Document text
92
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
AMERICAN FRIENDS
SERVICE COMMITTEE
PART 14 OF Z5
FILE NUMBER = 100-11392
summer; msznxcm FRIENDS SERVICE comzrrsz
FILE #= 100-11392
SECTION: 1'1
i1 " '1 _ . e _ 41 r:L_- -~='~ HQ?-I-'."*I4... ._.,_,_-_,q.
~w@90; _______ _ . D _- UNITQD sures DEPARTMENT or JUSTICE
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'-»:.,/--"' i FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION _ _ V
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Philadelphia, PennsylJ%pa
JUL 12 msIn Reply, Pi-ease Refer lo/l='jl: Na.
ngzcnu {R1519 ms __§£13v;_g: c_ge~z.~:1'1"'1"£E Arsg! 5%
On July 6, 1965, a source furnished the following
information:
A Saturday Opinion Forum of hiph school students was
held on March 20, 1965, at the Friends Select School, 17th and
Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa, This forum was one of a series
sponsored by the American Friends Service Committee and Friends
-Peace Committee. The topic of the Saturday Opinion Forum on
March 20, 1955, was "Nonviolence in Today's world?"
The pTO£Tam explained that at this forum they shall tr]
to understand the philosophical basis for and the practical
implication of nonviolent ways of resolvinp conflict, with the h.
of developing questions such as Is nonviolence practical in
situations such as Selma, Miss,; Philadelphia; Viet Nam; and
invasions?" - _ .
The program explained that this forum would begin with
play dramatizing the use of nonviolent techniques in a mythicalJénvasion of California, It will be followed by a debate by Geor
' akey, Director, Friends Peace Committee, and Stephen Uzzell, a
conservative retired Army Colonel.
After a question period in the afternoon, Doctor Noel
Brown, Political Affairs Officer, Department of Political and
Security Council Affairs, United Nations, was scheduled to discu:
the use of nonviolence in international conflicts with James
Umstattd, member of the John Birch Society, who worked in Latin
America, a graduate of Princeton and who did graduate work at
Yale and the University of Pennsylvania. Noel Brown could not a
and Georperillouphby, Executive Director, New York Friends Grou
go Inc., spoke in his stead! '"'* ' * *"L * f
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_ :¬%3%, - J CONFIDENTIAL é
3 UN ED STATES DEPARTMENT or STICE
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%Qf§P ' FEDEBAl.BUHEAU OFINVESTIGATION
In Reply, Pi-oust Refer to V r
File No. '
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
I
, -v-.-JUL i E no:
DEMONSTRATIONS PROTESTING UNITED starts
Inrtgvgniion IN VIE? NAM ,_
r issued by
outh 12th
y Rally on Viet
k PresidentA source furnished,
the Committee For a BANE Nuclear kolicy
Street, Philadelphia, Pa., announcing an
Nam, Madison Square Garden, June 8, 7 p.m.
Lyndon B. Johnson to:
"Stop the Bombing. Seek a Cease-Fire. Press for
negotiations without conditions with all concerned
parties, including the Vietcong."
A copy of this flier, setting forth the sponsoring
organizations and principal speakers, is attached hereto.
Included with the flier was a paper from SANE urging
recipient to write to Senator Joseph Clark Democrat, Pennsylvania
Senate ffice Building, Washington, B. C., and urge him as a membe
of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee to take the lead for
sanity in Viet Nam. It states, "his break with the administration
' policy is welcome - his leadership for peace in Viet Nam, imperati
' source furnished a newsletter ofWomen Strike For Peace cws!, 20 South 12th Street, Philadelphia,
Pa., dated June H, 1965, which states, in part, as follows:
"Pun-vennnnuu DQ1 Ian .|92I92 I-ig-LJ-lIIl=l E,=ll92-vy l92G|J- J-N Jll V J-¢ L
Tuesday June 8, .
Read the enclosed flyer carefully. Additional
speakers at the rally will include Mrs. Martin
Luther King, Dagmar Wilson, and Bayard Rustinif
' 92
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DEMONSTRATIONS PROTESTING UNITED STATES
inxgxynmwium 1N V151 NAM Z_
The flier is the same as previously described and
attached hereto.
Source also furnished the May 1965 issue of "News and
Views" of the Pennsylvania Womens International League for Peace
end Freedom {wILPF!, which announced the above rally, with arrani
for transportation by bus from Philadelphia to New York and retur
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DI¬IiONSTRATIONS¬ROTESTING UNITED STATES C
EN'lERVE_NTI_O_N IN VIET I§AM_ T i
92 - -
cgvzi. LIEZETIE CO3-{BETTE
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The "Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications",
revised and published as of December l, .1961, by the Committee on Un-
American Activities, U. S. House oi Representatives, documents the . .
Emergency Civil Liberties Comzaittee as follows: i ' -.
- . -'1
F"To defend the cases of Communist lawbreakers, fronts have been
- devised making special appeals in behalf of civil liberties and reaching
-._; .f_, out far beyond the confines of the Communist Party itself. Among these i
' organizations are the * * * Emergency Civil Liberties Committee. When thl
Communist Party itself is under fire, these fronts offer a bulwark of 1 9; protection." ' 1'
F
" Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate
Judiciary Committee, Handbook for Americans,
yaS. Doc. 117, April 23, 1956, p. 91!
, A source advised December 21, 1957 and January 6, 1958 that
LEONARD BOUDIN, constitutional law-yer and legal counsel for Energency Ciid
Liberties Corzzmittee, made a speech December 20, 1957, accepting the Phile-
delphia Associates as a group to work with the national organization. Thi
occurred at a Bill of Rights Day celebration sponsored by the Philadelphia
' Associates, Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, at the Adelphie Hotel, 92Philadelphia. ' ' _ >
A second source advised on May 23, 19632, that the Philadelphia -
Associates have not been active in the past two years, have no current '-
active membership and do not maintain a headquarters in Philadelphia. _ -
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i DEMONSTRATIONS PROTESTING UNITED STATES _
£§T§RyENTION IN VIEI N5M _ ; _"F. .
T. " h.#.TI ONAL GUARDII-..'!-I _
1
The "Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications", revised and
;' published as of December 1, 1961 by the Committee on Un-American Activities,3- ',_ _ U. S. House of-Representatives, documents the publication "National Guardian" asa 7'_ follows: ' '
s. t '
E " i "Established by the American Labor Party in 191+? 85 B e
Z ;f . 'progressive' weekly * * *. Although it denies having any
3 1;; . affiliation with the Communist Party, 1+. has manifested ' '
1- 1- itself from the beginning as a virtual official propaganda " _
i- arm of Soviet Russia." _
1 oh" Committee on Un-American Activities, Report,
I, Q-I Trial by Treason: The National Committee to
A Secure Justice for the Rosenbergs and Horton _
_ Sobell, August 25, 1,956, p. 12!
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M. LTHORN Fat'ner of Marine pilot
' shat down in Vietnam! '_ -
SEE: OUTSTANDING ENTERTAINMENT
including JOAN BAEZ and IRWIN COREY
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- includes both ROUN D-TRIP BUS FARE
' .I,'_ from Philadelphia or Maarestown,N.J.!
_ f and ADMISSION $2!. Fully equipped
S buses will leave Trailways terminal, 13th
& Arch Sts., at 4:30 and 5:30 p.m. from
Trailways terminal, Rt. 73 & N.J. Turn-
pike entrance 4, at 5 and 6 p.m.!
Return by 'l a._m. Bringbox supper.
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;, as soon as possible - deadline June 2nd.
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Ȣ5U|.';|{1' us TH! IIDDLJZ: 92'h:u92 and pnunm ha: bullet: I U1, Hub I"
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TO AS-.'{ PRESIDENT JOHNSON
I 0 Stop the Bombing l Seek a Ce
Fire 6 Fress tar negotiations i
can-ii-tions with all concerned
parties, iecluriing the Vietcong
SPONSORED BY: '
National Committee for A Sane Nuclear Polio
Sinnnnrarl i'9292.!I it? . in . vrrvlivu I110 92I- -If v III Iv I
American Friends Service Committee '
Central Conference of American Rabbis '
Drug and Hospital Workers Union, Local I19?
N.Y. State Americans for Democratic Action
Rabbinical Assembly _ I '
Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Unior
Unitarian-Universalist Ass'n., Dept. of SocialResponsibility S .
Universities Committee on Problems of War am
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU or INVESTIGATION
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
A July 21, 1965
x
I
DEMONSTRAlIDNS FROTESTING u. s.
_* gursavcutzon I vtnmnnu
A source furnished on .965, a copy of the "SANE
June Action Report" issued by the Committee for a Sane Nuclear
Policy SANS!, 20 South l2th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This
report contains various information concerning SANE activities
and states in part as follows:
"STREET SPEAKING ON VIETNAM
"SANE is one of the leaders in a Philadelphia project to
extend protest and policy recommendations regarding
Vietnam beyond the narrow confines of peace and
professional groups by sending teams of speakers into
a number of communities, once a week each, to address
'street=corner' gatherings. They would be preceded by
organization within the community, and leaflets and
other publicity announcing the event; accompanied by
visual displays and people who would give out literature;
and followed by some form of political action on the
part
The
by:
" l3of the community people.
objective is to exert pressure on Federal Government
Gettihg persons in communities to take some action
on Vietnam, such as signing a petition, joining a
delegation, going to a meeting, etc.
!'92-..__2...._ ____.._.'.¢.... -_a__._I__.-._'__.. -_92__'_92_ ___.
uUVl:.LDPJ-Hg COI!UT1L1I1J.l;_y OTgl1-ZITJ-.O5 WIIZCD CD11
continue to act On Vietnam.¢
92
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saluuenaaus-y. _- - -. . _ I:
DZHONSTRATIOHS PRQTESTING U. S.
INTIRVEJ"CN K 92**'AAn *.l I '-_r* W
"! Contributing to public general awareness of and
opposition to the Vietnam policy.
" H! This new form of criticism itself with whatever
publicity and notice it may get in Washington
contributing to pressures on the government.
On June lkth a preliminary organizational meeting was
attended by 25 people from university, peace, political,
student and community groups. If you participate in
' this important project by speaking, distributing materials,
organizing or contributing funds, please contact the office."
"I. F. STONE's WEEKLY is an outstanding source for
important news overlooked elsewhere. He specializes on
peace and disarmament, civil rights and civil liberties.
I haven't missed reading an issue in six years, and
urge you to subscribe. An important copy enclosed.
"DAVE ELDREDGE"
Source also furnished a photocopy of I. F. STONE'S
WEEKLY, May 17, 1965, which is severely critical of U. S. policy
in the Dominican Republic and Vietnam.
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DZHONSTRATIOKS FROTESTING U. S.
INTER F*' R * Y1 T?£H e 92£92lJ.U J.i92 L. 92
A characterization of the ECLC ié attached.
furnished on 1965, a co
of a Qomen Strike for Peace HS?! newsletter dated July e
Page four_of this newsletter states in part as follows:
_ 35 ."e$?-EF&*<'Q1lT °N .!EFTNA"_
- Almost iii of the American public has no opinion
on our Government's policy in Vietnam. The peace
movement must reach these people. A step in this
direction is being taken by an ad hoc group,
Philadelphia Communities for Peace in Vietnam.
"Consisting of members of WSP, Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom WILPF! SANS, Friends -Peace Committee PFC!, plus individuals from other f
organizations and various communities in Phila- ~-W
delphia, the Philadelphia Communities for Peace
in Vietnam PCPVN! is planning a series of street
" meetings, concentrating at first in Tioga and German-
town areas.
Community groups will prepare the advance publicity
for the meetings to be held at selected locations.
from two to four speakers will make a brief
presentation on Uiet Name He may have the use
of a peace,mobile. Leaflets will be distributed.
There will be a petition. Members of PCPVN will
try to discuss with persons in the audience to get
them to take action as signing a petition or bedbming
part of the group for continued activity.
Each meeting will require a dozen or more people to
fulfill the various functions of chairman, speakers,
leafleteers, property people, petition gatherers
and those who will mix with the audience. If you
wish to help in any of the capacities listed please
contact Dave Eldredge, SANB, L0 3-H179."
ill-_.
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DEMONSTRATIONS PROTESTING u. s. o
INTERVENTION IN VIETNAM-i1~|II,_, ' 7-L ,_ 7' '7 __ I _
i
e
There were about 12 people out in teams to P555 °"t
literature announcing a street meeting on Vietnam on Thursday,
July B 1955, at 7:30 p.m., at 17th and Westmoreland Streets.Among those who participated in the leaflet distribution
on July 7, l96S, were the following:
I
. I
Four students beatnik types!, one from thelIIIlIIIand three fro came along .
About 600 leaflets were passed out in the neighborhc
and 146 signatures secured on a petition protesting U. S. int:
vention in Vietnam.
further reported on July 1s, zsss, had learne that the street meeting w eld at 17th and We. llliiilhilllil f moreland on July 8, 1965, and that was one othe speakers. E claimed that 50 or 60 people were the:
dvised on July 9, mes, that the
participants in the street meeting July 8, 1965, at 17th and '
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In 2' -'2; -:.{,92' » am: -
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Quakers rien s eace t
as beins current H-nber= of the CPEPD.
A characterization of the ICC is attached.
furnished on July is, 1965, a leaflet
captioned §treet Meeting on viet Nam, Thursday, uuiy 6, 1965,
" d b th PCPVN 15th and Race Street Philaptvnisrnn rows P?"*° *NC u s
"::mg92_;:_:.__:__ ::': _
Westmoreland Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.; were members of the
CPEPD, WSP, Independent Citizens Committee ICC!, §ANE, and
F ' d P Comnittee! and identified five participants
- nab lei nnwn w I ' '- ' I
7:30 p.m., sponsore y e , _ _ _ s, -
delphia, Pa., a co- of which is _t_ ched. In+¢¥"*~*=»! '*
- s»»= -- "f":¥@;w~/he Q @wr:**n#t*t~%: ?? ? *?* .i; .t*3?*"..
* %£ "**%2_i-iF_
n¥* "** * also furnished a copy of a petition
to Hr. President, beginning "Stop the senseless slaughter of
Americans and Vietnamese---" sponsored by the PCPVN, a copy
la: liIk1.R_k :5 QJIQIQQRQAU]. §&ll J-II Q ~ .
also furnished a leaflet captioned
"End the Wars in Viet Nam and the Dominican Republic Now__issued
r2z,_sJ:s~¢PvsA. ,"e.~z£.9.=;*s.~ss
A copy of this leaflet is attached.
" - so furnished a coov of the publicatic
"Labo oday," containingajspecial reportry;_the war in Viet Nam,
I-.924| _ .5-92i~5' " ' ,- '- -.'..,,.,. i. _.; ' - {L . .;_' -- - C, -1" .' . WM '1' I':" - P - A _ ' ;r , -- "3" ' . 1'." ""_J;.h _ {H _ - ... _ r W: ll _ ¢- _ -., __-_ Y I _ r. If _.@YT;!;._.. :.*,_;:h:¢:_.;__,m.?-wt _i - . . - - , . _, -_ 92- _,-- C _l _ This sse contaisrus ents from or
_ leaders, selected newspaper articles,-and petitions published
by SAME, all sevaaalgicritical of U. S. intervention in Vietnam.
. i_.-<>.n-Ju1v 15. 1965,F advised that the_"FCPVN had two pickets pnotesting "
. S. intervention in Vietnam at l7th and Venango Streets, Phila-
delphia, between 7:HU and 6:25 PemerThQPG were no incidents or
arrests. -
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~ DZEIQIISTFATIOBIS PRCTISTIEIG U. S.
I!§TER92'Z.'.".."I'U}' TH 92'IETI§!~.H
7 - 17 -. .. 12:1.-July is, 1965, advised that on
July 15, 1965, a street meeting sponsored by the PCPVN
. was held atil7th and Venango Streets, Philadelphia, Pa* with seven or eight people participatin including- - who are membersH of the CPEPD,and 1¥g§§E§§ei. from 1520 Race Street. This
___;_ii,the address of he riends Peace Committee as well as
the PCPVN!. This source said that observers and participants
' totaled 13626 people. §ource stated that leaflets were passed_
~out~on the evening of July 1H, 1965, in the same neighborhood
~ennouncing the street meeting for peace in Vietnam. This source
d, eaid that a man from the PCPVN spoke and advocated that U. S.
1 troope_get out of Vietnam and the money spent on the poverty
' program. lfhis source also said the next street meeting would
be on July 22, 1965, in the vicinity of 22nd and Venango.
Thieywill be preceded by the distribution of literature in,the
.neighborhood on the evening of July 21, 1965.
. - - The .- furnished July 16 ises, two leaflets
' 1' ' ;, _ __ :_ H - - s , which_he believed
were the lea ets passed out at the lea et distribution and
etreet meeting July lk and 15, 1965, in the vicinity of 17th
~and Uenango Streets. One leaflet is captioned "Street Meeting
for Peace in Vietnam," announcing the meeting July 15, 1965, at
17th and Venango. The other leaflet is captioned "We Want
to Stop This - Others Do", issued by the PCPVN, 1520 Race Street.
f|I92192Qn -en Q>'hne- 4-can 1-:4- lend-2 Quin Q4-4-nA_9292Qrl hnqli-nw*$ Y1. GIIQQQ §_¬ ital ié UQ Bl Q 1 H KGB-ll§92l llél 1 U9.
T - "On July is, 1965, the advised that e
group of District leaders of the ' met in Philadelphia on_WHd
-A July 15, 1955: A '
92
-. ,,,. M suggested the following action by 1
-the DP: " "
-_-.." f' I13 Circulate petitions calling for the end of U. S.
bombing in North Vietnam.
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DEMUNSTRATIOKS FRCTISTING U; $=
INTERVEKTICK IN VIETHAHan-n-I-nu " Inf 777": 41 q,_
! Persuade labor leaders to speak out for peace i
' Vietnam. "
- ! Join with Quakers in peace demonstrations and
mentioned specifically a picket at the Federal Building, Phila
delphia, July 17, and at City Hall, Philadelphia, July 21, 196
H! Participate in the Bucks County Peace Fair,
September 1965.
! Organize youth to demonstrate for peace,
! Follow up Negro participation against Vietnam
Era
! Street rallies of the PCPVN should be spread cu
and all CP clubs should participate.
8! Youth should start movement through DCA on coll
campuses against the draft and against calling up of National
Guard 0 ,
I _'I I
A characterization of "Labor Today" is attached here
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to integrate if
left -be inte-- -3 "It is 1-*crtI'i1ess
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grate inn""The we. .:.- T"ie-:.::a:.'. rat.
1-Te :':'.;:t r;egetiate ever; 1:7.
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" - Stop the senseless slaughter of Amer cane and Vietnamese-
Negotiate new with all parties, ir.e1ud.i.ng the Viet Cong.
Allow the Vietnamese people to decide their own future.
- Use the wasteful war $b5.llions for a real war on poverty.
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sponsored by: Philadelphia C-omrrnmities for Peace in Vietnam
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Golciwaier Applauds
* Johnson: Policy!
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Jollnspn Must Soy Stop!F= e'_ '_.:---: :-n .92_..--es?-I... 92 I L<£;._. .I 1 ;.i,* -us 92-./H-bu.-.u' . ~--
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Z1 the of l1fea%7 [L%i§@1f@§i? Wars!
'IOGETI-KER with millions of our fellow Americans and
ghters for peace around the world, American Communists
say: END TEE WAR IN VIE'II92'A.M AND THE DOMINI-
CA92 REPUBLIC NOW! HALT ALL U.S. INTERVEN-
TION! BRING THE TROOPS HOME! PUT AN END TO
NUCLEAR WORLD WAR DANGER!
We share, with those political leaders of other parties,
trade unionists, religious leaders of all faiths, students and
academic leaders and plain ordinary people who have
already spoken out - the burning conviction that our gov-
ernment's present policy is serving only the greedy interests
of a handful of big business monopolists in an aggressive
immoral war with 46,500 U.S. troops in battle against the
people of Vietnam. This interventionist policy is now being
repeated with 30,000 U.S. Marines against the democratic
people of the Dominican Republic.
We believe, too, that millions who voted for President
Johnson last November did so in search for a real alterna-
tive to the shoot from the hip" pohcie-s of Goldwater and
the ultra-Right. Now President Johnson has himself em-
barked on_ an aggressive foreign policy which rides rough-
shod over the independence of nations and endangers world
peace. '
President Johnson is nobody's "captive." He is time man
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- in in-ae no F husncmi-Py c..-and other weapons of re "extermination. In $2.:
'1r.:'r.go, the people are gr.t..1:g for constitutional den
which will be established when the U.S. withdrz
troops and halts all intervention, when the people ar-
the right of self-determination.
The end of the wars in South Vietnam and in 1
minicer; P:e;x.;c-lic is in the interests of the Arrierlcar.
It is in the interests of peace and democracy ti
peoples of these countries have the right to a gove
of their choice instead of puppet governments kept ix
by American arnis.
"When you play with dynamite, napalm bombs, poi.
or nuclear weapons, the stakes are high. And the Pi
now admits the possible use of nuclear bombs! Al
had better tell the President to stop these wars be:
commit national suicide!
of our fellow Americans who areconcerned about jl
job security in this age of automation . . . civil rig]
equal rights for all Americans . . . for decent housf
schools . . . for the war on poverty and not the war
poor people . . . and for keeping the world in one pie<
these ghts can be fought and won . . .
that no country - not even our rich United States
for long have both guns and butter. If you are not
the five million unemployed, take a look at your tax
and see how much youre paying for guns. Then fig-In
that money, in your pocket, could do to make fan:
easier. 7
If you are unemployed, gure how many jobs 1
billion a year now spent for war could create for-th~
ing of low and middle income housing, hospitals,
and roads . . . and gure, too, that if that money we:
for peace instead of war, we would all BE SURE
WORLD IN WHICH T0 LIVE AND WORK!
The people of the Dominican Republic and of Viet
North and South -- want the same things as we an:
ing people everywhere. Nuclear war means disaster
country and peoples. Our country suffers today 1
present course. The -future of our country - and
country - is on the _o..";h of peace. Peace and pat
go hand in hand.
our own v/effczre, we urge all our fella
rnericcns and fe.'!ow workers to tel! President Johnson:
WE DE§.££".i?¢D UZICOEGB
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MORE THAN 2000 CLERGYMEN OF ALL FBITHS
~»17 a
VENAGC
7:20 P" ~ _
' J _T U R S DAY
¢~{_. ,Wf»92JULY myA 2; ' I, '
:,i;_ --_. if! PUBLISHED an AD FOR PEACE m v:s'nw45 ' Q ,-' / " l TITLED "IN THE we or 000,. s_ToP 11'"
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IBERE ARE MANY ltUnUu_ 1 u 11-....l..e not Iollowcd by
President Johnson. .
Jur government must recognize the right of the Vietnamese
1 :0 run their own affairs. No nation should dictate to them.
' Benator Fulbright, chairman of the Foreign Relations Com-
mittee; on Jone 16, 1.965, said we could do the right thing
§ by_"a return to the Geneva accords M1954, not just in their
specifications, but tn all their essentials."
ONLY THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES
CAN STOP THIS WAR
. Write: President Johnson
White House, Washington, L1. :1-
Just ask him, in a few words, to bring an end to the war,
as he can!
Or, urge him to:
1! stop bombing North Vietnam
922! stop the burning and bombing oi thousands of
' Q, helpless South Vietnamese villagers
3! support a ceasefire -
I ! negotiate with the guerillas, the Vietc-.o_»=_ whoinf U we are fighting, instead of insisting 1 .. t ll only
* negotiate with governments which do mt cont " the
guerillas.
_ =====i;=IiiI-=-i-VII-liiiiIIl-II|QcInQ|--||l-xQ-u-_-q¢-n¢-n-n- | uses-uulludlllpu-Q-vlnllnnunq-_
A Hesse send me more information about the Vietnam war
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1 ..-n::f"... '3'. 1'-it-. " I -~-L L..'i'....4.t'.~..111-e--_.:-H. 'i"e" ti 13- /:.': .' -'I. i--. V ..c. "-..-CAIJGIII III HIP. MIIIIILB: '"llrfI uni pralmlbn hnn Mlloh I! l.I.!. Flnwlnn pvrnl rluhu vi-lulu 92l-:-1:1:
WE WANT TO STOP THIS. Others do too!92we
Criticism of U.S, policy in Vietnam and appeals for
greater efforts to restore peace have been expressed
by : __
rr-innq lnnrinvc -
J92'92-/ll |921-11.! .v-u-~,.:_Pope Paul I
National Council of Churches
Central Conference of American Rabbis ,
Thousands of clergyman who said '92..
"Mr. President, In the name of God,
i
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1946-195-l
1954'- 3|-a
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' 7 ii WHYDOWEWASTE " *
hllnlnuil
MORE ON DESTRUCTION*-.. '
. LI .1.nu
The Vietnamese guerillas defeated the Frenc.
army and won independence for Vietnam
Preside-nt Eisenhower said he "could conceive
of no greater tragedy than for the U.S. to
become involved in an all-out war in Indo-
Gimme" Vietnam!. A Geneva agreement
provided for elections so that Vietnamese,
North and South, could decide their own
future. '
but in 1956 The American supported government of
I956
o
1961 .
I963.
1965
1966South Vietnam refused to hold elections.
Terror replaced progress. -
.,: I
000 U.S. soldiers aided a S. Vietnam
dictatorship
L650 G. I. s were there
16,500 G.I.'a -
00,000 G.I. 's the tenth in this series of
_ ii _ _ dictatorship ,, ..., -. .- ~. ~ --2. .» ' ' - - . ., _ ,
' VH ' " $4 million for the WAR IN VIETNAM -6;; V *1 $1 1/2 million for the wm on POVERT r ,1: '~ 92 ,. J 1 ' _. - ~_ ;?_ ' II I" .r ' ,_':.,-ifs. '
~ ~ 1. 1" -V ..92" 0 I
1 '1, -' 92,.,
THAN w .-: Iii .-.:s'r i
IN BASIC NEEDS ?
Qmnt-i-n-:1-qq
I-nu-In-_ -
WE HAVE A L'92.uICE between
continuinga war in Asia and sending 300,000 to
a million G. I. s for the benefit Of '11 tyrannical
. government, or '
peace and a war on__poverty
.3 '
4
.2]
"What used to be a civ war by the South Vietnamese gc
ernment against the Viet Cong who were supp92orted_by-North Vietnam, at least to some extent, has-now beeoin
" anmmertcan war. . ." JOBBPII Clark. 3@"at°1 {mm
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' rW _' __!"'. _ . APPENDIX
_; ' _ Characterizations of Organizations
_ F//.-
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1 92
H ' A source advised the Indeoenclent Citizens Committee ICC! 1'-'35initiated and formed by the Cozmuniot Party, Eastern Pennsylvania and Delawge, . . - - .1-' -. cP§I-!, in October, 1952, -to build a left»-ce'nter orgznizaion v:;=:swg;l:he_-able to initiate political activity. As of ta; L, 19 1+, Q P° who ve Officer - ICC were dominated by the CPED through Con"-..1z~.ist Party me-- eff» - -5 éfnd mezzbers oi the ICC. ' ' L
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IF§§§§KCY CIYlL_LlB§3[IES COMMITTEE
The "Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications",
revised and published as of December l, 1961, by the Co.".::.ittee on Un- '
American Activities, U. S. House of Representatives, documents the '
Energency Civil Liberties Committee as follows:
"To defend the cases of Communist lawbreakers, fronts have bee
devised making special appeals in behalf of civil liberties and reaching
out far beyond the -confines of the Cczzmmist Party itself. Among these
organizations are the * * * Emergency Civil Liberties Committee. When 1.
Co:*::mu.nist Party itself is under fire, these fronts offer a bulwark of
protection. "
Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate
Judiciary Coma:-ittee, Handbook for Americans, "
S» DOC. 117; 23' Po
A source advised December 2.1, 1957 and Jan11aI'y 6, 1958 that
LEONAPD BOUDIN, constitutional lawyer and legal counsel for Emergency Ci
Liberties Committee, made a speech December 20, 195?, accepting the Phil
delphia Associates as a group to work with the national organization. "T
occurred at a Bill of Rights Day celebration sponsored by the Philadelph
Associates, Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, at the Adelphia Hotel,
Philadelphia. '
A second source ac-"ised on I-fey 23, 1962, that the Philadelphia
Associates have not bee-:. .:.:";._*.'e in the p-_.:';, two years, have no current
active membership and _-. no: ::.e:i.ntain a-headquarters in Philadelphia.
A 1 s ' H0
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LABOR TODAY
In January, 1982, advised that on Januar;
13, 1982, GUS HALL, whom the source described as General Seoretar
of the Communist Party, USA, remarked that the Party-supported
trade-union publication would be issued in the near future and
would appear under the name "Labor Todays"
On January 5, 1962, records in the Assumed Name Section
of the County Clerk's Office, Wayne County, Detroit, Michigan,
indicated that Certificate Number lH53HH, issued for conducting
business under an assumed name, was issued to "Labor Today"
a bimonthly publication! having a business address at 12065 wyom
Detroit H, Michigan. A certificate was filed January 2, 1962, an
the names of the persons listed as owning, conducting and trans-
acting business were:
CHARLES H. WALTERS
9309 Memorial
Detroit,'Michigan
EVE NEIDELHAN
19972 Marlowe
Detroit, Michigan
, wasI I
I a
9-51 on -I 4;. . . s O _n I_ 4_92__ Q_!._4_ .!__ _ine xouncing statement contained in tne xirst issue
of "Labor Today" Spring 1962! indicated that two additionalissues would be forthcoming in 1962 and beginning in 1963.
"Labor Today" would appear regularly as a "bi-monthly journal.
The masthead of bimonthly "Labor Today, Volume 3,
No. 1, February - March, 196e, issue, describes the publication
1-1?-
. ' 92
==~e tv - "" v1-inn-924 I93-_1_¢°~:§:HE§
as "An Independent Journal of Di5QU!SiQHc" Its meneging editor
is CHARLES H, WALTERS and business and editorial offices are
located at 12065 Wyoming, Suite 5, Detroit H, Michigan.
_ This document contains neither recommendations non
conclusions of the FBI. It is the property of the FBI and is
loaned to your agency; it end its contents are not to be distribu
outside your agency»
4
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M- Qiniteb étates évcnate
MEMORANDUM
I-.
The attached letter is sent for
your information . __"" a
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THE TECHNIQUES OF SOVIET PROPAGANDA
"'A STUDY
_ III-BIN'l'EDIYI'BI
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE "
ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY _
ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
or ms '
GOMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
____ UNITED STATES SENATE
Q " i EIGHTY-NINTH CONGRESS
._,L_ _ ____L
1~ 92
IFIRST SESSION
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REVISED 1965 '
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COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
IAMI8 o. IABTI-AND, mniuppi, cum
mm: 1.. mci.nu.nu,s.-m- nvsssrr mxnusv maxsm, numu
SAM J. navnz, Ia, men c-mum nouns 1.. HBU8K.92,Neb1-sake
THOMAS I. DODD, Conmctlull HIRAM L. FONO. HIV!"
PHILIP A. HART,M1ch1lln HUGH SCOTT, PQBIIIYIYII"-I
EDWARD V. LONG, Mlaourl JACOB K. IAVITE-,NO,I' York
EDWARD M. KENNEDY. Milcllll
BIRCH BAYH, [:.d.-...-""' '
QUENTIN N. BUBDICK. North Dlkl
IOBEPH D. TYDINOS, Mn-tyh-ltd
GEORGE L. SMLTBERSJ Ihtldl
Buncoumnn To Iiwns-nos-n: run Animus-ran-rion or -rs: Iunauu. Slcunrrt
Aer nun Owns INTERNAL Slcuarrr Laws
JAMES O. ELSTLAND, Millippl, Cluirlll
THOMAS I. DODD, Oomnctlcul, Viol Elmira:-I
JOHN L. HGCLILLAN,A.rkaml| ROMAN L. HRUBK.A,NehlIl'-I
ELM I. ERVIN, .II.., Ndth Csmllnl EVERETT MGKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illindl
BIRCH BLYH. Indiana HUGH SCOTT, Pennsylvania
_ oaoson A. annexes. rm-an .
I. G. Boonwnll, Cumin!
Bnuunn Mumlt, Director qlmnwel.
IBuee|edI1lOIlnD.IoiuI,iheulad.
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rFOREWORD
Abraham Lincoln is credited with the observation that yo
fool all the peo le all the time. The Soviet llnion is paying around $2 billion a year to pro
"l92Jll6n
The many rejects on which the Soviet lavish this hn|annually are discussed thoughtfully and effectively in the al
document which is a com letel rewritten and u dated verMme. Labin's document by the same name which the I
Security Subcommittee published in 1960.
The original document went through 2 editions for a total of
copies distributed by the subcommittee, and in addition, ha
and still is, a best seller st the Government Printing Ofce.
The author, Mme. Suzanne Labin, is a graduate of the Serbkrurnalist who has published many books, among them lussia," The Secret of Democracy, and 9. volume entitled M
Grant Freedom to the Enemies of Freedom." The latter w
Prize of Freedom, a French literary award for the book whi-
defends the principles of liberty. Since then she has written
Ant Hill and The Unrelenting War/"" '
Mme. Labin visited the United States in 1959 as a member
French delegation to the Atlantic Treaty Association mee1
Boston.
In my opinion, Mme. Labins paper is the best ex sitirsubject which has et come to my attention and I coulgowishbe read and studied by all Americans, so that it might strengths
resistance to all the forms of propaganda it discloses.
Since the publication of the rst edition of The Techni ue ofPropaganda, the Government Printing Office has sold] mor
_l'{0,00Q copies. In view of the popularity oi this study, we
Mme. Labin to revise it and bring it up to date. This she h
ciously done with coll uialism by Lee J. Adamson, who sircollaborated on the USS. publication of Vietnam: An Eyei
Account."
Janna O. Essrmnn,
Chainmn, Internal Security Subcomm-
Lutest U.B. publlmtlons: "Vietnam: An Eyewitness Account," I984. Also two chapters InAbroad" compiled by Bryton Barron; Danger Over All Asia" and Tho lleanl el Red Chinese
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Im rtance of the theme.--_-_---------.-------------.------------- IPo1i!t?ical warfare dened ................................... --.-- ...-.-;,_ Direct conversion versus indirect propaganda ....................... --
if I. Direct proselytism ........................................... _-
1 Strength of Communist organizations ...................... --
92 Full-time professional activist; ............................ --
. 92 Il. Indirect propaganda among non-Communists technical methods_ ---
. The inenageri
: Methods of recognizing Soviet auxiliaries ................... --
Inltration- -e of Communist auxiliarim ............ --._--___-
a! The press ....... _..--__ .......................... _-
b News agencies ........ --. ........................ --
Schools and universities ........................... _-
alm-
uiiuw _ . . _ . _ _ . . . _ _ _ . . . _ . . _ _ . _ _ . _ - . . . - _ _ _ _ . . . .--
c! Other organs .................................... -..
Labor unions and parties .......................... --
Para el organizations .................................... --
Fractional work ......................................... -- cl
an nn.,..92u; 92Jll92ll
Advantages derived from parallel organization .............. - -
Occasional fronts and campaign ......... _-______---___.._....--
Popiilarlronts ........................... .-_- ..... ----..---
Utilization ofdiplomacy, culture, and economic exchanges- _ _ - _ _
Tours for prominent personages ........................... --
Destruction of anti-Communists: Slander, intimidation, kid-
_ naping, and murder .................................... --
Radio broadcasts ________________________________________ -_
Terrorism and guerrilla warfare ___________________________ -..
Special sciioois .......................................... --
III. Estimated magnit ude of ropaganda media utilised by Moseo w- - - - -The mainsprings of ésviet propaganda ..................... - _
Money- _
The wer of organization ________________ - -- ......... -_Gulligllii.
IV. Psychological metK of the free world ............... _-. --------- _-
ods ....................................... --
Falsehood and duplicity without limit ______________________ _-
The thief crying "Thief" _____________________ -_. ......... --
Capitalizing on its own turpitude .......................... --
Bluing the free world on its own principles ................. .-
Playing on fear __________________________________________ ..-
Playing on rivalries ...................................... - -
Fallac No. 1
Fallacy No
Fallacy No
Fallacy No
Fallacy No. 6
Fallacy No.
Ithe {J.S.S.R..
. 2
. 3
. 4
problem _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . .__
Fallacy No. 5| Playing on ignorance _____________________________________ --
F Play on lolly ........................................ --
1 Play on forbearance_________-_--____-_-_--_- ......... _-
V. Logomachic means ____________________ _-_._-_____-------------
i Changing frame of reference and lighting ................. -,--
We are faced with a conict between two blocs,
and the United States of Arne'rii:a----_'-._ ..... __
The Soviets bristle because they are afraid ____ -_
The West retreats into a negative attitude ____ --
Atomic energy is the modern world's most serious
A billion Communists cannot be igno_red._ ..... --
: Cominunism's success arises out of social injustice.
Fallacy No. 7: Aid to underdeveloped countries counters the
Soviet threat------------------H----------------------A
8: Let us arrest the strife with the Communist
giants by coexistence __________________________________ --
Y
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THE TECHNIQUES OF SOVIET PROPAGANDA,
What had to ha f T7u.' , the lczi the "pusillanimity, iZe;erpet11al n: and the er'§ii@_1u- -1; _-wees of Western governments enabled Rusna to achieve _ _._T 's1ieeesa-ioelyeveryoneojherairras. Y - '- ' *
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' - New York Tribune, April 19, 1858. '
Pol!1_1ice':'»aJww' without bloodshed. War £8 politics with
' ' mi '. . I _ i ' Mao T..,¢;.,.g._1i;.
IMPORTANCE OI PHI THIII u
In the West, people often say of this or that Soviet frenzy: "Oh, itson1_IY propaganda. _ " "l11S is a v dangerous reaction, for it is precisely when propagandais concernedeigat the Soviets are most purposeful.
The proliferation of representative governments has ushered the
Western World into a primarily political era, in which molders of
public opinion are more inuential in the shaping of events than are
industrial managers or military leaders. But by a strange and sig-nicant paradox, this crucially imdportant evolution has been better001;/1EJIBl1Bl1d6d by the enemies of emocracy than by its patrons.
any democratic statesmen are still living in that past when
popular opinion had little inuence on authority, and matters of state
were decided in chancelleries. But the totalitsrians have recognized
that where democracy rules, public opinion prevails. This is whythose who trample it underfoot in their own domain court it ardently
in the opposing cam , while those who respect it have abandoned itto enemy pro agandlai. with onl token opposition. This is why theSoviets regard! propaganda as tlie primary theatre of cold war opera-
tions. This is why s cold shoulder tram the State Department matters
little to Mr. Mikoyan when his welcome was warm at the Waldorf,
for eventually the State Department, as a democratic institution,
will dance to the Waldorfs tune.
From north to south and from east to west, it is committees, and not
missiles, which_smooth the road for the Kremlin. There were noSoviet missiles m Tokyo, get the President of the United States was
forced to cancel his visit ecause of several hundred dragon-dancinstudents, under the remote control of Moscow and Peiping. _Most 0%
Laos fell to the Communists, while her SEATO allies busied them-
selves counting their missiles, more because Washington and Paris,
seduced by Soviet sophistries, delivered up their friends Souvanna
Phoumi and Boun Oum, than because of the strength of the enemy
guerrillas.' Irag, although integrated into the expensive military network of theBagh ad Pact, was orced out of it by internal disorders lomented
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inexpensively by Moscow, despite all the threatening American mie-
siles. Guinea, Ghana, Mali, Somaliland, and Zanzibar are all becom-
ing Soviet satellites by the strategerns of a lei thousandcrypto-Communists in key positions, trained in Communist ata cost of some thousands 0 dollars, against which American msnleacosting millions cl dollars are imgzotent. - ~. ' 1 s_ » --- , _ 74;}?In uba, at the very border o the huge American missile complex,
the Soviets have rmly established themselves by .a_pu.re, classic.headon political penetration. ' ' . - -92: s-.-_ -- ..._.. i
On the day the Government of Panama falls under control of some
Popular-National-Progressi re-anti-imperialist Front of Liberation, the
United States could be manoeuvred into relinquishment of the Panama
Canal without using a single missile from its billion dollar armament.
This is a very real, and "ossibly imminent 92"lSJ3l3"Hl51-l'.. The Lmmtmight consist of 500 studlents-, 60 sergeants, gdprolieasors, 10ists, 30 lawyers, and 20 longshoremen, gather from the bac rooms
of a dozen cafes, and united around I0 Soviet agents, It I coat to
Moscow of some half million dollars. - ~s
This would be the beginning of the end. The free world will
perish like a lan id colossus, gorged with unused atomic super-weapons, from the of myriads of political eas trained by Moscow.
It will die of a psychosis which might be termed the Mare com let, which consists of visualizing, comprehending, and fearint only the hot War while essentially neglecting the protection of e decisive
front; the subversive war w' ed by l92'i0B /OW iii ieéipi. 150 Wiipreparation 15 made only on the eld where it will not occur. Build-
ing up the retailiatory capability of the West in opposition to Commu-
nist armament is, of course, also of vital importance, as otherwise the
enemy would promptly subdue the world by the threat of annihilation.
However, once our strength has established the balance of terror,
the Soviets, unwilling to risk a nuclear conict, quickly shift the con-.
testto the civilian arena where they create a huge apparatus for an
entirely clierent kind of War; political warfare. _ g 1 _
It it essential to understand why the Communist threat cannot
military, lance the Western capacity for nuclear retaliation is estab-
lished. The reason usually cited, the "balance of terror, Will '
threatens the U.S.S.R. with at least the devastation it inicts, is o
part of the story. The prospect of purely material damage is ins
ficient to deter the Communist heads, because there exists no balan
between them and the Western leaders in the "horror of horror.
The Ccrnmunist slave masters would callcnsly am,-it 9."p:lllP.g lof lives if the were thereby better enabled to raise the lied ag othe ruins. gut this is precisely what they know will not occ
They know that the one thing they really value, far more than
lives of their subjects, would inevitably be engulfed in the
their power. _Studies b the Rand Corporation have indicated anew charactc 'of nuclear devastation; the simultaneous destruction over the w_
ten-ito , of the whole network of human and technical commtion liiihs which maintains the control over society. These are
elements of resistance which classical wars have never succeeded
completely disrupting all at once. Such wars could only attack
cnemys substance piecemeal, leaving always intact sufficient
wants to assure the continuity of the old hierarchy and of the
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power. In contrast, a suciently massive nuclear strike could con-
ceivably destroy simultaneously all these channels of commandthroughout the entire territory submitted to it.Un er these conditions, depiocracy could still survive, as it derives
from the agreement. of -wills. Since representative government
responds in genera! to the spontaneous tendencies oi its social body, it-enjoiys the adaptive virtue of those organisms which breed peripheralhes s when the central one is severed. Dictatorships, on the contrary,
have only one head. More, it is hated. When the head falls, the
body rebels. It lives onl by organization and coercion. If organi-zation and coercion crumble, the regime falls.
Long before the erection of dams, power stations, and factories in the
seized empire, the Bolsheviks rst order of priority was the establish-
ment of a tremendous network of party and police outposts and
liaisons. _On the day the tele hone of the secret police cannot ringany more in all the provinces oi, the Soviet Union there will be no more
communism. Although the West may be 11D.WB.lB of this, it is an
obsessive terror to the Kremlin. That is why it will not initiate
nuclear war. It has develo ed the formidable arsenal for such a warsolely to intimidate the world, to support its blackmail behind which
advance its authentic legions of conquest; the activists and auxiliaries
who are the legions of the subversive war. For the Soviets, the atom
is the umbrella of the committee.
As a result, the political front is more deciive than the military front
in the present conict between the tree world and the Soviet world.
And since propaganda is the principal weapon of political warfare, the
stud of its techniques is a matter of overriding urgency. It shouldbe tile central theme in the free world's resistance to its implacable
enemy; in its struggle for su.rvivai.
POLITICAL WARFARE DIII NED
During the rst session of the International Conference on Political
Warfare, in Paris, Mr. Adam Ciolkosz, former president oi the
Socialist group of the Polish Diet, ot to the heart of the matter: The essence of Communist politicslg warfare is to control the public
actions of men; not to convince men. The act of convincing is a
democratic touchstone, while the act of controllin is a conspiratorialmechanism. In all Communist countries, control by communism is
total, while belief in communism is nil.
It might be better to use the term the war oi sophistries, rather
than the war of minds"; and "conspiratorial war rather than
political war. However, the expression political warfare" will bei-eained because it has achieved wide popular usage, and is dened as
o ows:
Political warfare is the activity conducted by agencies of Moscow
and Peiping, established in the public life of all peoples to destroy free
regimes from within and replace them with a system of totalitarian
power. Its principal vehicles are ropaganda, inltration, corruption,conspiracy, sabotage, and guerril. warfare. It uses indigenous er-sonnel, rather than engaging regular Soviet troops in armed condict.
The objective is to capture, or at least subvert to the purposes oi the
Kremlin or Peiping, the command posts controlling national policy;
administration, press, radio, television, universities, parties, unions,
30-603 O--85»--2
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4 THE TECHNIQUES OF BOVIET PROPAGANDA
etc., while {carefully concealing from the captured elements any
awareness o their service to communism. " "" '- - P-
It is this last characteristic which distinguishes Communist political
warfare from normal political activity. While normal politicalactivity tends to win agreements around objectives as clearldenedas possible, Communist political warfare tends to rnani ts alle-gianclef to favor objectives which are as thoroughly as
0881 e. 'P The term political warfare" is often used as a synonym for the
war of minds," which fr uently leads to a confusion of concepts.The use of the word "mid?" often evokes the idea that what is in-
volved is a confrontation of ideals, doctrines, and motivations; a
contest pla ed on the eld of intellectual activit . However, com-munism today aims only at the emotionally conditioned part of the
minds. It seeks alinement, not enlightenment. It employs lies,
BOPlil§i|1'lB'fhd61I1-QOFI, anfd Ollldz-DB!'yu]t£bOhB8l», Tgtlil than conlvinrite mm . etermwarozm'n "co ea t ,'itwerec yunderstood as a war to subjugate minds; a ifidsneus attack on the
intellect with the poisons of the intellect.
DIRECT CONVERSION VERSUS INDIRECT PROPAGANDA ' '
In general, ropaganda serves two Eurposee: to exalt alreadymustered proselpytes and to manipulate t e opinions of those not yet
enlisted. One of the outstanding fatuities of the West is the delusion
that the extent of the Communist threat can be gaged by the numerical
strength of the indi enous Communist Party. As in all politicalsystems whose appeal is not grounded in reason, Communist totali-
tarianism feeds much more on the confusion of its opponents than on
the conviction of its members. Communist Parties serve simply as
rebrands, and the Kremlin thrusts them into a social structure with
the primary pm-pose of perverting or weakening its fabric. This is
the modes opmmdi of active minorities," a concept eectivelutilized b Bolshevism from its inception, even in the U.S.S.R. andChina. Iii has consistently used minority parties to seize power in
undermined, weakened, and deluded societies.
For several years now," the romotion of communism as an ideologyhas been subordinated to the growth of the international Sovietemire; therefore, it is a dangerous illusion to equate national security
wit numerical weakness of the Communist Party, especially ii there
is wide acceptance of views favorable to the international enterprisesof Moscow and Peiping.The discussion o direct propaganda, designed to win members or
voters, will therefore be very rief, the more so as its methods are
fairly well known. Of far more importance, and widely misunder-
stood is indirect propaganda, designed to contaminate minds and toatrophy defensive reactions in non-Communist circles, which will be
the principal topic. .
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France and Italy, alone among the NATO members, have man
Communist Parties. Outside N TO, the principal mass CPs are
those of Indonesia, India, and Finland. The CPs have a substantialmembershaa in some 20 other nations, -including Holland, BelgiumSweden, reece, Argentina, U ay, Chile, ritish Guiana, andseveral in the Midd e and Far East. Throughout the rest of the
world, as in England and the United States, t ey are so weak as to
constitute little more than sects. Total C]? membership in the free
world amoimts to___6_ mi1lion,_of wli_ich 3%_mill_ion adhere to the ve
mass parties; 2 million constitute the membership of the 20 "sturdy
little parties," and a half million are scattered in the hundred remain-ing tiny groups. But reggdless of size, no country in the world iswithout an underground mmunist Party, whether or not its overtcounterpart exists. - " ' ' '
Weak or strong overt or covert, ever Communist Party is univer-sally characterized by certain s ecic features: _ "1. They are under disciplined! control of Moscow or PBlpll1§!,sWl10B8orders are followed blindly, regardless of zigs, zags or revere _.2. They are not organized as political parties, hut as totalitarian
external detachments of totalitarian states; They are fanatical,monolithic, and intolerant. The chairman rules and manipulates
the rank and le, who serve only as a striking force. Even the ascist
parties were clubs of amateurs, compared to these autocracies.
3. In pro ortion to its membership, its apparatus is 50 to 100 timeslarger and Iietter equippred with propaganda facilities than is anynormal political party." he Communist Party aver es 1 permanentprofessional activist for each 25 or -50 members, whe ot er parties
ave 1 for each 1,000 to 5,000 members. "Its output of printed ma-
terial; books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, leaets, posters, andbulletins, also averages 100 times greater per capita than any other
party, no matter how affluent. T esameproportion applies to oice
space and equipment, while the ratio is even higher in party schools,
stud groups, political meetings protection services, etc. -' Tlie apparatus charged with the world wide task of "direct pr0sely-
tising commands the services of 150,000 full-time pro essional
activists and disposes of an annual budget of $500 million. '
rum.-'1-um PROFESSIONAL acrrvisre - -
i The strerigth of the Communist Parties is determined by the
system of ull-time professional activists, evolved from Lenins
famous professional revolutionaries, far more than by -the number
of members or voters. For these paid *"'itatcrs.*"e party preferablyselects the obscure and footloose who owe their advancement to
it, and will feel insecure if separated from it. It trains them inten-
sively in special schools, of which it has a wide variety, each adapted
for training in a dierent s here of activity. There are elementaryacademies of Leninism andp advanced institutes of political studies,traininlschools for activists in rural areas, others for urban activists,
and st" others for activists in colonial territories.i-
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In these schools the future activists are rst depersonslized, then
indoctrinated to s severely orthodox mental and behavioral pattern;trained to be zombies, totally controlled by their leaders, thoroughlyqualied in the techniques o or anizstion and agitation. The lpsrtyteaches them to pursue cont:-:5 over men more than know edge;
power more than riches, and covert power in preference to overt
power. Thus the party I8 able to restrict its servants to anonymous
tasks, and to require the performance of any conceivable assignment,
and all for very modest pay. Compared to the prop andists of thefree political parties who as ire to aluence, value afbove all openeminence an indulge in slilstract philosophizing, the advantagesheld by the Soviet trained activists are obvious. i
These meticulously trained and constantly supervised cadres,
as dedicated in their way as professed Jesuits are in theirs, are the
Pa.rtys prime movers. In every country of the world there are a
sucient number, if not for mass action, to at least commandeer thecritical machinerz of ubiic life in a crisis. In this constant abilityto sta a coup es the extreme danger of the Communist Parties,
regardless of size. In Guatemala the Communists, with only somethousand members, power through thoroughly conditioned and
accurately directed intermediaries.
Of all the people deceived and misled b the Communists, themost grossly besuiled and misinformed are their own members, who
are systematic I maneuvered, duped, and intimidated. Onceentangled in the Communist web through demagogy or the various
myths: the revolution, the Soviet paradise, liberation of the workersor the betterment of labor, the member is held by threats of reagainst defectors. These may be moral reprisals, such as alandlar or
ostracism; or material, as physical assault or economic be cott. Thebasic formula is simple: attract by intoxication and hold by fear.
Its principal ingredient: urrender of his free will by the member,which precisely denes the Communist Pars? as the antithesis of atrue po itical party. The function of olitic parties in free societiesis the education of the electorate throu h open discussion. TheCiommunists transform these institutions gem forums to prisons for
1 see.
In summary, because of the totalitarian nature of their internalor%anization, their enormous material resources and their abiect
su mission to the Kremlin,Communist Parties arein no sense politicalparties in the conventional meaning of the term, but rather foreisubsidiaries of the Soviet or Red C 'nese state apparatus. As such],
they forfeit any claim to the ri hts of free and open expression ofopinilon; rights which a civilized society ought to guarantee to its
poop e.
II. Iunmncr Pnoraoasma Anions Noxv-Consumers Tncnmcar.
Mm-sons
Propaganda of this t e is not aimed at recruiting members forthe Communist Party,y-but rather at the dissemination of views
openly or covertly serving Soviet foreign policy, regardless of their
compatability with any social doctrine.
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Bolshevism has always been fond of underground activities. It hasalways attempted to spread its inuence by the use of "transmission
belts : individuals or organizations which would conceal their alle-giance. This henomenon is repugnant to Westerners, who prefer toair political digerences openly, seed on professed ideas and declared
allegiances. But it would be not only foolish, it would be disas-trous if free people choose to ignore secret allegiances because theynd them repellent. The realit which must be aced is a Communist
world as made by Moscow, rat er than as we would prefer it to be.The menagerie of Soviet propsfanda auxiliaries includes an innite
number of species, havin 'a wi e variety of duties and utilizingsmultiplicity of methods. gfhe conventional hired agent stands at the
lower end of the spectrum; at the other extreme ts the prestigious
friend who will act only after tactful entreaty, and then only according
to the dictates of his conscience-a conscience which.has, howeve-been subtly conditioned. Between these two extremes may be foundall gradations of ctbiggato-Communists and fellow travelers, all to some
extent circumscri and bound by innumerable fetters ranging all
the way from cupidity to sentiment, with variations involving ambi-
tion, cowardice, snobbery, loyalt , professional interest, and a host ofother motivations. Some spread hes about the virtues of the Sovietregime; others sugpress the truth about its horrors. Some trumpeta Yee, while ot ers whisper a muted but. ' e .
An excellent illustration of the havoc created b these undercoverrelays is provided by the case of President Edbuard Benes whoallowed them to circumvent him. When he realized how he had been
duped, his country was enslaved, and he died of grief. Subsequentdevelopments have indicated that sagacious crypto-Communist ad-visers were explertly planted in his entourage, w 0 consistentl pre-
sented him wit theses favorable to the Kremlin, and whom he nslly
accepted as arbiters of statecraft and morality. It should be noted
that in free societies, in which reputation is achieved by the display of
opinions, a t e of "fashionable" hrsseology and a. progressive attitude mayydistermine the oliticaf postures of the most responsibleleaders. The same sort of E1-i ht young men, whose task it was tobewilder and mislead the punifits the ostensibly served, were alsoamong the consultants of Presidents Edlouard Herriot and Franklin D.
Roosevelt.
s Obviously, all political parties seek to attract inuential personaities,
but the Communists have enormously expanded this method of ex-
tending their inuence through reections from prcadjusted mirrors,
creating an entirely new phenomenon unique in both size and stealth.
There is no known oliticel party which, to attract prominent sympa-thizers, uses men who deny serving it. The Communist pseudopartyalone works behind such a mask. Disillusioned Communists have
tsstied that on man occasions the party has requested members,dm'in% t!,heir early entliusiasm, to forgo a membership card to betterserve vi_et propaganda efforts by their apparent "independence."_ In considenng t e innite variety of methods and proced_1_i_r_es used
by the counterieit universe of Communist propaganda, it is cunicult to
I Bee statement of Harry Gold to the lntrnal Becurlty Bnbemmmtes, "Scope of Bov Adtdty in the
United States." pt. ti, p. I-B14.
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select a sin le term which will adequately indentify its practitioners.For some, the terms "crypto-Communist or fellow traveler are toostrong; for others too mild. In this exposition the less denitivedesignation "auxiliary" will be used throughout to destihgnate anyperson or group following the Communist line, specifying _at it doesnot a. prim-i involve an connotation of moral obloquy, since someauxiliaries deceive only lzecauae they are themselves decelved.
snrrnons or nncoomzmo soviirr ATJiT.|i.i92iIFJi "
The use by the Communist propaganda apparatus of auxiiiariesnadiverse as they are inconspicuous emphasizes the importance of theabllity to recognize them, despite t eir variety and concealment.Two distinctive traits betray them: First, the auxiliary invariably andnndeviatmgly supports each position on international a airs Bl:il]!O1'lJdby the Sovlets, and faithfully follows Moscow in every revere , twist,
and turn of policy; second, the auxihary will systematically dem-grate evelgoaspect of Western regimes, while attempting to white-wash the mmunists with equal consistenfy. - = . ....1-rn -1 .1 . _._- 1:__ _-_ _1_:r.. _.:n_ 1.-.... ....:-.... 3WIIUO U19 pl!!!» I111! llllty Sllllb Wsuu ua:wuuu:.au.588-Illpllillg of the lanuary 1965, ]5ll.l0ll of sunken -vis inta-nation political aairs would include: " -. .'.'-.:.92:2
Opposition to any strengthening of Europe, especially a European army. *"*'
Denuncintion of the retention of American troops in Europe. .;, -
Disapprobation of NATO and SEATO. _- -Approval of the U,N. veto gwcr for the Soviets.Favorlng abandonment of rlin and disengagement in Germany. " " "B°0pposltion to the Federal German Republic and the revenge manger!" of
I'll].-Advocacy of diplomatic recognition, and admission to the U.N., of the Peiping
government.Agitation for nuelear test bans and disarmament without control agreements.Condemnation of West European missile bases directed at the U.S.S.R., but
not of U.S.S.R. bases directed at. Europe. -
Censure of the "feudal and corrupt dictators" Chiang Kai-ehek, Maine Tshombe,and Antonio Salazar, but praise for the anti-American dictators Fidel Castro.
Ben Bella, and Achmed Sukarno. __
Pressure for the surrender of Quemoy and Matsu to Peiping.Opposition to the Franco-British action at Suez, but approval of the anti-
Franco-British action at Baghdad.Antagonism to Israel, fellowship with Arab "nationalism"; antagonism toFrancs, fellowship with the FLN; antagonism to Britain, fellowship with theMau Man; and in Moslem Kashmir, antagonism to India. n
Promotion of summit conferences on any and all occasions.Endorsement of cultural exchanges," but toleration of 1-.S.S.R. literary cen-
sorship and radio jamrning.Denunciation of Western colonialism in Asia and Africa, but completesilence concerning brutal Soviet colonialism in Eastern Europe. _ _Opposition to mternationsllv controlled free elections on _Gerrnan unicationbut endorsement of "elections" on Vietnamese unication without lH'l%ll1I-ll-ls
control.Ccnsure of "dollar im rialism" anywhere in the world, but loud praise for ruble aid" to underdevelzpcd nations. - _Condemnation of American bases in Europe and Asia, but etndent defense ofCommunist parties, which are effectively Soviet bases, in all countries.
Obviously many independent minds will, whether logically or falla-ciously, arrive at the same position as the Soviets on some individualissues, but it is inconceivable that any but a dominated and disciplinedauxiliary will he in systematic and synchronized agreement with alln s-nnrlnrn_ Kl-92I92'-ll
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the Ki-einlins positions. It is by this consistency that the au.nlia:i-y
There is none so bhnd as he who will not see. _"l_he foregoing criteria
for recognition of auxiliaries will probably be ridiculed by the volun-tary duges, of whom there are far too many. This catalofgue of diag-nostics as been compiled as a litmus for the detection o ambiguous
cases, but the deluded will temporize, even faced with_ the obvious.
The question, for example, as to whether the late Patrice Lumuniba
was "really a Communist" was a matter for extended soul-searchingamong them. Some even seriously gut the question directly to Lu-mumba. The mere act of asking t e question demonstrated totalignorance of the raodus ogiggridi o political warfare, whose rst prin-citple dictates denial of a tion by any Communist. The credulityo the query was proved by the question itself. Lumumba h_adopenly committed an act as blatant as Olglll-ll sin by requesting Sovietintervention in his country's internal a airs. While his Communist
allegiance might have been doubted before this event, continued
ska ticism after it demonstrates only unparalleled gullibility.'lPhe pattern has been rgpeated over and over, ad nauseam, withArbenz Juliao, Castro, an Ho Chi-rninh. _ The great German oetHeinrich Heine, wrote one day: The Devil's best ally is the liberal
intellectual who doesnt believe in the Devil. This could be well
araphrased: The rincipal ally of the Communist conspiracy is theliberal intellectual who doesn't behave in the Communist conspiracy."
It is to ca italize on this skepticism that half the apparatus of Com-munist political warfare has the mission of convincing the free world
that there is no apparatus of Communist political warfare. -
' INFILTEATION , V . -
The generic term "inltration" contemplates a whole system ofsecret c annals making Possible the injection of proéloviet poisoninto all the cells of the ree world. The system is linked with the
Communist espionage network responsible for transmission of in-
formation, which is a separate activity not covered by this study.
This discussion will be concerned onl ' with political inltration cle-signed to spread views favorable to the Soviets.
The mechanics are always the same. One or more auxiliaries
achieve membership, or some existing members are won over, in the
organization to be inltrated. These maintain constant contact with
unailiated auxiliaries, who are in tum supervised by actual Com»
munist agents. '
The various auxiliaries customaril ' maintain their contacts inclubs, salons, cafes, bars, and semipulilic gatherings such as ounpeoples church groups. Communist propaganda is niatchedywitgthe channel through which it is to be disseminated. There are few
social, political, or religious doctrines into which, with an appropriatedialectical twist, some elements favorable to Soviet foreign policy,cannot be insinuated, especialldy since there is no need to maintain
consistency with Communist i_eolorr92', which has not-liinw to do withthe imdertakin . The methods 0fbiJ6l'i0l'Hling this verbal twistinwill be detailed _more fully in the cha ters on psvchological andlogomachic techniques. The following discussion will deal with the
principal targets 0 inltration.i
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tus do not reach. The primary task of the auxiliary in this medium
is_manipu1ation of the editor, or, if this is not feasible, the reporters,without the editor's knowledge. Broad generalizations, such asthis paper is conservative, or that Catholic " are no longer ade-quate to dene its policy vis-a-vis Moscow. The managing editormay actually be unaware that his newspaper has been "permeated."ihe most heavily inltrated do-artmsnts are international newsand commentary, and book and film reviews. Reviewers have an
especially important propaganda role. By their favorable appraisalsmany readers will be inuenced to attend lm showings and read
books favorable to the Soviet line, while ignoring others less biased,
because of unfavorable reviews or the silent treatment." _ _ _
An effective Soviet technique for manipulation of the free worldpress is letter brigades. Auxiliaries representing themselves asdevoted readers" write uantities of outraged letters when a sper hasprinted something anti- lbmmunist, and messages of ap roval when itas favored some concession to Moscow or Peiping. gince the anti-
Comrnunist community is far las eectively orgsnized,'the prepon-derance of correspondence received from the auxiliaries exerts a sif-nicant inuence on the polio of newspapers whose editors hones ybelieve they must be attunedy to their readers." '
Sitbmarinea in the ocean of the preaa.A remarkable disclosure
is found ll1_A1l.l1lf11r_KQ8r$hl_l"S confession, published in his book,
"The God That Failed." He relates how, as a young journalistemployed by a large conservative news aper, he went one day tooer his enthusiastic adherence to the Communist Party. He be-
lievad this membership would entail resignation from his felicitousbut counter-revolutiona1;y" position to serve the publications of theCommunist Party, regarmms of salary. % surprise can he imaginedwhen he was told, by the a aratchik who received him, that thiswas a childish impulse; that he would serve the cause far better by
staying with the conservative newspaper, carefully concealing hisCommunist affiliation while s ying and reporting to the party allthat in the editor's ogce and at the same time, attempting
to subvert the newspapei-s policy to favor Moscow. .
The famous American writer, Whittaker Chambers, who publicly
directed an inuential and openly pro-Communist literary review,was ordered by the CP to abandon this employment to work as a
submarine in the conservative, anti-Communist press. These ex-
amples illustrate the preference of the apparatus for activity in
the shadows.Following the submission of several Eastern European countries to
Communist domination, many observers were amazed to note that
inuential positions in the revolutionary regime were lled by those
who had formerly been prominent in anti-Communist circles. The
aoiution to the mystery was simple. These charneieons were oi-eatnm
who, ion before, had been insinuated by the Communist apparatusinto the lmurgeois press, including even such organs of the extreme
right as the Bulgarian Fascist news aper Stove.In Lithuania, the former chief echtor of the newspaper Lailcaa em-
ployed the underground agent Guzevicius, who came to solicit work
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*1! Tl" 11"" " ' t - " -~-Y9 l -
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hearing the recommendation of e rupee-ted Young Gaze-vicius was timid, modest kind, and a bit eielzly. No one suspectedthat he was an agent, although his writings were curioual slanted inaiichia yvay that thagovieitls never appsired aarity was ascri to t enot unusu sin o yout r i ism.$hen the Soviets occupied Lithuania in June 1940, Guzseviciua ap-peared before the director of his newsp_ig:ir with the Communistdemands: Immediate discharge of all anti nimunist employees andegmplte Flgntftgil of ahl activities by tha Soviets. Thus it was revgledt at t e ea e an conscientious uzevicius secrety occupi soeletvated ahpcsitiion in the hiei-arcl:iy_t;l:=tThehwa-s named Minister of the_n.-erior, i_e pence egencv o- sovieti_-_ _it..1iania-One 0fIl§0l'0h0Xpl08:iV0 revelfafiions 0%lill1Oa ]]0IIl%l:I1l8l: iinclzilrwllg wasprovi yt eteetimon 0 anus ow ews' w oto 0 'entire life as a eonspirator in oland after World Weir I, acting tinder
orders from the Kremlin. Kowalewski disclosed that he was carefullytauglit the art Fl journalistic tdéet-ortion. He l9Bl'l'l:ii hog to el§aEger-atet enewso crisesinca i isticcounti-ies,to urt atw c re-vealed the deciencies of the U.S.S.B., to aafelgi slander _anti-Gilly
munists, to promote the advancement o£_synipat to higher posi-tione, and to recommendor condemn in literary criticism according tothe_sei;lice to, or opposition of the Kremlin exhibited by the work
!Q92.T1l3W__=The use of l!lIld6lE792lDd journalists, in otherwise iiormal"_newi_i-papers is only the t stage of this technique. More audacious _ia
the concept of a newspaper created to be secretly O0I1t!_0llBd in
Shift 51% °i°?1 §§§?i@§iIrYL?1Z? "°"t§§' "°itb llLdbl :?ll!'! 'wi.°. mhbnimlii B B 11laced with fabrications to Whl0§ ;lll!B& lLl8I1li rel%.rencescould be made,adirantageous to Coinmunisttupropagan_da, such as: Even the bour-geois newspaper nanie clele _ ! ,I'600%[llZ6t'.l that there are_no concen-tration canii in Soviet Russia. T us, with funds El'0V1d8d by theapparatus, owalewski was entnistecl with the tas .01 creating a
tierlodical, for which he chose the niconsnicuous title Illiiet-mutedB't1I't0'!t1?l]{1ill:fd»g|?Zli1t¢. Kpwalewski testied tliat, from the begiriniiig,someuoi 3 e artic es pglblmhd were comlpletely written by the _Ag1t-prop apartment o the Comiiiunist_ arty, but signed bédobligingwgiéagm, Ifilqligpwllillg was Brenkowski, now Minister of ucation
o mmunis o an .
go;l]3l, _ de:l:laced_ Kowgilewski, *3 have agstaineg Bléh 8i1C0é1:l.1lI1- ins me tuiteniani at ' te vitaégparatus that I can Slg in 10 spoge inllllll liliesfndiile hpegic odor ofeammunist fabrication in a H011-C,Ol'Ill'I1l1DIlSt newspaper. For ex-
ample, when I read the following sentence: ' "
It would k better to write nothing against the per-aeciitiorii oi the ahumh in
Poland, because that would harm the church "' " " ,
I know, without the slightest doubt, that this sauce was cooked in the
Communist casserole."
_Passing_to China, employees of the Koumiiitan news aper TaKtng Pao included under und ents such as Mrs.%en Tau Kan87° _ 58' _ _ 8 8,who concealed her Communist affiliation for 20 years. Another
1 Cornmunilt Plmnflllll and Exploitation U ill III HQ, l, UIIIIO III?-Illll Bflll Btlbllhmime. nu. rs-er.
I Agitation me propanda. See: C-uistuticli, cross, puiiiiniss i mu; Wake, l'l92I.I1, um.
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Kournintang newspa , in N anking, was directed bya I prettyand extremely intelliight young woman, Kata; Peng whgrywon theheart of the editor. ung/lPeng is today h of the l!epartment ofInformation of Peiping's_ inistry of Forecg Aairs. s _ ' j o "-
Such is the situation; m many periodi , of many tendencies,-atmanylevels. -¢-- -- .-
The confession cl Aleksandr Kaznacheyev penetrates still Earths!into the dark abyss of Erase inltration. Kaznacltreyev was e youngattaché of_the Soviet mbassy in Rangoon, capi of Burma, whochose liberty in 1959. As a tgpical professional product of Communistconspiratonal training, he ad attended the specialized schools of
Moscow for 10 years. There the students performed practical work
in falsication of documents and distortion of facts; learned howtoimplant and maneuver clandestine factions in the organizations ofthe flies world, anl liar t? corrupt men. highere hey studilied psychol-o , anguages, t e 0 p0l80llOl18 sop ms, oto , rmting,bglge, sports, the use of a silenced pistol, andpguerril!lapw{rfEre. As
a good student, Kaznacheysv received on graduation r. diplomaticpost in the city of a thousand pagodas. - __ - . .-His work consisted of processing articles received on microlm from
Moscow, drafted in their entirety by Russian propaganda agencies.Picking them usin the Embassy cellar he translated them intoBurmese or Eng ' h, embellished with local color, and placed them in
the large Rangoon newspapers, Newspaper of the People, New Lightand the English-language Mandalay Lwfu, over the signatures olunderground Burmese on the newspaper stas, thanks to the appa-ratus. Once published, Kaznacheyev forwarded clip ings to asshlews _Agency, which made a great deal of noise about tglem, stressingthe point that they were genuine products of Burmese "l.itical opinion.In addition to staging these illusory theatrics, gduznacheyev wasalso responsible for numbers of folagenes, among which was a letterattributed to Admiral Frost, U.S. avg, promising American supportto an anti-Communist leader of the umatran insurrection against
President Sukarno; a falsication calculated to identify Indonesiananti-Communists as creatures of Washington. The aeu- had seriousrepercussions, and the Admii-als deni did little to dissipate theresulting suspicions. Forglery was suspected only by a few plzipagands.specialists at the time. hree years later it was conrm by the
testimony of its author, Kaznacheyev. ;- -
! News agencies ""
News agencies receive very special attention in efforts at inltration.Foreign correspondents are especially susceptible to this techm uesince, being iso at-ed from their national environment theéonatuiilyseek association with diplomats, of whom a third are from mmunist
countries and another third from the neutralists," where fallaciousSoviet propaganda has wrought havoc. Also signicant is an ex-posure to temptation that offers to provide compensation for the vag-
abond existence which is the lot oi many correspondents.The better to Poison the agencies, Moscow has infested the cafes andoars lrequsnteu by their corrapondents. The _fe.mo-is GermanWilly Munzenberg, one of the geniuses of politicalCornrnumst
1 Bee"Sovie:1n92el1lIsnee mam: Oondltiunslntheoviet Un.92on,"teetlmm!belIeth92 enmnmmu
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warfare, sufgested to the Communist Party the maintenance of a
battalion 0 ents in the cafes of Alexanderplatz, journalistic centerof Berlin. assignment was to insinuate biased news into the
ears of the join-nalists, to propose articles written in advance to the
l , tri s to the restless, and women to the carnal. ft be observed that nothing is left to chance in the universe of
conspiracy called communism. ,
! Schools and universities ' .
L I-Eere also the p:'O¬>O!£ii0I! ofnMoscow's 8l.lXll.l:Jl$ islconsidegably in nee l- nn I nl !92 n Jules-A l92v1nvv92IIn;nln =n f an I92l92I92Il nl-inn l92 antguigen OO1.l.ntlg. Due to its crucial importance inwlahe molding clminds, this eld is worked by all the instruments of Soviet propa-
ganda, from openly Communist to underground cells, through all thegradations of_embellishers, recruiters, slanderers, sophists, and satel-
'te organizations. In France, 20,000 schoolteachers hold Commu-
nist Part cards. More than 25 percent follow Comimmist directivesin their clhssroom teaching, which theireceive through many channels:
professional magazines, such as LEco at la _Na11_-on, bulletins, circulars,
atria :m"2*° s"s~ The P'"P;"'"" rt ":,.;::='i ac aveoeunes nesoai-as sec signa opupils on crjpto-Communist dhlhunents, such as the Stockholmit/Fpeal." Wlien the French Government recalled teachers from
orocco following an incident, the French Communist Part orderedgiosia un_dei' it; control to reliinain at tgléeir posts, and placedy teachersa toitint evacanciest uscrea .yin India, teachers propagandizing for Moscow use textbooksspecially by the Indian Communist Party. In England, asin most uropean countries, the univ_ersiti_es are the prmcipal refuge
of fellow travelers." Euro ean universities are so contaminatedthat the a il1d Alfricaiti! ;'!IIlID921I1iSela and ttpara;Communist move-ments can e sai to ave een nurtur in em.
The 7 Chinese secondary schools in Sin spore have ices than 40card-carrying Communists each, but solimy organized in political
cells these pohticay dominate thousandsnof students. They drawthe students into GOIIIIHIMBGS of solidarity, to which each is required
to pay a subscnption. The money serves to produce far more pI'O]!_8-
ganda than solidarity. Students are led to participate actively ingig eleccfgoii-al campaigns of the Party of Popular Action, a Oommimist
uen organization.
In certain of the larger schools, the Communist cells organize
"corrective sessions where the students receive versions, revised in
accordance with _the party line, of the courses pre_s_ented_by_ professors
who have been denounced as "reactionaries." The cells also assures
rougali hancllling cg B- lV3l'S81,1l'lBS.a1Il'l briiif, they orgaililie tool assume amoi" , inte ectu , an p sic 'urie iction in eac oc it .The professors, molders if student minds, receive their allotment
of poison. _Man_v teachers in the free world nd in their mailboxeseveay morning a few drops from the great river of Communist propa-
gan a; a newspaper to read, a circular to ponder, a tract to distribute,
an appeal to sign, a symbol to exalt.The very powerful Communist-oriented teachers unions distributemillions o pedagogic reviews in which instructions are given for
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14 "ms TECHNIQUES or sovisr PROPAGANDA
slanting courses to expound the spirit of historic progress," which
is to say-Communist propaganda. For example, teachers are en-
couraged to modify classic arithmetic problems to deal with the speed
of Siberian trains, the number of orbits of Soviet sputniks, tons of
steel produced in Chinese blast furnaces, etc. " -Karl Marx, although himself an intellectual, assiined to the urbanEoletariat the principal role in the overthrow of t e existing order.nin, although he paid lip service to this theory, rejected it in practice.He wrote that the proletariat, if it should follow its natural inc ination,
would decline rapidly into vul ar reformism, and that it could notbecome the ieaven of the revolution unless ided by intellectuals.The Bolsheviks have consequently never _slacl¬elned in their eorts towin lhtils decisive stratum, with inltration employed as the essential
met o . -
d! O'h/arches
Strange asit mav seem, churches are also hi hly inltrated. Nearly50 percent of the French Catholic press, including Temoignage Cllrefien
Christian Witness!, the weekllv with the widest circulation, have be-
come outlets for pro-Soviet views. These publications oppose theMRP, the political party with Catholic leanings; in particular, its
policy favoring a European union. s
In the United States, one of the strongest recommendations faiforingrecoinition of the Communist Psipin%government and its admissionto t e United Nations was issued y the 1958 Cleveland StudyConference, esiponsored by the National Council of Churches of Christ
in the Unit States NCCC! an organization which has the support
of thousands of ministers, and claims to speak for 40 million Protes-
tants. The NCCC shelters numerous auxiliaries, and has organizedma.n{ ii tiiirp to Moscow and Peiping for its dignitaries.Al ert assert, s former member of the French Communist Part ,revealed in 1955 that Moscow has issued a 1936 order that carefulry
selected, reliable members of the Communist Youth enter seminaries
and after training, receive ordination as priests. Others inltrated
the religious orders, particularly the Dominicans.
In the Buriat-Mon olian Republic the Soviets have established aseminary to train Buddhist lamas who then spread throughout Asia.Many are sent to Tibet where, racially identied with the nativepopu ation, they are more welcome than lamas trained in Peiping.
n Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Burma, many Communists
don the ellow robe in order to indoctrinate the thousands of younpeople who frequent the monasteries and pa odas. Inltration of achurches is one of the important tasks of the Soviet propaganda
apparatus.
e! Other organsThere is much inltration in publishing houses, especially amoggmanuscript readers;° in radio and television, a forum often decri
as sub'ect to government censorship, but which is frequently far morepervaded by crypto-Coniniunist ropaganda; the stage and screen,' 'bute extensively to t e shaping of sensibilities, and are which contri
' See testimony of Angus Cameron an d Albert E. Kahii hetero the Senate Il1l8lllllsQClllg Subcommitteepts. 6. 8. and 12, "Strategy and Tactics of World Commuiilsin," and pi. 2, Communist ctiviiy iii Man
Communications," also published by the Internal Scciirlly Subcommittee.
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subject to exceptional Soviet inltration activities; nally and
-obviously, ministries, especially foreign ministenes, whereinternal mernorandums and re -rte, ins"ired by pmtc-e%'-net ett:hsve done great harm to the lids wox-id.Inltration in the publishing world is rst aimed at the manuecri treaders, the nerve centers where decisions are made on ideas to he
printed, and those to be rejected. It is then directed at the bool:
reviewers who advise in the press, and on radio and television, which
books to read, and which to leave on the shelves. If an anti-Com-munist work escapes the sly suppression of the faceless arbitere in
publishing rms, it is then necessary to destroy its public image or
organize a conspiracy of silence surrounding it.A cotwageous French television director who scheduled time for an
anti-Communist presentation received letters the next day in wmchhe was told: We'll destroy you " '" These letters were written
by a special brigade of correspondents maintained by the Communist
Party to bombard with protests and insults those newspapers, radios,and television stations carrying material too critical toward Moscow.
These maneuvers should not be considered inconsequntiel. lhqifconsepluences on human destiny can be dramatic. Thus, after WorldWar , 30 works on China circulated in the United States.- The 25which propounded the famous fabrication that Mao Tee-tung wasan ino ensive agrarian reformer received a_warm welcome in im-portant segments of the press, while the 5 Wl1lC-11 told the truth about
nis cruel Stslinisrn encountered e well of silence. The bucolic vision
of Chinese communism which was thereby imposed on American
Opinion was the principal cause of the abandonment of China to the
Communists; a desertion which has todav consigned 700 million
Chinese to a living hell, and the entire world to dread.
_ Inltration has also invaded the fountains ol_ literature, the libraries;including some where this inuence would be least suspected. While
on a lecture tour in a great Western countrv, I found displayed on a
table in the library of one of its smartest colleges, where only million-
aires daughters browse, several pro,<rreseive magazines without the
balance of a single anti-Communist publication. Conspicuouslydisplayed wee the Soviet propaganda magazine New Times, edited in
English by Moscow.
ff! Labor umlom and parties
Many labor organizations are inltrated to the extent of total
colonization, effectively duplicating Communist Parties. As such,they are more properly classied as parallel organizations, which will be
discussed in a subsequent section. Here the discussion concerns only
free associations, in which Moscow lants numerous secret auxiliaries.These undercover pro agandists have two tasks: to assure union orparty policy slanted in giver of Moscow, and creation of internal op-
position aimed at taking over leadership or disrupting it. Manyof these auxiliaries came into the open when their countries fell
into the Soviet orbit; sad] symbolic of this phenomenon are thenames of Fierlinger, Cyranhiewicz, and Marosan in Czechoslovakia,
Poland, and Hungary. It is unfortunately beyond doubt that a
number of Fierlingers continue to work side by side with honest ac-
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THE TECHNIQUES OI SOVIET PROPAGANDA
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tivists in our most democratic parties and unions long-standing ta-getsF" 1
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of inltration by Bolshevism, concerning which Lenin wrote:
It is u925uar " ¥ Q s to ages to any aad see.-3; es..."-illce, end even--E Q :.l-I iibe~to resort to 51 sorts of strstegeme, maneuvers, and illegal methocb, townie:and subterfuge: in order to penetrate the trade unions to remsln in them, ind tocurry on Communist work in them at all eoets " " "i 1' -4 . .-
These words can stand as an epigraph to all Soviet inltration, Gd --if not heeded by the free world, as an Epitaph on its tomb. --L--2 _"." 'i_'£__Foundctwn-s --These are the power! mstitutionswhich distributemoney to mtellectuals so the may travel invest ate, and write.
port man fellow travelers like Fernando Benitez -who, althoughdirector o the notoriously p_ro-$oviet_ magazine Oultura in Menu,received a tidy sum to "study" Maos Uhina. studying' it, isconcluded that it was admirable, as appropriately explained in s. book
China a la Vista From the offices of numerous institutes in Asaand Latin America, subsidized by the res ectable Ford Foundation,certain distingmshed sociologists persistent y abuse the United Stormand praise the U.S.S.R. This foundation nanced a very bourgeois style visit to the United States for the editor of the Hindi newspaperB its one of the most viciously pro-Soviet organs, and an Italiannovelist who writes for pro-Communist magazines, who lost no time inpublishing violent diatribes against the United States. -- .=-: -orAmo the poc-1;fwts.At least 203% orgsniaetmns thrcugheet 9%free wdd are agitating public opinion with pacist slogans. In theUnited Kingdom, the venerable Congress of Trade Unions could beintoxicated by this dome. ogic campaign to such an extent that itclamored for the unilatergl disarmament of its country. Dozens oforganizations and hundreds of smaller local committees are workingintensively against armaments in the United States. The prolifera-tion of peace groups is still greater in Asia, especially in Japan which ispeculiarly~and quite un erstandablysensitive to the horrors -of
nuclear bombardment.The movement enpeers to hove no nancial problems. It seems ableto insert massive advertising at will in the most expensive newspapersof the free world, to organize luxurious international copigresses andenormous rallies, to hire vociferous ickets surrounding .S. Embas-sies, and to disseminate spoken and written words through oods ofradio and television proérams; torrents of books, pamphlets, leaets,notices, and posters. t gathers overnight dozens of prestigioussignatures to burning manifestos. It Egrsuadm chubby babies toenthusiastically offer their rst teeth to analysed for strontium 40which might have been accumulated from milk produced by cows who
had eaten grass poisoned by radioactive fallout. Of course the Sovietcows, being Communist, produce no containing strontium 40,despite the numerous nuclear tests including the leaky underground e osions. Mexican grants by the extremely bourgeois liaireldli"oundstion my ii;
4: n ' ' _
Ellie peace movement also charters special planes to y hundreds ofwomen from Los Angeles or Caracas to Geneva, to buttonhole Dis-
armament Conference delegates. It induces {rogmen to plant peace
banners on anchored Polaris submarines. It persuades histronic
stars, enlists generals, insmes Nobel Prize winners, penetrates
churches, intoxicates logicians, and intimidstes Presidents.
_ _= Lepgn, "I_¢§l1_-_Wln§ Qmmqmm. in lnhntlle Disorder" mm Selected worn llnurssuensl Puhdici,
New rers. mm. vol. n pp. so-i.
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The movement undoubtedly mobilizes many honest lovers of peace,
genuinely cbs........,.~=-4 with the horrors of modern war. Hcwerm, th%noble motives too often serve the worst ends. These wondrous spring!
of love and life are too often watering the slopes of tyranny and ea .
All is not humanism and altruism in the pacist movements. Manyare directly or indirectly manipulated by the Communist apparatus,which has an especially easy task with t e decent, but inexperienced,
emotional and naive trumpeter! of Jericho.
In the United States, the powerful American Friends Service Com-
mittee AFSC! shelters hall of the pacist ou s. Miss MarionMiller, a former FBI underground agent in $1» gommunist Party,
testied that much of the propaganda literature of the Peace Com-
irittes was written witm, and distributed by this AFSC, well known
as a transmission belt for the Communist apparatus. -Even thewell-known and repeitedly honest National Committee for a Sane
Nuclear Policy SA E! had to urge itself of numbers of inltratedCommunists, under pressure oi, a Senate investigation. Notwith-gtjgcléng this action, AFSC personnel are still working actively in
-Dr. Gene Weltsh, leader of the Committee for the Protection of
Children from Nuclear Fallout, has been identied as the woman who,during the Korean conict, produced false accusations supportinrg the
slanderous Communist charges of American bacteriological we are
In the global theater, it is widely known that the tremendous inter-national network of the Fighters for Peace, born in 1947 from the
notorious Stockholm a pea , is so closely controlled that its leadersare moved like pawns by the chess players of the Kremlin.
There is considerable evidence of close ties between many of the
pacist movements and the Soviet objectives:
First. Many of those who manipulate the peace movements are also
inuential in other crypto-Communist, and even overtly Communistorganizations. Demonstrators for peace use the slogans: Fair-&layfor Cuba, Face the reality of mainland China," " ont trust est
Germany, etc.; obviously slogans by which the Soviets prot, but
not peace.Second. The temfpo of peace agitations coincides remarkably with
the winds blowing rom Moscow, as witness the tremendous intensi-cation immediately following Kh.ruschev's January 1961, spleech inwhich he lauded the international movement for peace as t e mostimportant force acting in "the right sense."hird. Many of the pacist campaigns are vociferously acclaimed
by the Communist press. The British Communist Daily Worker
lauded the action taken a ainst the Polaris submarines, and the Com-munist review World -£78 applauded the Geneva demonstration
of __Woinen Strike _for_ es-ce." _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _i Fourth. When the Soviets einically violated their agreements by
resumption of nuclear testing, e pacist groups sent a ew telegrams
which indiscriminately denounced the bomb and the tests; but whenas an unavoidable consequence of the Soviet violation the UnitedStates also resumed its tests, there were marches culminating: inpicketing and claniorous demonstrations before the American in-assies. Do the pacists not know the locations oi Soviet embassies?
See Weltnah testimony belcre U.8. Same Internal Security Subcommittee Sept. 25, 1952, "Baby:-liveInuence In the Educational Pi-cease," p. 282.
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Fifth. Political nonsense can only be attributed to naivute if it is
scattered at random among various tendencies, but when it is observed
to be highly directional, always favoring the _East, it is diicult toavoid an imputation of complicity. It is certainly more charitable to
ascribe to bias rather than stupidity, the following extracts from the-open letter addressed to Our Sisters, the Russian .Mothers" by
Da ar Wilson, president of Women Strike for Peace: . .-41» .giliie Russians " wrote Mrs. Wilson, do not want us tofnepeettheir armaments because they are ashamed to reveal that &ey~l.r0.so
weak. Therefore, it is unfair for us to insist that we have to look at
them. How moving is such delicate difdence on Mr. K111-ushcheve
part! And this observation: How could the Russian -women lettheir Government indulge in war; don't they have children as we
have?" Which implicity conveys the monumental hoax that the
Russian Government listens to its people, as does ours. And: "TheRussians are rid, not because they have aggressive intentions, butbecause they s have a craving for recognition. It is now possible
to understand the massacre of the Hungarians by Khrushchev"s tanks.
The unfortunate man had developed a com lex of rigidity because offrustration, brought on by those incorrigible children of Budapestwho failed to recognize his respectability. ---.'-~.- e:~:~~ ~
PARALLEL ORGANIZATIONS ' .1
..-. '.Inltration involves auxiliaries functioning within avgroup whichas a rule is not openly under Communist control. ith parallel
organizations, on the other hand, the entire group is put, clandestinely,
into the Communist wake. This phenomenon is exclusive to Com-
munist propaganda tactics.
_ Organizations are instituted or colonized in all spheres_of nationall1l6Ia]5lli¢lCB-l, cultural, technical, sports, etc., resulting in work onbeh of the Communist Party by eople who would never_have beenits adherents if openly solicited. gigantic counterfeit contains
everything, from mass organizations whose Communist Partydomination is hardly concealed, such as the CGT, F' hters for Peace,People's Assistance Union of Frenchwomen, and lrance-U.S.S.R.to small groups like the Unitarian Socialist Party and the
Union for the Oder-Neisse Border. It includes longastahlished
organizations, which few sus ect of being Communist dominated:International Association of lgemocratic Lawyers, Center of French
Thought, French University Union, Association for Municipal
Studies and Information Sport and Gymnastic Federation of Inbor,Committee for the Development oi International Trade, Association
of Scientic Workers, National Union of Intellectuals, French Demo-
cratic Youth Committee, Friends of Nature, National_Union of Old
Workers, Federation of Rentpayers, Peoples Musical Federation, etc.
Some 140 of such crypto-Communist o anizations have beenidentied in France alone, each with its oléices, its stall, and its
publications. Com arable numbers of parallel organizations exist
in all countries, in uding those in which the Communist Parties arelIlSEl.I.lIl' ' cant.e managing bodies of these satellite organizations include roughlyone quarter avowed Communists, one quarter "fellow -travelers,
I Eamplgigglannai; $ Fmnch an-pnludons; Ame:-lean examples In lined In the appendix In thisus-
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whose allegiance is camouaged one quarter recruited from the notedsocial category of political half-virgins," more or less innocent but
naive peop e, whose complaisance is rewarded by platform appearances
and prestige; and the remaining one quarter constitutionally incurable
political virgins, who will never learn from experience. Thanks to
this amalgam, and the outward respectability, members are able tosay: Its an independent organization, although with a few Com-
munists. Why not? Its a free country." Wh' e, behind the facade,
it is under the strict control of Moscow.' 4
" ' TACTIONAL WORK
In these crypto-Communist organizations, propaganda is made
and members, many of whom -do not realize they are serving the
Soviets, are manipulated by means of factional work, a notorious
and formidable technique specially developed by the Soviets.
Certain members, card-carrying Communists and disciplined aux-
iliaries, form factions, or cells, that meet secretly before the eneralassemblies, to each person his role. They decide who will
speak and for how ong, what will be said and what will be left un-
spoken, prepare resolutions to be approved, and decide which will
be i-e'ected, polish their instructions and rehearse advice to be whis-pered] in the Proper ears, work out agreements which will have the
appearance o spontaneity, and invent a few elanders to throw at thesychological moment at someone they fear mlaly prove unmanageable.llf the person suspected of dissent is so big y esteemed that he is
immune to slander, he may be dispatched on an opportune mission
the day of the vote. The uninformed and apathetic, who are easily
inuenced, and those under an obligation to the faction because ofsome favorbgranted or antigilpated, will be urged to attend criticalmeetings. ew members ' be recruited shortliy before a crucial
vote w o, being green, are easily intimidated an have little under-
standing of the issues under consideration.
Thus a small nucleus of determined disciplined, and synchronizedmen, working as a team, motivated by the gratication of manipulatiz
others, exalted by the sense of serving a formidable power, with
scruples abandoned, can succeed in dominating groups of people far
more numerous, but unorganized, ill informed, timid, irresolute, and
inhibited by moral and ideological principles.
The entire edice of Soviet propaganda can be said to be built onthe pattern of a lpyrainid composed of secret factions. The leadersat t e top in eac party can be comprehended as a faction manipu-
lating their own organization, as they maintain their power by placingtheir supporters in positions of resfponsibility within thilparty. Theparty itself constitutes a faction or rnani ulating par el organiza-tions. Parallel organizations are factions gr manipulating the whole
society. Prevailing from top to bottom is the governing principle of
Bolshevism, the governing principle of all conspiratorial forces,
subjection of an incoherent majority to a cohesive minority.
ADVANTAGES DERIVED FRO]! PARALLEL ORGANIZATIONS
Parallel organizations pay substantial dividends to the Soviets.
By spreading in widely diversied circles, through channels adapted to
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20 rm: TECHNIQUES or SOVIET PROPAGANDA
each, those policies which avoid the pjipearance of beingfervile echoes
of the Ki-emnn's dictates, e in-ich wieer ewe te-nee of Moscow's ceni=Elaigns is achieved than fould bathe I:,ase the iomriiunist Parties_ one were supporting t em ope y. ositions ta en y enpposedlindependent groutps are far more im ressige t l:ian the pregetermineutactions of identi ed partisans. Wl:il.l' e t e ommunist arty W0
remain isolated if it appeared underjts true colors, it is able to create
the illusion that proto-Soviet policies are advocated b a vast andg6_Dl1iDBtf;18iO!'!gl .l;lQ:sBII1?iIIli-;s lélzlllllltlll creatizd b§{hhuti:dreds_ ofmirrors a re e i or very pom on e onzon an ahundreds of different angles. A VH3? thorough awareness of realityis necessary to be protected against eception by such a mirage.The tric consists in transpoaing the music of Moscow into the
several registers of trade unionists, philosophers, acists, Christians,sp1¬rtsmen,_ti:tc., vtvhitle foste_ri_nga1the bhefstbhag WES:-dtl-lliy pkg: $1 not a i-ans an on, u an origin wor . e cr ous o isseducedpiio Iagos designs by beingwpersuaded that these designs arehis own--to end by strangling D emona, whom he loves. In thesame way progressives, manipulated by parallel organizations, areled in the end to strangle the reedom they revere. P
. Even tiny crypto-Communist organizations play an important rolein Soviet propaganda. They can apply pressure on legislators byenrolling ying squads of Communists ront organizations under their
banner. In receiving delegations from th_ese'committees,_ legislatorsare otten unaware that they are sent by Uommunist-serving puppet
griaups, and dare not show theianlthg in siime cases, su seilientco onization 0 ups, ori 'n y oun y oy citizens, owethe party to capitalize o_n tile prestige and esteem they have earnedr;.P:. ars;:c:s *r:;**r»*~i.§"rM *=" rs 1"n wi r gue 0 e ig o en.
Parallel organizations are a leading propaganda device used _in
underdeveloped and formerly colonial countries. As pro-Sovietprolpagandai in ill]B?B iireas cogcentrate? on this exploitation of man antico oni ee 'ngs, t e true ace o communism is ost
oonipletelycamouaged, and the task of corrupting minds and estab-
lishing Soviet agents is ':ri:n_a.ril" entrusted to parallel organizations.These are more easily because the Afro-Asian commumty
is less experienced, and the atmosphere more hectic. Because of this00mbina.tfiOn of circlilimiflaéices the parallel organizations achieve thestature o major po 'tic orces.
A few examples, selected at random, are the Association for the
iédvancemei iItT3é! Asign Peoples, thefUl;iion tpf the fP%pulationup§ ameroon t e Association o renc men o unisia eStudy and AOLlODC0l]1[£l].l.iZlLrBB for Peace in Algeria, activated by the00:FBl'8i-1011 of Communists and Chrtstian progressives, and the Gen-
er Union _of Algerian Workers UTA!, whose headquarters were for
some time in Czechoslovakia. .
OCCABIONAL FRONTB AND CAMPAIGNS
in addition to the permanent subsidiaries that the Kremlin creates
or underhandedly co onizes, all sorts of temporary movements are
organized: fronts, eolidarit days, and rallies on topical issues, suchas for freeing the Rosenliergs," "against European Defense Coin-.0
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munity EDC!, for cessation of nuclear testing," and aglainetGerman rearmament," all concealed behind a screen of po tiedneutrality. Among a thousand others, the day of solidarig withthiieop e of Cameroon," organized in 1959 in the Palace of ulture
in oscow, might be mentioned.
In organizing major campaigns the a aratus 'ves its For a"Universal Peoples Congress, a WorldpYouth Iflally," or an Inter-
national Writers Meetm ," it pays travel and hotel expenses fornumerous undits and delgegates, arranges radio and television cover-age, li1l.l'6S ligands and troupes of entertainers, and organizes elaborate
Dirt BB.
A classic and well-remembered example of a big aair" was the
campaign for the Stockholm Appeal, conducted by the para-Com-munist Fighters for Peace Association. By the expenditure oftens of millions of dollars for propaganda, 50 million signatures wereobtained in the free world, many of them affixed in goo faith.
The fronts and committees swell to a veritable nood when a par-ticularly pressing threat appears in Moscow's path. DuringptheFrench parliamentary debates on EDC, and the subsequent aria
agreements between the Western Allies and Germany, the ood be-
came a delu e. C to-Communist committees sprang up in facto-ries, lJOSpitl1FS, and lli§OIB.tOI'1BS under the widest variety of titles, from
the most explicit, as against German rearmament" to the extremely
euphemistic, as for the independence at French culture. Through-
out the debate in Parliament and the Senate, rst on EDC and then
on the Paris agreements, representatives and senators were daily
deluged by hundreds of communications from these committees
containing appeals, wa.rning"s, and even threats of reprisals on the
great day of the revolution. Some warned the peoples representatives
that approval of EDC would result in their ictures being e osed topublic obloquy in every wall in France. Otiiers threatenedxhoycotts
of the re rescntatives rivate businesses.It has Ibsen estimated, that there were over 15 million such letters.
Morning, noon, and ni ht, delegations came knocking on the doors todeliver petitions to Mgembers of Parliament, to indoctrinate and in-
timidate them. Their telephones rang incessantly. This staging
the Illiad of Communist olwarunique in the annals of political con-spiracy and a classic ofpproto-Soviet propaganda, was intended to
crests the impression among Members oi Parliament that the pros"ectof a European Army had generated a profound indignation throughoutevery strata of French society. Actually, an oi theater ruse wasemu ated whereby the very same extras ' reappeared a dozen times
in different costumes to create the impression of a crowd. But the
staging succeeded, Its terrible pressure resulted in more than one
negative vote and EDC was rejecteda turning point in postwar
history, and a major Soviet victory achieved almost entirely by
propaganda.
roronan moms
While technically an occasional front, the popular front warrants a
somewhat more extensive discussion. This has been one of the mosteffective techniques used by the Soviets in expanding their tfpe of
imperialism. Taking advantage of the fact that man imin ormeddemocrats regard the Communist Party as to the lellt, the party
,1"/1
22 ran TECHNIQUES or SOVIET raoraompa
seizes opportunities arising from real or imagined threats to leftist
aspirations, rightwing activities, dangers of economic regression, etc.,tofu-opose a common strug-gie in unison with the parties of the left.f the leftists fall into trap the integrated committees formedare immediately beleaguered by Cominuiiist activists and auxiliaries,whose apparatus, discipline, and amorahty enormously exceed thoseof the non-Communist partners. Allies are then systematically
bullied by demsgogic excesses, blued, by leftist attitudes, deceivedby a thousand intrigues, cheated in a thousand wa , and should threbel, slandered an even physically liquidated. gaming the Span.:h'Civil War there were few days in which the Communists failed to stab
some re ublican associates in the back. Many French resistanceghters loll under the blows of Moscows agents, who used maquisactivity against the Nazis as a front, hehihu which they liquidated
their democratic opponents. _If a popular front is successful in taking over the machinertyl olgovernment the Communists then methodically eliminate eirerstwhile allies with Machiavellian cimning. As the CommunistMatyas Rskosi cynically described the operation, they slice them to
eat hke a salami. Popular fronts have notoriously augmented the strength of theCommunist Party as in the wartime ranch resistance movement,
and after the war in Italy, Ceylon, Indonesia, and Iraq. There aremany instances of their responsibility for bringing the CommunistParty to power, in Foiand, Bulgaria, rtumsnia, iiun-ar", and Czecho-slovakia where the countries were satellitized, and the democrats whocooperated with thiaplopular fronts were then slaugfhtered. A popularfront brought Ho '-minh to power in North ietnarn; those intowhich the uomintang entered in 1924 and 1937 lost mainland China
to Mao Tse-tung; and Guatemala was delivered to Communist hench-
men by the same instrumentality.Socialist Parties have been a particular target for these tactics.
Many of them, including the French organizations, have, therefore,had suicient bitter experiences to build an immunity. Unfortunatelythe popular-front mirage still attracts other circles: radical and Cath-oiic m ittuope, nationaiist in Asia, and anticoiohialist in Airica. De-spite many tragic precedents, the tribe of Bones is not extinct; the
tribe consisting of those democratic leaders who blindly enter intopolitical alliances with Communists which lead to the three now stand-ard stages: ! sulzlying their treacherous ally with a cover, !delivering to them e power, and ! disappearing into the grave.
UTILIZATION OP DIPLOMACY, CULTURE AND ECONOMIC EXCHANGES
Soviet diplomacy is not diplomacy, in the usual sense of the term.It is used by the Soviets as simpgy another, and one of the principal,implements for propaganda. ..very form of exchange be-tweenCommunist countries and the outside world, whether diplomatic,cultural, commercial, technical, or athletic, is conceived and eveloped
over a framework of pro agenda. Not, of course, open ropagandafor communism; but ratlier an indirect, clandestine, and! multiform
advocacy of pro-Soviet attitudes.
All members of Soviet forei ii missions are trained intensively tocharm and tranquilize top potical and nancial personages in the
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countries they are to undermine. The widely expounded idea that
contacts with them may widen their horizons and humanize their
views is absurd. These are not men who can give free rein to theirinclinations, but docile tools of an alp aratu; they are disciplined,regimented, spied upon, and controlle Ey concern for family hostageswhom they have left behind. To the contrary, the Western circ es
to be attacked are vulnerable to their machinations through ignorance,
unpreparedness, courtesy, infatuation for that which comes "from
afar," and aubserviency toward that which comes "from the left."
When the West provides s. man in an exchange situation, it is for thepurpose oi implementing exchanges. When the Soviets do so, it is
or subversion.Two Chinese industrial missions to Jaan held threeconferences
with industrialists, and arranged 15 po 'ticosocial entertainments.
A Vietminh trade mission, which had romised the French Govern-ment to conne its activities to the business communit , notiedevery di lomatic mission in Paris of its arrival, and distributedpolitical liaafiets to Viet students at the Sorbonne.
Soviet personnel in embassies, consulates, exhibitions, tours, eco-
nomic missions, and cultural exchanges surpass equivalent free worldstaffs by. a ratio which on occasions has reached 10 to 1. Soviet
services in Ethiopia, for example, use more personnel than all other
nations combined. Their Mexican establishment has three employees
for every one of the United States, and the proportion is equally
abnormal in Argentina and Indonesia. Also signicant is the relayingand amplication of their propaFanda efforts by the diplomatic,
economic, and cultural agencies o the sateliite countries and Com-
munist China. Finally to be noted is the notorious activity of Soviet
diplomatic representatives in channeling funds to Communist and
crypto-Communist apparati of the countries in which they are
stationed.
ronas roe rnonmnirr PEBSONAGEB
Considerable propaganda advantages derive to the Soviets from
organized visits of prominent eople and delegations invited to thecountries they dominate. Hidden under the cloak of information and
goodwill tours is an enormous machine of deception and hoax, theogeration of which has become a real industry, employing tens oft ousands oi full-time people in the U.S.S.R. and China. isitors to
China are classied in eight categories, with tours and appropriate
receptions organized according to the importance of the visitors.
Below the fourth category, no owers are presented at the airport.
Schools train combination guides and interpreters, most of whom are
attractive youn women employed by the secret police. The achieve-ments displayed, the persona es produced, the answers given, andthe tone of the welcome extended, are all devised and rehearsed with
the greatest care.
Annual expenditures by the Soviet and Chinese Governments in
this eld alone, excludin the time wasted by the workers at theinstitutions visited, exceeds $100 million, but the investment yields
returns a hundredfolcl. Books and articles reporting these visits
abound in the West, heralding what has become standard: a rose-
colored vision of this somber totalitarian world. Accounts published
durmg Sta1ins regime prove the advertising value of such theatrics,
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when the greatest names of the West produced euphoric accounts of
an autocracy which by the very words of Khrushchev is new identied
as one of the most horrible tyrannies of history. Joseph E. Davies,
the American Ambassador to the Soviet Union, defended the Moscoiy
trials and certied to the charge of treason agamst Tukhachevslnwhich Khrushchevs report. to the 20th Party Congress acknowledgedas a gross fabrication. Edonm-d Harriet we s_own a nrosnerouspopulation in Kiev, the very year that famine caused 6 million deaths
in the surrounding Ukraine. Despite these deplorable precedents,
there are always prestigious names willing to take these illusory tours,
which continue to dupe millions of people, to the advantage of Moscow.
DESTRUCTION OI LHTI-COHIUNIBTBI SLANDEB, INTIIIIDATION,
KIPNAPPING, AND MURDER
In addition to the deception of the gullible, an important task of
Soviet propaganda is the reduction to impotence of those who clearlyrecognise, and zealously nroclaim the danger, and against whom arelaunched campaigns unlimited in intensity and ignominy. The
Communists strive to make social outcasts of these Cassandras; to
develop veritable Pavlovian reexes associating an instinctive aura of
hatred with their names. Cotnmunist and crypt-0-Communist
apparati_devote all their ammunition to task, shrinking from
neither slander nor provocation, Iorgery nor blackmail. Here auxii-
iaries take the lead as ecandalmongers. The Soviet apparatus may
denounce an anti-Communist as an underground party member; thepolice may be led to believe he is a terrorist or a loathsome criminal.he anti-Communist writer Victor Serge was so viciously slandered
that even the sympathetic police servicm were confused. an- uncertain.
The Moscow apparatus asserted that Leon Blum was a police
auxiliary and rocuer for convicts; it charged Charles dc Gaulle withhaving worked for German intelliience, that Jacques Soustelle was a
Nazi sp , and Syngman Rhee wit the delivery of Korea to Ja an.These cliarges may be found in the Soviet Encyclopedia, or Signed, by
such leaders as Maurice Thorez. One of its Worst calumnies has been
leveled at Guy Mullet: no less an accusation than that he had de-
nounced fellow internees to the Gestapo. These, and similar attacks
were essentially fabrications from whole cloth; devoid of any founda-
tion and made in the full knowledge that they were unmitigated lies.
In the tolerant atmosphere of the free world, the endless repetition
of these abusive attacks has a devastating effect. Indeed, it is not
too much to say that there are few who, having become the object of
a Communist attack, did not eventual] either lose heart or becomethemselves suspect in the eyes of worl-sf o inion.The campaign aeainst dedicated a.nti- Fommunists proceeds fromsimple premises. its effectiveness results from the nature of its
execution: relentless] and in practically every key. It is distin-guished by the use oiya vocabulary of abuse, including such terms as
radical rightist," Fascist stooge," "negative element," policestool pigeon," and systematic anti-Communist. The last of theseeltgletives is the acme of abuse, yet there are a considerable number of
"11 erals," convinced oi the iniquity of systematic anticommunism,
but who pride themselves on being systematic anti-Fascists. Further-
more, they see nothing incongruous in the Communists being sys-r
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9THE TECHNIQUES OF SOVIET PROPAGANDA 25
tematic antidemocrats. It is difcult to understand how a systematic
evil_c_an be fought, if not by systematic opposition. This simple
truth has not been lost on the Communists. Indeed, the maintenance
of a constant atmosphere of denigration and criticism, directed against
consistent anticonununism, is one of the principal tasks of the Oom-
munist ropaganda a paratus. _ _ _The Eommunists have achieved such success in this particular
area that a truly incredible attitude has been expressed in the Western
World: statements have actually been made that anticommunism
is a more dangerous evil than communism. When one adversary m arelentless and merciless struigle feels that it would be bad manners"
to ght back, it is obvious t at his enem has scored a major victoryover him in the battle of propaganda: intellectual intimidation.
Moreover, such intimidation thrives on its own successes. Insofar
as serious and enlightened circles remain silent, abandoning to the
tactless and tumultous the condemnation of communism, the nationfinticommunism equals extremism" a pears to be O0Ill'II16dT ll1.l"lil1Bl'Inhibiting the serious and enlightened: Senator Joseph McCarthy,
alarmed and amused by his discoveries, was sometimes ess than tact-
ful, and often tumultuous, in his attacks on cryptocommunism. The
success of the Communist propaganda apparatus in creating an image
of the Senator as a "reactionary extremist" and a demagogue has
made it extremely difficult to accuse any individual of cryptocom-
munism without being tanned a witch-himter, yet it is certain thatcr_w_t]ocommunism did not die with Senator McCarthy.en intimidation fails to silence the counter-propaganda of some
particularly effective anti-Communist, the Soviets do not shrink from
violence to eliminate him. They murdered Trotsky, Krivitsky, Nin,
and others; they kidnapped Trushnovitch.
RADIO BROADCABTS '
Little emphasis needs to be given to this well-known proppndachannel; however, it is worth noting that in this eld, in w 'c the
United States has made an exceptional effort, the Soviets still useap-B_roxirnately quadruple the broadcast time. France, on whom a
h dozen Soviet stations lavish idiomatic programs, has few if any
Russian-language broadcasts.
In addition to oodin the airwaves with broadcasts, the Sovietshave seized every availabfe opportunity to establish crypto-Communist
radio stations. East German radio engineers have installed a power»
ful transmitter in Conakry, providing a Soviet propaganda outlet at
the very heart of Africa.
TERRORISM AND GUERIILLA WARFARE
Since the end of World War II, the Communist apparatus has dem-
onstrated scant scruples regarding bloodshed. Murder in the cities
and terrorism in the villages has poured blood on the streets, while
guerrilla warfare has spattered it on the bushes. An incomplete list-ing of the aggressions fomented by Moscow since 1945 indicates the
emphasis placed on this method 0 subversion since that date:
Uprising in Iran, 1945.
Greek ivil war led by Markos, 1945-48.
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Guerrilla o rations in Ma lasia, 1945-54.Huk guerrilla war in the Pliillppines, 1946-50.Guerrilla activita in Burma, 1949.
Bloody riots in _o¢ot1L Colombia, 1951,Sanguine coup 0? Arben: in Guatemala, 1955.Riots in,8aracaa, Venezuela, 1958.
Guerrilla warfare in Laos and Vietnam, beginning 1960.
Terrorism in Angola and Cameroun, beginning in 1960. ' "
Generalized uerrilla warfare in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,and Brazil, begirming in 1960.Murders and ram of white women at Léomldville, the Cc-n"o, l95l.mgfmbings in Zanzibar and violent uprisings in Tanganyika, Ifenya, and Uganda,
These bloody scenes, played by communism on the world stage and
already responsible for thousands of deaths, must be supplemented
by the enterprises which blew up into veritable wars in China, Korea,
and Laos, or which were stied to murderous repressions in Hungary
and Tibet.
Communist terrorism is sometimes characterized by extreme inso-
lence as in Venezuela, where Communist students murdered a teacher
in a classroom; where sunburned employees returning after a 2-month
ahsenoe puhliol" informed their foreman, We went into the mountainswith the guerrillas? and where the president of the Communist Party,
during a parliamentary session, answered the complaint of_ an indus-trialist that his factory had been forced to close after an exglgsion,
putting 500 workers on the street, with: Pm sorry, but the ' toric
process required it."
In Vietnam, Laos, and Angola, Communist uerrillas perpetratedhorrible atrocities; butchered notables, obscenely mutilated women,
buried priests alive, bombed schools, pill ed leper colonies, andburned crops. In St-anleyville terrorism reaied its nadir in outright
cannibalism, as threatened by the Communist leader of the rebels,
Gbenye, in a public speech. Here again the historic process required
it a process which restores prehistoric conditions.
Communist guerrilla activity seeks the shadows, as do all Commu-
nist enterprises. It claims to be nationalist rather than Commu-nist, allowin} the dupes of the free world to pretend that Lumumba,
Castro, Cardenas, Judas, and their like are not Communists. How-
ever, following an airplane accident in Peru, documents were found in
the attaché case of a Cuban di lomat which established the totalorganizational, nancial, and military subservience of Julia-o to the
Havana Communist a paratue. The Vietnamese guerrillas are whollyremote controlled by llloscow, Peiping, and Hanoi. They must cut
throats because communism fails to win hearts. Their goals are to
demoralize the population and intimidate the masses; to discredit
legitimate leaders and undermine their diplomats; to recruit partisans
and multiply desperados. _Thus it is _Plain that recourse to violence is not at all unusual ID
political wanare, altho"-h such methods do not evolve into theconfrontation of classieiillg war. These violent actions are only thefrostin on the cake. The fundamental business of the 0Ill;elipI'lSBis still Elie molding of public opinion and the control of men. Vie once
wields a sword in olitica intrigue but remains subservient toits design, its extent iletermined by political goals, and its utilizationcontemplated in political planning. Violent tactics can only attract
recruits in a climate created by t e political apparatus. Even when
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was -rscismiqons or sovrsr PROPAGANDA - 27
political action culminates in an attempt at seizure of power, the
resulting violence is only the superstructure built_ on the d_eep, under-lying framework of pI::P8-Q8-Illll, 0l}Bl1lZl.l.l0Il and inltration.Violence fullls an ditional an signicant function in the arsenalof propaganda lures because blood, alas, always adds prestige to thecause or which it is shed, and ardor to its partisans. And while
intoxicated students storm police barriers the activists, borne on
the wave of the mob, distribute their leaets and scream their pro-
Soviet slogans. - .Machiavelli formulated it well: In any enterprise at powerthere must be somewhere the sword; but the sword has to e handled
by politics."
An estimated 200,000 professional _guerrillae are supported by_ theCommunist aplpaaratiis on a more or less permanent status, o_f winch80,000 are in tin America, 20,000 in Africa, and 100,000 m Asia.
The maintenance and supply of arms and propaganda received by
these ghters costs about one-fth as much as a conventional foot
soldier, as established by the tacticians of the clandestine anti-Hitler
resistance. Estimating the cost of the conventional soldier at $2,000
per year, the price tag on worldwide Communist guerrilla activities
amounts to $80 million a year.
SPECIAL SCHOOLS
A characteristic cf hclshevlem is the wealth of spw.-....i-l
schools for the training of propagandists. The Communist Party of
every country has many such schools to mold its 'tators. T_here_aresix in France, including the Viroay School and la-llllt University.
The abler students are sent to Moscow or Leningrad to study in insti-
tutes innocuoiisly labeled economic and social, often registering
under an assumed name to hide their real identity. There were
trained the rofessional revolutionaries Mao Tee-timg, Chou En-lei,Ho Chi-nil? , and many others.
A university for Afro-Asiatic students o erates at Tashkent, inSoviet Turkestan, attended by thousands of black and yellow students.
The former are ccy nativm of Ghme, Guinea, Sudan, and Cain-
eroon, to whom recruiters propose a 3-year pro am with terms invarious institutes. The curriculum includes teciques of disguisedprogaganda and a variety of methods for investing a country. The
as kent University has become the alma mater of the K.remlins
auxiliaries in many underdeveloped nations. '
Prague has to some extent supplanted Moscow as its westernsetting and cultural presti e are more a peeling. Iilere two schoolserate especially for "elites" from liirmerly colonial countries.umnae include the present President of Guinea, Sekou Tours thebrother of Kwame N'Krumah of Ghana and the brother of FidelCastro of Cuba. The prlncipsd schools oi espionage are also locatedin Prague. In the Far East, the center of s ecial schools for pim-gandists has moved to Peiping where several! hundred anticolon' tapostles and fellow travelers are tl.l1Il6 l out annually, to be sent to
urma, Thaand, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, and apan. _ Besidesthe special schools, the regular universities in the Communist coun-
ieutelmon o!IeonardPsttn-sunnGmHl.mrIsntGenxalBeaei:i7oftheCommnnJstPosa Feb. 2. ind», and ollose h Zach Kernieder, pt. 2. "Communist Threat to the United sum Thfmup duisbem." both baton the Internal eeutiq Bubmmmitlls.
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tries have departments oi colonial problems, of africology, of vu1iacu-
lar dialects, of primitive economics, etc,, which under an academiccloak are in fact the cradles of auxiliaries. _ *_ V-1*- '-
An aggregate of several thousand indocti-inators a year is estimatedas the production oi these beehives. ==-' '1" '
The special schools are a iormidahle weapon. For the or
indigent men admitted to them, the lon iourney and the discoveryof new countries means promotion and pleasant memories. _ Thestudents make lastingbfriendships, savor the intoxication of inittation
to an inner circle; t ey feel associated with imposing power andentrusted with a solemn mission; and theg learn techniques whichimpress upon them their own distinction an importance. Above all,they believe they have becomerepositories o truth. This is the
mainspring of their missionary fervor, continuall rewound by ire uentcontacts, technical and material assistance. The "truth" they learn
is in fact a fraud, but its rational content matters little. What matters
h rm apprentice-slmip m s particlilu phreeeelogy; in a rhetorical system
that supplies classied answers to every question; in ap oratoricalartist having actually more to do with acrobatics than intelligence,but w 'ch hypnotizea an audience. -
IH. Esriiwran Mscmrvnn or Pnoraeanrns Menu Urnuln
sr Moscow
In those countries having a powerful apparatus for direct Oom-munist proselytism, tlllll apps:-latus of p W; anclla 0l';Pt0-C0lI1IIlI.l¬1l|organizations is roug equ in size. ere t e arty is wea ornonexistent the parallel apparatus reigains very large. Consiieringthe fact that undercover corruption is t e most expensive it can con-cludiad that the worldwide i:rypt <i>-Communislt!;plropage.iida apparatusem 0 s some 300 000 op e an costs $1.5 'on a year.Kddiug the cost, of direect Communist propaganda abroad, and the
propaganda eiiort diiiected at l0I'6lgl1BfI'8-*'-I:1B51dBI1'l»S n igll8lit;0l:EWltl1-int eOoinmunistboc consistingo gui e toin-s,r 'o ro castsand special schools, it den be roughly estimated that the total of all
tyjées of propsgandmdworldwide, involves epméa hiagmlion personnelan an annu e n iture o appioxmiate y 2 on. _ 'This lort ihs e?'ded ati! the $111110 Ihlilllln peoplie outside the Com-mlmist _-ec; t._ue it may -e sai_ t_ at _ _oecew, wit_ some participation
Piy Peiping,hspends $_2 adyeai: {pf every free lIiII1_8-1:1 ignds to Bl.1l!];l1gBhB.o grasp t e magnitu e o oscow's po tic w are agains_ us acommittee of the U.S. Senate has _estimat_ed that the 0!Ikl11V&ldl'l.t
amount allotted annually by the United States to_ worldwi e prop-aganda is f1}£t1p]esnts per pyersi. thwitéh the additiptp ofmliudgetaryprovisions or ' purpose y o er res nations, e to amounts
to almost cents. _ _The Soviet propaganda 801't.1S_tlI11.1S roughly 100 times as great as
that of the entire free world; so it is a phenomenon having an entirely
dierent nature. One essential truth about communism must never
be forgotten: the eiae, type, and scope of its open and flirtive prop-
aganda apparatus is unique in human history.
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-ml: IAINSPBINGI or sovilrr rnoraoaiinaMoney ' t
The power to drive this fantastic machine is money, mostly derived
from overexploitation of enslaved masses toiling imder the Communist
yoke, who work to exhaustion for absurdly low wages, enabling their
masters to not onl dominate them the better, but also to more success-fully deceive the gee toilers of the world.
A substantial supplement is poured into the golden stream of rublesby prots from a number of industrial and commercial import»e?Jortcompanies established by auxiliaries in the free world on behalf o the
Iron and Bamboo Curtain countries.
In those countries where the Communist Parties are very strong,
systematic racketeering in captured institutions, such as municipalitiesand labor unions, %l'0V'ld another substantial source of revenue.With regard to t e role of monely, corruption can be the onl rationalexplanation of the sympathy disp ayed by many free men for lloscowh
ruthless tryanny. Yet many pundits of rationalism, who explaineverything capitalistic by greed and prot, refuse to admit this
inescapab e implication and in pretended {aith and innocence insist
that communism works miracles.
It should be emphasized that the success of Communist propaganda
should be attributed primarily to the immense material means devoted
to it. Many hate to ascribe political power to the apparatus available
to it, preferring at all cost to regard it as stemming only from deepsocial currents. Undeniably, social injustice, or aspirations for
national independence, provi e themes for the agitation constitutingthe roots of_ the exuberant vegetation of communism. But the rain
that makes it grow is Soviet money.
The Marxian concept that political inuence always reects under-lying economic conicts was conceived in an era when propagandahad not dyet become an autonomous enterprise. Communism in 1918
was no oubt able to take root in some countries due to a conjunctionof social and economic conditions. But once the original planting
had become established, Moscows inuence was pe etuated thronga process of bureaucratic ossication, identical in I?1B U.S.S.R. and
abroad. Basically, the extraordinary longevity of totalitarian statesis due to the strength of their machinery for the control of people.
'Iodays best minds recognize that this state machinery has mdeed
become a fundamental, distinctive factor of events, as entitled to enter
the tabernacle of historical causes as the sacred relationshi oi pro-ductivity. Communist propaganda is only one wheel in tin!: Soviet
state machinery.
The power of organization
One im ortant characteristic of Soviet propaganda is that it be-comes emliodied in organizations: committees, clubs, associations,societies, unions, parties, and congresses. Bplshevism _hes_made animportant discoveig: the power o or amzation, by which it has re-vealed its thoroug understandin of? the major phenomenon men-tioned earlier-the passing oi motsrn society into an age of politicalsupremacy. Propaganda only sip:-eads the virus; the organizationmaintains the epidemic. In an through the organization adaptsbecome soldiers. Within it, minds are molded, hearts synchronized
and wills subjected. Organization is to propaganda what the factory
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is to science. The Communist is the entire eneur of organization,as the capitalist is the entrepreneur of mluigrcbflhg.
of thefrec worldStrange as it may seem, a f.hi.rdJiropel1ant of Soviet propaganda,and not the least, is the pager an _ g_ratig'tous_ response of the freeworld's press. The actual power of the K.remlins propaganda sub-stantially surpasses the formidable potential thus far evaluated,because it is voluntariltv echoed and orchestrated by the non-Coni-
inunist news media. nuenced by their love of sensation, their
search for spectacular news, and their naivete regarding Sovietchicaneries and lies, they repeat many of these chicane:-ies and liesof their own free will, even without inducement by the auxiliaries
which inltrate them. Thus the Soviets use many mirrors, besides
their own, for catching their larlrs.
IV. Patcnonooicai. Msriions
Having reviewed the technical resources of Soviet propaganda, this
section will deal with the methods used to la on emotions, and the- following section with the fallacies to which it resorts to delude
minds. -
The simplest, and unfortunately the most effective method used
by Soviet pro agenda is t ical vul ar demagogy, but raised to alevel previous? C0l'1SldBI'0 lyPlIl] ibfe. The revocation of simul-
taneous y contr ictor discontents never een oug tpossi e,1 yad 1 had E bl} ll blyet that is what the éremlin accomplishes every day; setting townagainst G =}11ll=lLI?; b6 _l31&l1SB breadhis goo dgeaié, tcountry a_gains_t town be;cause grain is o c esp; nierc an a auis _ ureaucrat m tne name OIefficiency, bureaucrat against mercant in the name of planning;
European against American in_ the name of_ culture, American againstEuropean in the name of eicicnc . It stirs up prejudices diametri-cally opgosed to the internationahst and altruistic doctrines it pro-fesses: c auvinism, when it wishes to arouse Franco-German Blllllll/¥,
tantiseinitism, ii Israel stands the path of Soviet imperialismenrolls the centuries and the dialectic in the service of its impostors,
wrapping them up in the "historical process Communist demais the rst to have dared assume the oih of hilos h nfoiiye _ P P P °P F 5
blazon of history.
FALBEHOOD aim DUPLICITY WITHOUT nmir
Bolshevisnfs descent to absolute falsehood is obvious in its basic
position; it promises total liberation and organizes total enslavetnent.
A very incomplete list of examples is illustrative of methods whose
blatant fraudulence cannot be equaled by any movement in history:
Designation as "armies of liberation troops who impose the cruelcst subjection
on conquered countries.Olfenng its services as a partner to defend freedom" while concocting tyranny.Inciting workers to demand trade union rights and ruthlessly abolishing thosevery riglhts ininiediatsly after winning power. - - - n Labe ng the ealization of income bourgeois in Communist regimes and l
"Communist" in or ' co tri . - gems un eaF orcing innocent people to "confess" their guilt and laud their ezecutionera.Te:-mlng compulsory voting for unopposed candidates an election and sessions
_, of unanimous endorsement debates. '
Condemning West German rearmament after heavily arming East Germany
.5
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ms rscmnouns or sovmr raoraoarma 31
The Wt has devoted too little stugty to this unique historicalphenomenon: for the rst time, a politic system 15 based on a total_'ea he nrsctiwd with mtentation. T..s strength of this useprecedenterf record of not 90, but 100 percent!! lyinlrests on the factthat it saturates and wearies mistrut. Free men, 'ving _in a world
where a modicum of good faith is practiced--if only becausejpoliticalrivalry can unmask too blatant falsehoods--simply cannot beheve that
melzdacity can become total. _ _ p. _
Further, public opinion tends to polarize in favor of OOIIIIIJIIDJSIIIbecause it is alwags discussed in academic terms. The West always
refers to the Sino oviet regimes in terms of communism, as if they
practiced the humanitarian doctrines formulated years ago under that
name, whereas Westerners should have long ago adopted the more
--crate terms of "fascism" or abselutim for these tyranries. .
run rarer cnrnze rarer .
Soviet ro anda uses as a fundamental cholo "cal etratagemthe anciegt £35 familiar ruse of cging this? to citert attention
from its own thievery. It arouses Western workers against exploita-tion while preparin% the most grinding exploitation in histo . Butthe principal target or this stratagem is the people of Asia anlgrica.By urging them to x their gaze, concentrate their clamour, and shaketheir ts -at defunct Western colonialism crypto-Communist propa; !--ands prevents them from %ing, hearing, and "goviet colonialism.
Communism relies on the political inertia through which it continuesto draw dividends on the s ath it won among Western liberals byits early identication withmgbciahst movements and their idealistic
goals. Zlt can be said that eommimism has created its entire careeras an impersonator among adherents of the left, leading them tobelieve it was one of their own by posing as a defender of e worker;
an advocate of progress, economic rationality, social justice, and the
independence of manin short, that communism stands for the sameideals as the left, when in fact it is digging a grave for the left.
While leading advanced thinkers" to behave its economy is un-surpassed in the world, it persuades conservatives to suppose itsdip omacy is conventional. In the rst instance, it plays on the
inertia that perpetuates fallacies; in the second on the apathy thatdiscourages investigation. In both, it lies. The notion that the
U.S.S.R. behaves as do the others" in its international affairs caters
to intellectual laziness because it eliminates the necessity of analyzing
Soviet actions. And this yields the Kremlin a substantial advanta e,for it induces Western leaders to believe that the Soviets regartf a
conference, a treaty, and a minister as a conference, a treaty, and a
minister,-whereas the Kremlin has actually made of them a trap, a
rag and a menial, res ectiveiy.éontributing greed; to the victory of the Soviet world is every
misconception which tends to present the abnormal, counterfeitcharacter of that world as analagous to normal standards of decency.
There follows a few random samples of such misconceptions, which
have been widely accept-ed is the West.
That a Soviet statesman was a comrade in arms; true, but in the
U.S.S.R. he is a puppet controlled by the Politbureau's directives,'u.i5"" Girruu " S163 G:s-_s_=l:*-ne:--.,.¢--iv-.-""1", _-1.-:.=.==_'v; -?:=~"%,,=-s:-= :.;;,=_:::.=. .= *~--*-== . F T _ _' '
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while, in the West, a statesman remains i human heing**-, ' *"
personal inclinations and friendships. " '-' *" . 5*?That Russian people do not want war anymmore than any -- 'penal? true, but the people in the U.S.S.R. ve no voicethe est, the npeople-the votei-s-rule. _ ' .'-"- . eThat a co erence is better than conict; true, for people flan _ Iconfer to explain themselves or reach an agreement but the Soviets,do so only to introduce the progagenda ruses and duplicitiee '!'i.h_____ §which they hope to prevail without striking a blow. 3
That everyone has done some wrong; true, but the wrongs of thi FQ
Soviets are high crimes, not misdemeanors. s =11 I "1"1 ,.~ i-o'er--seer' . CAI-I'1A.IJ.I-ING on mi own rosnroon -
Soviet pigfiagande resorts to this practice oscribed by the 4' ifcode, as w as by the laws of decency, WEE, for example, A iscompelled Western nations to rearm in self d ense, it capitalizes on '_tne remorse which fiiis them at the necessity for rearmameiit. "1'-"'f"~** ".
._...
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swrrmc win: raiiii WORLD os ire own raiizciiums -
The Kremlin, now far more colonialist and im ' ' t than
West, plays on unwarranted extensions of rules 0 virtue which the _
"advanced thinkers" had opposed to old abuses by the free world. --j-, ¢
Moscow plays on the Wests traditional pacism, representing any
rmness as warmongering. ' nIt plaiys on democracys tolerance to indii it to tolerate C1!m- - Mmunist arties, which are the incarnation ofatéiolerance. . .It plays on the 9£'!2%."B for objectivity in libs:-Q circles to inc-its
neutralism on the pretext of balancing America's faults against those _'Y
of the U.S.S.R., when it is impossible to be neutral between the camps
of freedom and slavery. _ -
It plays on the liberals traditional mistrust of their own state to ;
freeze them into antagonism, paralyzing any unison of Western forces
against Soviet totalitarianism.In short, one of the key tactics of Soviet propaganda is the burial of .. .
liberals under the weight of their own princip es. It is high time for -
the West to cast oil the spell and reject the attacks on its purity made
by the impure.-..
1..
rnariive on FEAR
Many Soviet propaganda successes are due to fear, rather than s
conviction. The Kremlin displays every ounce of power it possesses
even exaggerating its strength by hoax. Thus it develops a deleatist
reex among the masses, and induces prominent personages todesert
the cause of freedom, spaulating that a victorious Soviet powerwould be ruthless to its opponents, while the tolerant Western camp
can be betrayed without risk.
rnariizo on RIVALRIEB
Goinmunist propa§anda Bounces on every difference of opinion thatdivides the free wor d, em ittering conicts a_t will. It exaggerateeour national, ideological, and economic rivalries. If the free world '
were not meneoed by Communist totalitarianism it would be good to
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was recmnowes or eovurr PROPAGANDA 33
tolerate these frictions as from them an advanced society can,in normal times, derive lierments of nrogrese. But to indulge in them,at the moment when the combined Western forces are barely nch
to revent the Bear from swallowing them all, reveals our d ence,and recalls the spectacle of Byzantium engrossed in arguments about
the Eucharist on the eve of the penetration of its walls by the Turks.
PLAYING ON IGNOBANCI K -
Under representative govemments the masses, and a signicantportion of the elite are only casually concerned with politics, notaving realized that their own political philosophy, of subordinating
government to the consent of t e governed, places their fate at thedisposal of politics. The Soviets have comprehended this princigle
which is why, while they crush freedom of opmion i.n their own ,
they have thoroughly equipped themselves to circumvent it in the
free world. They practice litics 7 days a week, 52 weeks ii. year,and have accumulated for tgh re alement of the Sunday politiciansof the West, an enormous stockpile of views, cotmterviews, formulasfallacies, attitudes, and dialectical arguments which are hollow andeasily dissected ii examined closely, but which imgress the uninitiated.They thus enjoy the advantage of the hlu t at an unscrupulous
s ecialist can easily impose upon amateurs. Their use of this arsenalcl pedantic systems to impress the good peonle of the West resurrectsMoliei-es doctor, ponticating in Latin to a Bourgeois. This is a gap-
ing hole in the intellectual armor of the free wor d.
Ploy on folly .
Kh.rushchevs visit to the United States, culminating in the hy-gpcrisy of Camp David, will stand as a classic example of the huge'vidends accruin£ to Soviet political warfare from the fololg ofthe West. The viet chief was attered, feasted, and patt on
the back, less than 3 years after Buda est. When a kin is executed,the aristocrats pursue the regicides wig: their vengeance ior a century.
When_a people is_ _massacred, the democrats retain their bitternesstowaro the oemocicies for an entire morning.
Play on forbearance
Democratic peo le are forbearing; patient with their adversaries,and considerate oi! their viewpoints. This amiability is virtuous in
dealing with free men, but when we permit the totalitarians the same
benets we become not just dupes, but accomplices. Conferences
have dragged on for years, in those parts of the world provided withpyalaces, at which the West has discussed disarmament with the.S.S.R. diplomatsmore accurately, with tape recordings roducedat the Kremlin. Recently the Soviet "nyet was repeated, for the
359th tmie, in answer to the crucim question of controi.
The West knows full well the Kremlin will never allow inspectors
free access to all its territories, go wherever they desire, becausein such a case they could not ignordllgie sad reality of the Communist
paradise. This is, therefore, a situation in which the Kremlinprolongs the worlds anxiety simply because it is ashamed of itself.t is a unique opportunity to terminate these vain parleys by castiizall the blame on the Kremlin. Instead, the West drags along wi
the empty convocations, whose only effect is the provision of free
, ._,.H,W.U_ V .
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34 THE TECHNIQUES or SOVIET raoraenms.
pro agenda galleries for the Soviets, who have confused andibxlic opinion so pI0fOl.lnCllE that today many¬e0ple helieve_it isoscow which honestly wis es to disarm, and _ ashingion which!
stubbornly resisting. ~ xi I-1'11"-711! 1;-1:1 or,
>-' '. " '- " ? Pf!!!»V. L-ooouacinc Muss _5__ {rag
The lack el greparedneee cf the people ll. the l'% world, boil ll.factual knowle ge and in the art of discussion enables the Sovietsat ood the West with fallacies painstakingly fabricated tc_ deludeminds; with views apparently plausible but actually playinghands of the Communists. " _ .. '1 '11e. ~- .., -.- __. fr:
CHANGING ream: or nermneuce arm moraine.
To delude judgments, Communist propaganda primarily uses a sub;
tle and effective method, consisting of covertly changing frames ofreference and lighting when passing from the Soviet regime to the
iree world. Sen1_mai'l=ed in the iollow1'1_1g table are the more systematic
modications of criteria and attitudes, surreptitiously implemented
by auxiliaries. - '--~'r.-**--_-
i Ooneunlngtheerteti-calms cenearningwelterniedmi_ _7 ~~ l é **'
nmsonusmmuwmeumieag-loaiaau ..................... .. Ithlu. ' ,- _ .. -i_mnnfh l 92 . - . . . -in
Termlolrefllllnuledlorludgm t_ -rs rm ....... The . ¢m . Tb:bl;?len1prnun______..-..1 1heE:in1|h||dI-hepe1t.-
Ends ............. ..-......_..--. Metlll. ..Elements considered valid lac jud;- Prom1se|_.____........-..__..... Adihvinntn. . , -ment. Doctrines.-_......-..----...---_! abuses. .
Attitude ndopted......--..-______-_.. Deterministic--.-....._....-.-..! Purlst.22$-1*e'!.'ul %¥$..--==--___-..., Dlslectleel 1.1 evade Legion! {lo might! un-tradiateul!.Pohmten to meelsnte ensue!.
Money.Btagnstim. .Etploltntlilt. . -Interests. ' -'
sue. »-contradictions!. 92Bcrupaln In ubitruct amen!--.1Ksywordslnspeeehes ............ ._ Peep .................... ..._..
l w'
i92sgr1:nt1<ma____.......__..-;.-..| Style ofappronl ........ ._.._...-.... VI t..____.._-.....-._____....8 le of crltlclml Btlty ........ ............-...-_........--. Vlbnnt. "
Bteteo1mlndcu.lt.lvated___.--..... 0pen......_......._........-..-_ Closed.
To review the principal organized fallacies" circulated by Oom-
munist propaganda: T
i=.a'i.i.a"c'i' so. 1: we ans racsn wire A com-nice enrwnnn ewe
nnocs, was u.s.s.a. awn '1-as trm-rno STATES or AMERICA _
This propaganda theme is in accord with the old liberal illusion that
international conicts invariably have a sordid economic basis. It
renders the U.S.S.R. several services: _ -Establishing]-diarity of guilt between the U.S.S.R. and the UmtedStates as equ y engage in defendin or extending their interestsconcealing unilateral Soviet aims, and practices o aggression andhegemony by this false symmetry.ince the matter is represented as simply one of rivalry between
interests, uninvolved muntrim are induced to believe they may
remain aloof as neutrals.
Yet the conict is neither national nor economic. It does _n0t
exist between two empires; neither between socialism and capitalism.
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It is clear that the rulers of the Kremlin hate the democratic form of
socialism as much as capitalism. Only in the Communist world is
found the combination of olitical absolutism and economic bureau-cratism which makes possilile the exploitation and oppression ol people
with such unequaled harshness. Communism has a single am ition:to perpetuate its totalitarian state a paratus, and to serve thisam ition only one expedient, extending the domination of that
apparatus to the entire world. For it cannot tolerate on its ank thepresence of a free society whose way of life exposes the Soviet web oi
'es, and fascinates its fettered subjects. It is because the West
perscnies frewcm that the U.S.S.R. must crush it.
The conict is then between freedom and dictatorship; between a
humanistic open society and a despotic closed tribe. This is why
minds are at stake more than territories. This is why it concerns
every man, in every corner of the globe. If the term bloc is to
n1ean_ the territory of threatened nations, it must be broadened to
include the whole free world, and not limited to the United States.
Of this whole, the most erdently coveted today is Europe and Asia,
not America. If the United States is the fortress facin communismtoday, Eurasia is the gay. Washington provides a Bild, but thepuripgary objective of viet aggression is Paris, London, and New
H I
FALLACY N0. 2! THE BOVIETB BRISTLE BECAUSE THEY ABE AFBAID
The idea that the U.S.S.R. is bristling with missiles and surroundedbl buer states because they fear a Western attack is a monumental
ausurdity of pro-Soviet propaganda over which the West often
stumbles. The notion is ap ealin to those who strive for the prestigeof the ivory tower attitud!e, and stems from a lingering resentment
created by the anti-Bolshevil-1 intervention of 1919-20. It is of con-
siderable service to the Soviets by completely inverting the respon-sibilities: the pitiable role of the besieged is assigned to the Soviet
aggressors, while the assaulted West is obliged to prove its innocence.
The notion that the Soviets act aggressively throu h fear will notbear examination. No free world overnment has tine slightest in-tention of assailing the U.S.S.R., and striking proof was furnished bits voluntar{snd continuing disarmament from 1945 to 1951, although
wnfrcnted .4; an ca erermed Russia throughout the entire
Although the Western powers rearmed after the Communist aggres-
sion in Korea, this was urel a defensive measure. They began torearm West Germany 053' when faced with the massive rearmament
of East Germany. _
_ It _is preposterous to imagine that the always w_ell-ir_iformed rulersin Moscow do not recognize so obvious a trutn. they must be
completely aware that no Western power wants to wage war against
them. They pretend the contrary only to substantiate the myth of"capitalist encirclement, a key propaganda issue suplplying a plausi-ple pretext to justify their dictatorship. It is the o d ruse used by
--itl-er, who was a poor lamb worried by the big, bud wolves oi Prague
and Warsaw; the threadbare but apparently still e'ective pretext of
the tyrant who bolts the doors, pretending the Devil is lurkin outside,when he is the only devil and bolts the doors only to better ominate
inside. The dictators of Moscow, having no reason to fear, are not.-4--i
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36 THE TECHNIQUES OF SOVIET PROPAGANDA
fearful. Budapest furnishes ample evidence that the are overarmedbecause militarism is the necessary support and climate of every
dictatorship. Also, they overarm because their intentions are
.it?-3-Y.-i;r_ time _92.-.3.-e who erploit the ptige of the above themelee" attitude to regom the melee where then own fate 13 being
decided, fully as much as that of their committed fellows.Have they already forgotten the wave of annexations, sgrasions,and cou s loosed b communism after World War II in anchuria,Korea, shins, the haltic States, Iran, Czechoslovakia, and Berlin?Can anythir comparable be honestly char ed against the West?The crimes of oscow and the mistakes of Was-liiugton are in no sense
commensurate, any more than the crimes of Hitler were commensurate
with the mistakes of London and Paris, and to assign equal oblo uyto them is neither noble nor courageous because it is untrue. Ttllh
which is really noble and i:¬:'921i"i:. E0'92i§, honoring the philosopher,does not consist in recognizing even when it is of ins own side.It consists in assigning guilt according to truth: to its own side if its
own side is the t y guilty, and to the opposite side if it is culpable.
FALLACY NO. U! THE WEST BITREATS INTO L NEGATIVE AT'I'I'lUDE
This propaganda motive capitalizes on the organic inclination of
free men to criticize their governments. It serves the Soviets by
cultivating a popular inferiority complex toward totalitarians,
whom it portrays as impetuous youths, treated by the old fogies of
the West only by mhu.Yet if the concrete proposals made by each of the two blocs" are
reviewed _for the last decade, it will be found that the constructiveand imaginative rogesals to promote understanding have consistentlyemanated from tihe est, while the Soviets have issued only hollow
and venomous denunciations and a hundred vetos in the United
Nations. The United States has never exercised a single veto in the
United Nations. Who is ne tive?Even after the crime of %udapest, the West was inexhaustibly
patient and tolerant with the SOVIET.» rulers, replying in the negativeonly to the victims, not the murderers. Every day the Soviet press
i replete Witil gross ii.T1l'iéTS Iii the United atntes; every day the
United States answers with Olympian observations, or even with
favors by making their television screens available to their colum-
niators. In the matter of free circulation of publications between
the two blocs, who is negative and who positive; which opens its
newsstands and bookshops to the other, and which closes them?
Who allows unrestricted listening to the radio broadcasts of the other,
and who jams them?In on? one area is the Kremlin positive: aggression. If the mere
fact of estern resistance is negative, a positive attitude must consist
in baring onea throat to the knife.
IALLACY NO. {Z ATOMIC ENERGY IS THE IODERN WORLD'S
HOST SERIOUS PROBLEM
This propaganda device exploits the inherent and ve:|3' respectablelove of peace; also the dramatic character of nuclear evelopments
which has promoted the hasty conclusion that its problems are the
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alpha and omega of our time. It is nothing of the eort. Actually,the overriding problem of the modern world is dictatorship in Moscow.If this did not exist; if the presently Communist world were controlledby representative vgovermnents like those functioning in London,Bonn, Paris, and ashin ton further development of nuclear tech-nology could rogress wig: all desired s eed and scope without theleast concern E anyone in the world. gonversely, if nuclear energyhad not been discovered and the nations were armed only with t eeuperbombs and mases of Hitlers day, the threats of Moscow andPeilping would st be euicient to saturate the world with anxiety.he diversion of concern, away from political awareness of theCommunist dmign for the oppression of mankind, to a philosophicalprotest against the tremendous power which science has brought toman, ls in fact of the greatest service to the Kremlin.Once upon a time a wise philosopher among the animals was calledto resolve mounting tensions between two species. He proceeded tothe designated location and there, indeed, was a collection of jag edrocks, poisonous toadstools, and other horrible weapons aaaernbledg inboth camps. Not wishing to investigate the rights and wrongs ofthe situation he refused to look at the antagonists, and deciding thearmaments were the cause of the trouble, ordered both camps todestroi; them. He was applauded for such lofty impartiality, butwhen e opened his eyes he found sheep on one side and wolves onthe other. Whereupon the wolves immediately proceeded to devourthe sheep~and also the wise philosopher.This little fable well portrays the fate of the free world and itspeace crusaders, should the current pacist movement gain control ofinternational policy. The movement is achieving considerablemomentum--but only in those free nations which are not threateningthe peace. It is nonexistent, as is any other free expression of publicopinion, in those nations which are initiating repeated and continuedaggessions. _ 'bviously, many pacxsts are unaware of the consequences but allof them, even those who carefully disassociate themselves fromcommunism, indulge in a fundamental fallacy which operates onlyin favor of the Soviets. It consists in treating both camdps "sym-metrically," and proclaiming the threat of weapons as an in epen entissue, detached from its genesis.
Wars in the pre-Communist era stemmed from conicts of interestbetween nations whose culpability and degree of civilization were bothrough} e uivalent. The fate of mankind would not have beenseriously threatened, regardless of which antagonists had won WorldWar I. In those times it was, therefore, a badge of civic responsibilityfor a political leader to rise above the melee, and condemn his own
nation equally with its opponents.But this pattern, which sustained classical pacism, is utterly un-realistic in our time. In the conicts with both the Nazis and theCommunists, there is not a rift between interests, but an essentialstruglgle between free civilization and systems of totalitarian power.Tote itarian power alone bears the guilt of aggressive and hegemomsticdesigns and if it wins, mankind wil have entered into a protracted andhorrid night. I t is no longer noble or courageous to assert the ualculpability of both camas, because it is no longer true. To eqtlglizethe responsibilities of ashington and Moscow has today becomeblatant y fraudulent.
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Moscow remained sgcperarmed after World War II--bu_t not Wash-ington. Moscow invad Iran, Greece, and Korea and lorciblyenslaredeight Eastern European countrie.s-but not Wsshingtonhiilloecow
tore to shreds every single one of the treaties it signedbut notWashington. Moscow maintains a colossal world agparatus to under-
mine and subvert all free .nations-but not Was mgton. .Mosoow
de rts, slaughters, and imprisons'but not Washington. _-=_=.-.- :r.7..t.igig, when one antagonist is immensely _more thanother, the assignment of eglpal responsibility to each ts in actualityservice to the aggressor. he disarmament oi two knights avoids
bloodshed; but if policemen and criminals are simultaneously dis-
armed, crime is protected. In the present state of world aairs,-only
the retaliatory strength of the nonaggzressive camp can maintain peace.The statement may be criticized as indecorous, but it must be made
because it is true. _ i _
Even though the Soviets were miraculously to destroy ill illelrarmaments tomorrow it would not save civilization. even assuming
the incredible possibility they would not cheat, because they woul
then attack us with their fantastic apparatus of < litical warfare, -bywhich they can conquer countries from within hr} subversion,voon-spiracy, and propaganda, without ring a shot. he Soviets possessboth a sword an a virus while t-he free world has only I sword. " So
if both discard their swords we would be killed by the Soviet virus.By ignoring the Communist political machinery! the normal pacistcommits yet another aberration, and parades a out draped in Iome
noble but empty slogan, such as, let us exchange ideas, not ICBMs."
As if Communists were inuenced by ideas! .As a matter of fact, it is far from noble to always seek easy applausefor the abstract posture of placing human life above all else whilepermitting others to shoulder the unpopular task of realistically saving
'ves by resisting communism. -
Summarizing, there is truly no problem of nuclear weapons tpday;only a problem of Communist dictatorship in Moscow and Pelpmg.So ong as these totalitarian, Machiavellian, and hegemomstic regimes
are in power, even without nuclear missiles no free man, anywhere on
earth, can look condently to the future. _ . .
IIZALLACY N0. 52 A BILLION COIIHUNIBTS CANNOT BE IGNUH-ED
This type of propaganda titillates realistic tendencies. Itpromotes visions of friendlier relations and exchanges, liable to win
the hearts oi the billion and prove to them that underneath ourvaried exteriors we are all brothers. -
This is one of the trickiest themes because it masks the crucial fact
that friendly relations are rewarding only between people able to
exercise free will, whereas under totalitarianism the people are im-
pounded and muzzled, unhappily incapable of being reached byangldiplomatic or touristic approach. _oreo_ver, this propaganda 1.5 also treacherous because It strengthensthe imphcation t at there are actually a billion Oomtnunists in theworld, endinf substance to the K1-em1ins display oi power, whennothing coul be further from the truth. There are not a billign
Communists, but a billion human beings living under a Communist
dictatorship against their wills. If it were not against their wills, a
dictatomhip would not be necessary.. in'1;ul---t
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THE TECHNIQUES or eovmr PROPAGANDA 39
The fact cannot be ignored that a billion of our O0nbemp_0!tl:l92
siier under communism. They manifested their hatred for it with
their blood at Vorkuta Tiis, East Berlin, Poznan, and Budapest;they manifested it vocally when 90 percent of the _Korean prisoners
of war chose freedom' they manifested it with their feet, eeing _bythe millions through all the crevices of the Iron and Bamboo Gamma
in Brilin, 'I ;'ieete, the B im'§18B;8j§Hgl&,dlhgl&080kHOngt%Ong, atihlef 17thpara e in ietnam an t e t ar in orea; e H1 ' est itwith_ their silence, i!Ol]JLlI1F to their censored press and? their shaniBlgbgfilisri they manifest it i-om all the concentration camps of Siberia
an a.
In fact, the most systematic of those systematic anti~Communists"
whom so many naive Western idealists nd it more expedient to
condemn than the Soviet dictators, are the billion subjects of Com-munist tyranng. It is thanks to their indomitable hatred of dictator-
ship, to the s ent but erce n et the Kremlin rulers have nevergassed tohreag on their mi:lzle<lygps,hth% the apressivenese <31 thees ots as een restrain , an t e est st enjo s re om.Ting billion people should, therefore, be invoked, not lag rationalize
our submission to their masters, but rather as our most valuable alliesin the common deienie aggrigsshese tyraratsa For whiledit is suretynecessary to strengt en to concu e acts an to ma ecounterpropaganda, neither alliaiices nor preaching will assure nal
seciisity so Icing as ltotaliftarians control an ernplire oi af blilllign serfs.ere is on y one 0 e or peace in our time: t e en o t e ictator-ships in Moscow and 1i?eipin_g, and the best possibility of avoiding ll.
catastrophic world_cor_i_ict ls the destruction of these dictatorships
from within by their billion oppressed subiects.
FALLACY NO. 63 COMMUNlShlS SUCCESS ARISE8 OUT OI SOCIAL INJUBTICE
This propaganda cliche utilizes the Marxist propensity to seek the
origin of any olitical disorder in an economic maladjustment; alsothe generous llibera.l" tendency to seek a cure for the causes of an
evil, rather than repress its consequences.
This concept serves communism by leading the democratic govern-
ments to a dangerous forbearance toward the Communist e. paratus,comprehended and embellished as ii reaction to poverty, when it is,
in fact, only an appendage of dictatorship.
The fallacy of this notion is apparent when_commnnisms areas ofstrenth and weakness are scrutinized. Its solidest StI'0Il%;92Ol[lS in thepast ave often been, and are increasin ly toda , the a uent socialstrata: the French labor aristocracy, the german %'eimar Republicans,
Bones Czechoslovakians, the Asian intellectuals, and the Japanese
businessmen. Conversely, it has been strongly opposed by the indi-iergt peoples of Spain, Northern Ireland, Chiang's China, and South
erica.
We are told that the masses of Asia and Africa need freedom lessurgently than bread, with the implication that this explains their
a nity for Moscow. This idea is wrong on two counts: rst, because
political freedom is historically the most eliective route to a higher
standard of living, and second, because an impoverished people's
poorest chance to get bread is acceptance of Communist dictatorshipnotorious for its systematic underconsumption. The real vehicle oi=:i9
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communism in Asia is not the hunger of the people, but the ambition
of the intellectuals. _
To alleviate human misery by raising the standard of living of the
masses ts undoubted} a most sacred duty, but it would be pure illusionto think this is enougli to ward o the peril of Communism. No amount-
of reform can silence Communist demagogy, which knows no limit in
aggrandizement and treachery. It is clearly inconceivable that all
social injustice can be eliminated within this century, regardless of the
eort devoted to the task. Yet the Communist threat is alreadyharassing our ank. The proplosed parry is completely out of phase,in both space and time, with t e thrust.
The struggle against social injustice must certainly be pursued
unfalteringly, but to regard it as the principal weapon against com-
munism; to concentrate on aid to substandard housing while ignoring
the inltration of government, is evasion masked in nobility, and
substantially assists the Communist amault.
IALLACY No. I: no no Unnsnmvznoran conarrmm connwnns ran
SOVIET 'l'H11EA'l
Capitalizing on the resentment accumulated among the under-
developed nations against the West, on whom they so long depended,the Soviet apparatus of intoxication and mass conditioning moves into
these countries with an insolently abundant supply of resources. The
West, overwhelmed b its guilt complex as a former colonialist,feels it necessary to sheet respect for the slogans with which theKreli;ns agents ood the uncommitted nationsthe third
wor .
Communist political warfare has achieved considerable success by
worrying Western consciences with impostures of the following
dimensions:
To pretend that the Communist system rovides bread, although itdoes not grant libert . while the greatest Famine in history stalks inChina and the U.S.g.R. must buy wheat, milk, and meat from thecagitalist world.o credit the myth that communism can ra idly industralizeunderdeveloped countries, when non-Communist liipan, Venezuela,
Brazil, and Senegal achieved industrialization better, faster, and at
less cost in human misery than did Communist China.
To have seriously accepted the claim that communism aids national
emancipation with no one recognizing that aid as the oldest trick, oi
crying "thief" to divert attention from the veritable robber. By
concentrating the attention and anger of the people in the newly
independent countries of the third world against witherin Westerncolonialism, communism prevents them from recognizing and resisting
its own growing colonialism.
To these three principal fabrications, Communist propaganda in the
underdeveloped countries adds a wide variety of opportunistic local
slogans. These internations.lists widen the rifts between nationalist
factions in Sings ore, sharpen language conicts in Ceylon and India,inate tribal rivaliies in the Con 0, exas crate traditional eculiaritiesin Assam, provoke religious conécts in surrna, attack Brahma among
Moslems and Mohammad among Hindus.
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Basically, all this is very similar to Communist tactics in the de-
veloped countries, and can be summed up in a word: demagogy.However, there is a new element in Communist demséogyz its exten-sion beyond all historical boundaries of hoax. It pu s itsell up into
the dimensions of history and enrolls philosophy in its service.
The Western governments, involuntarily imbued with that Marxism
which the Soviets peddle only to foreigners and carefully avoid in their
domestic life, have decreed that the ole means of preventing Com-
munist expansion in the underdeveloped countries is by extension of
economic aid. From the ince tion of their economic aid rogram in1954 until the end of 1962, the Soviet bloc loaned $5 billion to the
third world." The Western owers have extended 75 billion in_ aidsince the end of World War il, 15 times as much as the Soviets.
Logically, Western inuence in these countries should have been 15
times stronger than the K.remlins. Instead, it has been Moscow
which has grown 15 times more inuential.
_ Prior to its recent reverses, the Communist grip on Brazil hadtightened enormousl with no signicant Soviet contribution, butwith hundreds of 'ons of dollars received from Uncle Sam. In-
donesia and Ghana became fellow travelers" while enjoying a regular
ow of dollars, prior to recei t of one ruble. Iraq similarly rejectedits protectors of the Baghdadp Pact before receiving anything from theKremlin, and Cuba's communization was in no way retarded bysu_bsta_ntial American aid received during the rst 2 years of Castro s
r .mggy obgective observer mut conclude, simply on the basis ofavailabie acts and results that as a means of topping Communist
expansion, Western aid such as that extended to the third world"
is a miserable failure.
This is because the main premise of this policy is false. Economic
aid is by itself powerless to counteract the work of the huge apparatus
of political agitation. The West is losing because its economic aid is
solely economic; the Kremlin is winning because its economic aid is
prirnarily political.The peculiarities of Soviet economic aid sharply emphasizes its aimat acquisition of ke positions in the political life of the third world."Thus, the grefeneg elds for Soviet aid are those requirin the maxi-mum num er of technicians, either imported from the Il.S.S.R., or
native personnel sent to Moscow for training and indoctrination.
In either case, these technicians will spend far less time on their
assigned calculations than in spreading the Kremlins slogans.
Jupiter, said the Greeks, makes ambitious those he wishes to destroy.
Those whom the Kremlin wishes to destroy it makes Marxist. This
point must be stressed: The whole Western system of aid to the third
world is based on a pure Marxist ostulate: that beliefs are nevermore than reections of needs, and that in particular Communist
belief is produced only by economic injustice and discontent. From
this it follows that to suppress communism it suicee to suppress
misery.
Elimination of the misery of develo ing people is, of course, neces-sary for reasons of human solidarity. ghese people should legiti.rnatel_ybenet from technological progress, sense its power, ac%uire its spiritand thereby enter the modern world by rejecting t eir _ ancestral
inertia. For the honor and the progress of mankind, it is salutary for
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42 THE TECHNIQUES OF SOVIET PROPAGANDA
the,l;usban,clmen__ol' this progress to sour its seeds in soil until now
untitled. The fallac lies in the belief that this necessary generosityuices to prevent die spread of Communist infestation, especially in S I I I I I I Itil: short p:i ;i;iL,vvithin which this infection threatens to overwhelm
Rememberkthis disease hasialsotattacked 0:}020Ii'.liC%lly developed "---" -- --= M ~--"- -i---- *n u-is tor the reasonK i1§g'r${1Li§e°J§ £${§§ 'lii<i"psss iE,;I;, 'in§r$ thaii on needs. In
the underdeveloped countries, even more than in the West, the
Communist leaders are usually the wealthy intellectuals, while_the
masses are more driven by messianic visions than by materialistic
inuences. The revolts in Hungarv and Tibet damaged the Com-mht position in India considerably more than did 10 years of
erican assistance. =
_h-onically iknierica, which professes humanism and spirituality,
utilizes materialistic methods vvhils the Communist world, professing§l!¬1>gb&l1%¥1Be1¬er%92;lB irX¬1Eilg'iIilg:nb§_;lJ.§m resorts to ideahsm I11 its proselyt;. ' ' " " nere usea not m its usual sense oi"generous impulses," but in its philosophical meaninlf as placing theprincipal emphasis on ideas," as opposed to h osophicai mate-rialism." The United States think they have 015; to build schools,
hospitals, and railways in underdeveloped countries, and hand outSnsni and juice, for the peoples to be eutemetis-my cured oi ligmmunist leanings. Meanwhile the U.S.S.R. works pr1n_ia_rily ons;s,1Pssts.:t°12e:"s:hs*" °1°?"""}*-ii. * 2f, " '"-mg ll, -- ID. epeope s ai in mmumsm an
hatred of the West, prop atin this id_ea by an inexhaustible streamoi books, pamphlets, anilg leadets, written-in every Language andadapted to every level of intelligence.us has been established a i_vision_of labor between the U.S.S.R.
and the Ulfllttfld Statics which Wlll rapglllysbring abouté tl'lBfof;d1'II16Il'1Bestruction 0 t e atter. The Uni tates pi-ovi es ; t e
Soviets propaganda. The United States builds schools to teach the..l-J...-.I...a an -..-..l..._.-l.....J...-...-...1 - U-..-.11.. 41-... YT Q Q D -.-1-.1-Q ..-.01 A-Us-Z,..92nEIPIIGUUU ll! ull921U192l:r92'UlU}JU92l PUUPIQ, UIIU J-LJ-1.7--[Um Plll-IVB ll 92-Ii"£'llllUl ll-1|-I'llnewspapers for these peo le to read with their new skill. The UnitedStates uilds libraries; goviet auxiliaries fill them with Iiemnist
literature. The United States builds hos itals; the Soviets stall themwith Communist nurses to indoctrinate tile patients.
This is not interpreted to mean that economic aid programs should
be discontinued. Aid can have excellent" consequences, but only ifsupplemented by programs of political eclucution._ Dollars withoutin igenous politics specialists, a ert to the Communist peril, invariably
wind up in the pockets of Soviet auxiliaries.
The truth is that in order to resist Soviet propaganda the most
ur ent necessit is aid, not to the undercievelo ed countries of the third world, gut to the underdeveloped minds oi, the West. Such aid
is the purpose of the constructive measures to be subsequently
proposed.
PALLACY NIL 8; Ll! US A8355? THE B'!B»!!E WI!!! T!-IE CQ!.!.l!UN!5'|'
GIANTS BY COEXISTENCE
The recently signed Moscow Treaty, prohibiting nuclear tests,
evoked paeans of joy. Yet 3 years before Moscow hadim phcitly
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ITHE TECHNIQUES OF SOVIET PROPAGANDA
undertaken the same engagement, subsequently violated in _a uni-lateral and megathundenng manner. Thus was the rule again con-
rmed that Moscow tears_to shreds actually 100 percent, not 99
percent, of the agreements it concludes. __Genuine coexistence would merit universal applause, but 1 co-ex_1s_tence which will be demonstrated to be fraudu ent deserves only
criticism and denunciation. _ _To begin with, the belief that the slogan peaceful coexistence" 15 Inovelty in Soviet politics !BQ_LllI6S a really systematic amnesia. Theslogan is one of the most ancient and shopworn 1n_the Communist bagof tricks. It harks back to Lenin, who launched it in the very accou-terments in which we observe it attired today. _S1nce_ then it has
experienced at least seven _maJor revivals, alternating with the same
nufnber of_peri_ods pf tension. For those with short memories, thefollowing sketchy almanac l8 very revealing:
First coexistence: 1920-22. Lenin-Chicherin. Ended with the rst Russo»
German Pact of Rapallo.
First anticocxistence: 1923-25. Chicherin. Beginning of the Iron Curtain.
Bolshe92'isation" of the Communist International.
Second coexistence: i925-27. Stalin-Chicherin-Litvinov. Distinguished in
1925-26 by widespread recognition of the Soviet Government.
Second auticocxistence: 1927-33. Stalin-Litvinov "Third Period." Glass let
against class. Insurrectional strikes and sabotage. Break with England.Ended with Hitlers arrival in power.
Third coexistence: 1934-39. Stalin. Pact with Laval. U.S.S.R. entry into
the League of Nations.
Third enticoexistence: i939:-ll. Stalin. Began with the second Soviet-Ger
man pact, the Stalin-Hitler agreement which triggered World War ll and
nally ended with Hitlcrs attack on Stalin.
Fourth coexistence: 1942-46. Stalin. The war years with Uncle Joe. Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam. '
Fourth anticoexistence: 1947-53. Stalin. Coup of Prague. Berlin blockade.Korean lice acti n. _ . P0 °
Fifth coexistence: 19-53-56. Malul'1k0v-Bulganin-Khruhchev. Cuiminated inthe embraces of Geneva; terminated in the blood of Budapest.Fifth anticocxistence: 1956-57. Khrushchev. Assau ts on Quemoy and
Matsu. Disturbances in the Near East.
Sixth coexistence: 1958. Kl-iruschov. Brief burg:-oning of the h»pil'it of Camp
David," interrupted by Berlin criais in November 1958.Sixth snticocxlstencc: ill-58-60. Khrushchev. Shoo pounding on
Hallowed obscenities in Paris. _
Seventh coexistence: 1960-61. Khrushchev. Implied commitment to halt
nuclear tests. Kennedy-Khrushchev meeting in Vienna.
Seventh anticoexistence: 1961-63. Another Berlin crisis-~Wall of shame.
Nuclear megatons. Cuba.
Eighth coexistence: 1963-65. Khrushchev. Moscow test-ban treaty.
This calendar develops clearly a signicant characteristic of Sovietforeipn policy: its resemblance to a sinusoid curve with alternatingosc ations of tension and relaxation, but with the axis an-owing
always toward world hegemony; a hegemony which communism simply
cannot renounce,
…[truncated]