggeration to say that Fuchs alone has inuenced
the safety of more people and accomplished greater damage than any
other spy not only in the history of the United States but in the history
of nations.
This Committee noted that Russia, through espionage agents, had
been able, at a vast savings in time and money, to solve the broad
problems of ! quantity production of ssionable materials; and !
the design and assembly of practical weapons. Fuchs had access to all
these secrets at Los Alamos.
Klaus Fuchs was brought to trial in Old Bailey on March 1. He
pleaded guilty to charges of giving to persons unknown information
Page 308 of "The FBI Story,
A Report to the People" by
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calculated to be usefulto an enemy. Fuchs's chief defense counsel,
citizenship in 1942 he was a known Communist, and he hlad never
pretended he was anything else. A
The attorney said that Fuchs had mingled freely with British Com-
munists, and he also said, Anybody who had read anything about
Marxist theory must know that a man who is a Communist, whether
in Germany or Tirnbuctoo, will react in exactly the same way. When
he gets information, he will automatically and unhappily put his alle-
giance to the Communist idea rst.
Lord Chief Justice Goddard, after hearing the evidence, said to
Fuchs: You have betrayed the hospitality and protection given to you
with the grossest treachery . . . The maximum sentence ordained is
fourteen years. That is the sentence I pass upon you."
Fuchs was led away to Wormwood Scrubs Prison.[Davin Curtis-Bennett, told the court that when Fuchs was given his
From the time Fuchs confessed, the FBI concentrated on getting the
answer to one question: who was the Stranger, the mystery man to
whom Fuchs slipped atomic information on at least ten occasions in
New York; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and Cambridge?
The single clue on which to work was a vague description by Fuchs
of a man in his middle years, say forty to forty-ve. About ve feet
ten. Solidly built. Round face. Not a physicist. Probably not even an
atomic employee. A man who knew something about chemistry. Per-
haps a chemist. He called himself Raymond, but obviously that
wasn't his real name.
Beyond this shadowy image, Fuchs could give no further help.
This is a big, broad land. There are millions of middle-aged, solidly
built, round-faced men who are not physicists and who are not atomic
employees. Where to start? From the top, bottom or side of this hay-
stack?
Perhaps a chemist . . .
Agents of the FBI called on Mrs. Kristel Heineman, Fuchs: sister,
and her husband in Cambridge. The Heinemans recalled that in late
January, 1945, a stranger had called at their home asking for Klaus,
who hadnt yet arrived for his vacation with them. The man was mid-
dle-aged and solidly built. He left a telephone number in New York
for Klaus to call, and he returned the following month. Klaus seemed
peared to be fond of children because he had promised their son a
chemistry set. The Heinemans could recall no name.
The information wasnt much help except that the I-leinemans'
ollection of the Stranger tallied with Fuchss description; and it was._to know him. The two of them talked for quite a while. The visitor ap-
Page 309 of "The FBI Story,
"A Report to the People" b0
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conrmation of Fuchss statement that he had turned over atomic in-
formation to Raymond in Cambridge.P But there again was the reference to chemistry. The search narrowed. Now the FBI concentrated on nding a chemist who would ti
the description they had. Through the days and weeks after Fuchss
confession, agents searched the ranks of chemists. They pored over
les and records. The task was enormous. For example, in 194$, New
York City alone had issued 75,000 licensing permits to chemical rms.
But by the slow process of elimination, the possibilities thinned to
1,500 . . . 1,000 . . . 100 . . . 20 . . . andthenatlasttol-larry
Gold.
Golds name had come to the FBIs attention in May, 1947, during
an investigation which grew out of information supplied by Miss Eliza-
beth T. Bentley, a self-confessed Communist courier. The le showed
that Gold was a chemist.
A further check disclosed that Gold was now in charge of biological
research at the Philadelphia General Hospitals heart station. On May
15, 1950-some six weeks alter Fuchss conviction-two FBI agents
visited the Philadelphia hospital and asked Gold if he would give them
an interview.
Of course," Gold said. But we are very busy at the moment.
Would you come back this evening?
The agents returned after dinner. Gold was waiting for them. He
recalled he had been questioned by the FBI on another occasion, and
he asked what it was they wanted to know this time. He was shown
a picture of Klaus Fuchs and exclaimed, This is a very unusual pic-
ture. I-le is that English spy!" Then he added that he didn't know
Fuchs, of course, but he had recognized his face because of all the
newspaper publicity.
No, he didnt know the Heinernans in Cambridge or anyone in
Santa Fe, New Mexico. As a matter of fact, he had never been in
New England or west of the Mississippi River. He answered questions
willingly and even with an air of candor, as a man would with nothing
to hide. '
But the agents noted discrepancies in Golds story. Small aws.
Nothing of any vital importance. Merely evasions and occasional de-
nials of things which the agents knew to be true.
A week passed, during which Gold was questioned several times,
and nally he said to the agents, Ive told you everything I know. Pve
ot nothing to hide. If it will help, go ahead and search the place." H
ave his written consent for the search of his home, a two-story r
house at 6823 Kindred Street in Philadelphia.4 E A
i p At Golds suggestion, the agents started their search in the bedroom,
' Page 310 of "The FBI Story,
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the room where he had most of his papers, books, journals and letters.
Gold made himself comfortable in a chair. This would take time.
One of the agents looked behind a bookcase which obviously hadnt
been touched in years. He picked up a yellow folder, one of those
Chamber of Commerce maps for tourists. It was a map of Santa Fe,
The Capital City.
The agent spread the map open. You said you had never been
west of the Mississippi? Or have you?
Harry Gold stared at the map. For a long minute no one spoke.
The agents stood watching Gold, waiting. Then suddenly he seemed to
crumple, like a man so bone-weary that he eouldnt carry his burden
another step.
Gold said, I . . . I am the man to whom Klaus Fuchs gave his
information.
Just as with Klaus Fuchs, once the words began they came in a
steady ow. I-le told of meeting Fuchs in New York and Cambridge
and Santa Fe, detailing how he picked up the information and gave it
promptly to John, whom he later identied as Anatoli A. Yakovlev,
Russian Vice Consul in New York.
But why? Why? . . . Why was it men like these betrayed their own
country in spying for a cause which had made a mockery of freedom
for millions of people?
Gold: explanation was an old, familiar refrain: confused idealism
leading to treachery. He said:
I began the work of industrial spying for the Soviet Union in 1936, with
the full realization of what 1 was doing. I thought I would be helping a
nation whose nal aims l approved, along the road to industrial strength.
His reactionto working with Fuchs: . . . I felt that as an ally, I
was only helping the Soviet Union obtain information that I thought it
was entitled to.
Doubt had nally come to Gold, just as it had to Fuchs. He began
to fear exposure. I-le worried that his family, who knew nothing of his
actions, would be "completely and horribly disgraced.
But it was too late to turn back.
. . . I got so involved, that even had I wanted to, it would have been
extremely dicult to get out. However . . . l never once actually sug~
gested it to any people with whom I worked . . .
. . . the realization that I was turning over information to another power
.. . waslofrighteningthatthe onlythingleoulddowastoahoveit
away as for back in my mind as I could and simply not think on the
matteratall.. . whatldid . . . wastosimplyblotoutofmymind
as well as I could any thoughts whatever on the subject.
Page 311 0.! "The FBI S-tor ,
A__Rgport to the People"
Don Whitehead
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Harry Gold was indicted by a Brooklyn grand jury on June 9, 1950, on
charge of conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act of 1917. He pleaded
ilty in Philadelphia on July 20, 1950, and was sentenced by Federal
dge James P. Mcranery on December 9, 1950, to thirty years imprison-
ment. Alfred Dean Slack, a chemist from Syracuse, New York, pleaded
'ty in Greeneville, Tennessee, on September 18, 1950, to a charge of
spionage. As a member of a Soviet espionage ring in 1943-1944, he was
accused of passing secrets of a. high explosive to Harry Gold. I-le was sen~
tensed on September 22, 1950, to fteen years imprisonment.
Excerpt from page 356 of
"The FBI Story, A Report
to the People" by Don;Fhitehead
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Jubooaaittee and the State Department mere blaming eaoh 68Ql_I',' A '
for airing of oennuniet allegations against Ionian. A portion
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_ epiee ui as and Ethel Rosenberg and that Ganada hae aleo been .. i. I -f;,_- credited aith keeping the U. 8. obreaet of the [lane Faohe .mmmee own ~ * " I 5 I
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Type oi References Requested:
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