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Roan ______
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Liaison Supervisor ascertained that
Secretary Herter and Allen Dulles of the Central
Intelligence Agency briefed the following
committees this afternoon, on the situation involvin /
the American flyer who was _downed in Russia
Senate and House Foreign Affairs Committee;
Senate and House Armed Services Committee;
Senate and House Foreign Relations Committee.
In addition t$$th-'ee$'1 333%-@7{ees, the leadershipof both houses was inyitec1_t,q.~5a1;tend.» -,|;g,1 ,3; .. .£v'..,_ .
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UNITED STATES COVER "NT
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TO Mr. DeLoach :"' M . we May 10, 1960 r ______-5"-. ' _ . Trotter ..__..__L ~ ' - _ VLC. Sullivan _- :1 _ ' _ ' Tole. Room ___D. c. Morrelljf/ _
. 1 - 1UB]E1 -COI.'HfiENTSREDIRECTORIN ' A r D _ d
NEW YORK MIRROR" ~ ' a @ M
MAY 10, 1960 M M .' 6 P ,,
At the end of an editorial column in the May 10 issue of the A"New York Mirror" the occasion of the Director's 36th Anniversary as
- A9_, '>~aVii
Bel
FROM I
Head of the FBI is used as a vehicle to make the observation that if the »
FBI instead of CIA had been conducting the operation involving the ight - _over_Russia of our aircraft, no spch error as occurred wou1d92have resu1ted./ ' , ' . ,_ ~ D .h/. I To thank the editor for his kind commentconcerning Mr. Hoover's
36th Anniversary might tend to lend approval to his comparison of the FBI »
with CIA. . . ' P ~ *
RECOE.-Q./ZE192*DATION: , - A ~
' 0.- That in this instance no letter of appreciation beisent. ___, ¢,
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_Oi ;6 Memorandum - UNITED stuns eovsnnusnr
_ 7° I The Director DATE: May 10, 1960
1'30! * J. P.Mohr
. _ _ 8U313?! = The Conqressional Record
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Pages 9077- These pages contain the discussion by various
9081;. Senators on the shooting down of the United States
plane over Russia.
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BIAOO3/239? EDT MAY 8 60 P8055
SA 6 OAAO3 0 RDAOIA PD TDRD I'iANHATTAN BEACH CAL F 8"Mr
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SUPPOSE MR K AND THE PILOT ARE COOPERATING
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»"~° = D. C. Morrell a
92_92
gm a - MANHATTAN amen, CALIFORNIA
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The attached telegram dated 5/8/60 ha en
received bearing the names of Mr. and Mrs. and the L;
senders are, no doubt, captionéE1'1'i1dividuaZl"s' who 1: complimentary
note to the Director on 8/28/56 concerning Mr. Hoover's articles on the
subject of communism. Bulet 9/7/56 was a short note of thanks. No
. other pertinent references located. 94-3-4-396-56! The.message,"Suppose Mr. K and the pilot are cooperating" urguhtedly refers to the
' recent capture of the American flier, Francis G. owers, on his ight
over Russia, and reply does not seem ermg this
conjecture.
RECOMMENDATION: '
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- TO : E. .4. H. nun: May 10, 1960
FROM : M2. G. H. SGAHZRDA
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suajscr: .FRANUIS.G. POHRS
PILOT ADOWIED IN SOVET ZDVIUJV
I Bureau files have been reviewed for anyinformation concerning the captioned individual. Noidentifiable information could be located.
Records of the Identification Division reveala service print on an individual who is believed W
identical with the captioned person. The service print
reveals that Francis_Gary Powers, born on October 1.7,
1929, at Jenkins, Kentucky, enlisted in the Air Force
on October 6, 1950. His service serial number is
indicated on the print to be AF l332l989.
ACTION:
1/0 avg °?
-- Mr. Belmont
1 -_ Mr. Branigan
- Name Check Section -
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TRUE COPY '
_ May 6» 196°
Office of the F. B.I. "
Washington D. C.
Gentlemen: _
Permit me, please, a plain citizen, to express a suspicion
as to the nature of the just recently shotdown oi an American
Plane over Russian territory.
Mr. Krushchev has a masterly way at presenting to the World
shocking surprises at the eve of internationally important
moments.
I am inclined to see a similarity between that new Krushchev
surprise and the shutdown over Cuban territory of two American:
iers. r _ " . y .
Whose is the idea? Mr. Krushchev oi Mr. Castro's? -
Couldn't Mr. Krushchev also find such Americans who for 1
good money or devotion to communism perform such acts
of treason? -
I am an old, retired physican, taking always great interest in -
matters concerning my country. '. ' s
. Respectfully .
I/=/i I- i 15/!& ps s " '5 ' Zlimrop ,_/§§.w 4-RMA T10HEREIN N CONTAIN
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an2' . ' ' '. . I k J hrUNITED STATES GO {NMENT I P°"°"Telaon
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Roun...._----'ro : - IR. '.l'BCY1"lBB_ DATE:,qpiMem0randum<§*~*e*a V./"1M 1
FROM I J. G. Creight35"/ A0 457
suapacr: FRANCIS G. POIERS
AMERICAN Fl.-YER
ARREQPED BY SOVIET AUTHORITIES
FTA/'.£/5 6427 POWFF5
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A Newspaper articles have reported the recent incident
wherein Francis G. Powers, an American aviator, was shot down
while flying over Russian territory
As a matter of interest,. /Q H _
___ ,* sister o
o captioned flyer, is married to William ileman who is a
brother of L Iitchel H eman,Ir. and lrs.fI;:i,illi_a__n E pHil_enan reside in Glassmanor, Iaryland.. ' L V 7 77 V 7 V27 i¬& .-H_' 5
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Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documentts! originating with the following govemment agency ies!
, was/were forwarded to them for direct response to you.
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- cc Mr. Parsons Ir,FRQM 1 A. H. Bel t " , Mr. Belmont , .' * Mr. Branigan
~. - Mr. Turynsuqscn AMERICAN FLYER DOWNED t' ' OVER RUSSIA t
~
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Attention is called to the_statembnts of Khrushchev
yesterday during his press conference, wherein he indicathat he was horrified to learn that President Eisenhower had'n knowledge of the overflights of Russia and raises the
of what type of reception the President will receiveI e to Russia. Khrushchev makes a statement, y
92 "The people of Russia are open-hearted; -Can I urge thp A people to greet him as a dear guest? The Russian people wouldp . say I was mad to welcome a man who sends spy planes over here
like that..;.. Just imagine what would have been the reaction92 if, on the eve of my visit to America, we had sent a plane over 'l the United States. ' "
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Information pertainedronly to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
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SUBJECI": EDWIN wuzrnv JOHN la-2.2-rzwamr '. _ I Also known as Kretzman! U 4. l'1VFORL54TI0lV comczznmnva bq
5
The attached column from the "Washington Post and Times Herald of 5-l6-60 written by Jack Anderson in Drew Pearson'sabsence! states that the individual in the State Department who=_prepared "the phony story" regarding the disappearance ofthe U-2spy plane was __]_epy_t_y__ 44§_s_instan_t___.Sfe_c;r_et_:;r;y .E'dwi_n___M. J. __Kzje_t_ggnn._,'Kret_z_gnn is undoubtedly identical with the captioned individual.
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Memorandum to Mr. Belmont
RE: EDWIN MARTIN JOHN IQETZMANN
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In June, .1959, Inspector W. C. Sullivan attended the
annual National Strategy Seminar and Kretzmann was -one of the
~ speakers. 2-96114-24!
A CTION:
For information. -
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p Just a note to make the point that without Q
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and the press, from their many sources, is that thissituation came about because of the stupidity of CIA
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1!-'0 TIC. INTELLIGENCE ' SIOR - lB'I'- '
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' It is being rumored that there is a _pos_sibility of e ,
act in the U_ 2 yepisode. _- -4 ~=;>'=::-;@;..i~ ' ' 4 » - 0 ' *--11-~=»~4 »,~.- 1, _»_ 1; L;-
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'7 "llnlass the pilot was'forced"'to fly lower I ecause* - " - - 4.-,. av ~.e,-,».-_;.___,..,. -3.. . _ _. , A
-I -. :,.~'3 5: sozne emergency, there can be no excuse for his being detected," '1
~ ? or for being taken alive with important data on his person orH A "left undestroyed on the plane. And why was the risk taken to
, 4, __s_,'e.n,<,1,_a plane over Russia at that most critical time? speak for J
1 who have expressed the above opinon! hope that there will be 4;7 , - _. " ~an investigation, if it has not already been done, into the _Oi . pilot's background: his parents, his political views, his *_______'_;inencial status any extensive deposits recently! and whether' he has been known to have comnzunistic sympathy, if not. actually
a communist. , _- - __.i %""_":f?:_f"_"f7jT'rT if Be assured that we have absolute confidence in the . _. Q _ " * F B I to clear up this matter for the American public, as W611?-i:'.§201- the whole world and will: relieve our President of this:' -'-"iii,-*'gre'at responsibility . A. ._ v_ -Q H 1,4,.1 _-;_. .;___A gr L ~_. I. ___.__, i . H > ., , v ,7 _; _ . _ 3,...; * - ax .: .'.lLLINFORMATIONCQRIAI1?D * ~ -==. - it ,
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'54 Vol. xm, No.1091 May za, mo1,40
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STATES "
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A I 0
UNITED STATES PLANE DOWNED IN SOVIET UNION
Statement by Secretary Herter, May 9 - O
NASA and Department Statements, May 8-7 - .
U 8 Note J May 6 . . . ~
MUTUAL SECURITY, ITS PRINCIPLE AND PRO-
GIIAMS O Add:-eub_yPreudent Eiaenhouacr . .
PRESIDENT URGES CONGRESS TO ACI ON MU
TUAL SECURITY LEGISLATION O Excerpt From
President: Menage of May! . .
NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL HOLDS MINISTERIAL
MEETING AT ISTANBUL . .
DISARMAMENT: THE PROBLEM AND THE PROS
PECTS O byduistant Seaetary Wilcox - .
UNITED STATES AND NEPAL AFFIRM MUTUAL
DESIRE TO WORK FOR WORLD ORDER BASED
ON INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE _. . - . . . . . . .
VIEWS -ON FREEDOM-OF-NAVIGATION AMEND-
MENT TO MUTUAL SECURITY AC1 _O latter qf
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____¢/ ;' I _W P Hz "P ll M D "'|};¢i-;;sin¢s¢er:a!ta**uwo¢w~¢feu=¢¢|-V01. XLII, No. 1091 1 Punucs-non 6999
May 23, 1960
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication issued by the
Oice of Public Services, Bureau of
Public Jaira, provides the public
and interested agencies of the
Government with" information on
developments In the eld of foreign
relations and on the work of the
Department of State and the Foreign
Service. The BULLETIN includes se-
lected press releases on foreign policy,
issued by the White House and the
Department, and statements and ud-
dresses made by the President and by
the &mwy of State and other
oieers of the Depcrtrnent, as well as
special articles on mrious phases of
internatlondl qairs and the func-
tions of the Department. Informa-
tion ls included concerning treaties
and international agreements to
which the United States is or may
become n party and treaties of gen-
sml international interest.-
Publieations M the Department,
United Nations documents, and legis-
nationul relations are listed currently.
. _ _ ___0
, .
,ll * -Y
- - 92o§- <e.929292..9292L- _Aal Security, Its Principle-and Programs
Address by President Eisenhower --»~-<_,--- _- _
Before I convey to you the thoughts that I
have put down on paper for this purpose this
evening, I want to give a word of explanation
about my understanding about this meeting.
The invitation that I received requested that
I add my voice to those who support the Mutual
Security Program of the United States and coop-
eration among the free nations of the world.
There was not a word said about any function
honoring me, and I heard no such talk from either
the cochairman or any of my sta. So I want
to take this moment to thank my friends from
so many countries who have paid to me over-
generous and possibly undeserved compliments.
I want to say to them something that they
already knowand I am sure you do-that the
greetings that I received from so many places in
Europe and Asia were simply one thing: The
eort of great peoples to tell the people of the
United States of their respect for them, their
admiration, and their affection. I was the mes-
senger, and if I were a successful messenger in
that oice, in bringing that feeling from these
countries to my own, then I am indeed happy
and proud. In any event I thank you all for
your compliments. .
This gathering heartens every true believer in
preparedness, freedom, and peace. That leaders
from all across the land would assemble here'-
8Made before the Committee for International Eco-
nomic Growth and the Committee To Strengthen the
Frontiers of Freedom, at Washington, D.O., on May 2energetically to mairm support of mutual secu-
rityis good news indeed. This rededication
could not come at a better time. For trends are
developing-particularly in Washington-that are
profoundly disturbing.
Support and Understanding of Program
Unless an alert citizenry takes eective action
to support those in the Congress who champion
the cause of mutual security, it could well result:
In jeopardizing an important part of the Na-
tions defense;
In endangering our worldwide alliance
structure; _
And in weakening efforts to resist Communist
expansion and to forge a just peace.
Two months ago I requested the Congress to
continue adequate support of our long-proven
Mutual Security Program. I asked an appro-
priation of $4.175 billion-a sum one-twentieth
of our Federal budget and one-tenth of our de-
fense budget. This amount is imperatively
required. The Secretary of State, the Secretary
of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Sta all share
this conviction.
One bright development is that, in the past few
days, the committees of Congress legislatively
concerned with our relations with other nations
have reasserted the overriding importance of our
Mutual Security Program to Americas security
and free-world progress. Only this evening I
~ o
. _ B. o
and [Everett M.] Dirksen that the Senate this
evening [May 2] acted constructively on this pro-
gram in the authorizing legislation. The same
has of course happened in the House. '
But, at the same time, other groups strategically
situated in Congress have proclaimed it as their
xed purpose to slash the appropriation for this
mainstay of the free world by more than a billion
dollars. They cite isolated instances of malfunc-
tioning in operational staffs as an excuse to attack
a great program, which for 14 years has been in-
dispensable in protecting A.mericas stake in se-
curity, in free-world cooperation, and in global
peace. On such grounds and on the erroneous
contention that our Mutual Security Program is
ineffectual, they would reduce it by 25 percent
or more.
Every American citizen needs to understand
what this would mean.
It would be, for America and all the free world,
a crushing defeat in todays struggle between
communistic imperialism and a freedom founded
in faith and justice. '
It would mean, within a matter of months, new
international tensions and new international prob-
lems of the utmost-gravity for every one of our
citizens._
It would mean the virtual abandonment of an
e'ort which has yielded our Nation greater bene-
ts in security, better neighbors, and opportuni-
ties for expansion of protable trade than has
been achieved by any comparable expenditures for
any other Federal purpose.
An America aroused can prevent these calam-
itous results, for in this Republic government
must respond to the will of the people.
Mutual security has never been, nor is it now,
Republican or Democratic. Like our own defense
program, of which it is an essential part, it is bi-
partisan to the core. This program was started
14 years ago by my Democratic predecemor. It
was rst enacted into law by the Republican 80th
Congress. Both apolitical parties, patriotically
joined in the national interest, are its parents.
And still today both parties are pledged to its
support. V
Here, specically, are solemn promises made to
the American people in the public document
,. First 77 f. .- westrseslx is"? .°°.1l°<}~i"?s £19-
fense arrangements. . . .
Second, we believe that . . . America must
812
0support the eorts of underdeveloped countries.71loo .
. . . we will intensify our cooperationwith our neighboring republics. . . . r
Here is another set of pledges: _
First, we shall continue to support the col-
lective security system. . . .
Second, where needed, we shall help friendly
wcountrfies maintain such local forces and economic
strength as provide a rst bulwark against, Com-
munist aggression or subversion.
Third, we will continue eorts with friends
and allies to assist the underdeveloped areas of
the free world. . . .
Now in their meaning, these two sets of pledges
are identical. The rst three are in the Democratic
platform of 1956. The last three are in the Re-
publican platform of the same year. These com-
mitments still stand. America has the right to
expect both parties to keep their word.
Achievements of Mutual Security
Indeed, even beyond the call of integrity, both
parties have excellent reason to do so. For mutual
security has eectively supported freedom every-where on earth. It has made possible a greater
and mutually advantageous trade. No other in-
vestment has yielded greater dividends in terms
of stability, security, and free-world morale.
This is the program that helped to save Greece
from Communist guerrillas. It helped to rescue
Turkey from economic collapse, restoring this crit-
ical area as a bastion of freedom. It helped to
maintain Western Europe as a center of free-
rather than Communistpower and production.
The importance of these victories is incalculable;
every one of our citizens is today the stronger, the
more prosperous, the more secure, thanks to mu-
tual security.
In Asia, under SEATO [Southeast Asia Treaty
_Organization] and other_ security treaties, a mil-lion soldiers stand as a bulwark of libertysus-
tained, again, by mutual security.
As I speak tonight, our economic and military
help gives support to the military might of 42
other nations, which stand poised in freedoms
cause. For this theyand we--give heartfelt
thanks to mutual security. -
On ve continents our economic and technical
programs help struggling millions better their
I Department of Stale Bulletin
D 0
production and living standards. Only recentlyI looked into the faces of these many people. I
have seen the desperate need of these people; I
have felt their spirit. Most of all, I have wit-
nessed their abiding faith in the greatnem and
goodnes o_f America, and their love and respect
for this land of the free. By helping to make
their lives more meaningful and more rewarding,
we have helped to keep bright their love of liberty
and their determination to reject the aoulles
forces of Communist materialism.
Moreover, Americas eorts to help others have
evoked a heartening response from other advanced
industrial nations. In recent years they have
doubled their direct aid to the less developed
countries. In addition, in the new International
Development Association other countries will put
up $3 for every $2 put up by the United States.
The very moment when other countries are recog-
nizing their responsibilities is'no time for us to
walk away from our own.
That such a program--its record shining with
accomplishment and its continuance solemnly
pledged by both of our political parties-should
now face a crippling cutback seems incredibly
irresponsible. To me it is almost inconceivable.
Let America speak, and this will not be done.
The Unnished Task
Thus far I have mentioned past achievements.
But a great deal more cries out for attention.
Half a world away from us, for example, a
great democracy, dedicated to peace, struggles
with almost insuperable problems to demonstrate
that Asians do not have to sacrice freedom as
payment for economic advance.
To the south our sister Republics need help to
unlock the storehouses of their great wealth.
In Africa a seething continent is trying to tele-
scope a thousand years of development into a
few decades.
Around the world almost 2 billion people are
living in a ferment of priyation, misery, resent-
ment, and frustrated hope. They are imbued
with an unshakable, even fanatical, determination
to break through the spiritual and cultural stag-
nation imposed upon them by grindirg poverty.
Mutual security has done much to help. The
hope, cond_ence,,and energetic gem so inspired
are slowly making progres I in creating conditions
in which prosperity, security, and peace in free-
May 2:, 1960
_ Odom can ourish. But for lack of understanding
the program has been steadily weakened while
the need has grown more obvious and critical.
Only the conscience and the down-to-earth com-
monsense of all Americans, informed and amused,
can meet the need. ,
Facingusisatestofourresolvetomakeour
Government _do the task it has to do to protect
the safety of the American people. The amount
I have asked the Congress to provide for mutual
security is the minimum required to meet the
basic necessities of sheer defense and to keep
alight a glimmer of hope in hundreds of millions
of people arrayed with us on the side of freedom.
America Needs the World
From all these facts we see that the free world
needs America! Just as importantly, America
needs the world.
This means far more to us than soldiers and
tanks and ships and mimiles, essential though
these are. Important it is that our allies contrib-
ute 5 million soldiers, 80,000 airplanes, and 2,200
combatant ships to the common defense of free-
dom. But our involvement with our neighbors is
far more basic than this.
Foreign trade is an example. It is, for
America, a $30 billion a year business. To this
trade 4% million of our people owe their jobs
with other nations. »
Forallofusthereisgreatmeaningintbis:We export, on the average, a third of our cotton
crop, just imder a third of our wheat, and a fourth
of our tractor production.
But this is only a part of our dependence on
foreign trade. The health of our economy de-
pends upon materials owned by others. Man-
ganese, chrome, tin, natural rubber, nickel are
examples. As our economy grows, we depend
increasingly upon others for such materials.
Eight years ago we imported only about a twen-
tieth of our iron ore. Today we have to import
over a third of it. .
Yes, America needs the world l - _
And this we must never forget: Thwe needs
are more than military and economic. They are
technical, cultural, and spiritual as well. Great
ideas originating with other peoples have vastly
enriched, our land.' _ ~
" Fellow Americans, even if -we wanted to, we
could not shut out the free world. We cannot
' an
i
escape its troubles. We cannot turn our backs on
its hopes. We are an inseparable part of the free-
world neighborhood
We must hold to these truths:
If nations friendly to us are weakened and im-
periled, so are we.
If other friendly nations are strong and free,
-our own strength and freedom are more secure.
If other free nations prosper, so do we.
In these truths we see the fallacy of adding
measurably to our own massive and adequate
armaments at the expense of allied strength,
which is in many instances better located strate-
gically than ours can ever be. No less dangerous
is the annual argument that America should stint
on strengthening the free world because this
would give us more luxury in a comfortable isola-
tion here at home.
This is sheer deadlinessa counsel of defeat
and complacency. Logically carried out, it
could end only in a militarized America. To the
extent that this concept is indulged it gravely
menaces the people of the United States. _
We can, here at home, arm to the teeth and yet
go down in total defeat if we let the rest of the
world be swallowed up by an atheistic imperial-
ism. By abandonment of struggling millions to
lives of hopeless desperation, rich America might,
for a time, live more extravagantly. But not for
long! For a just peace, dependable security,
and real progress were never bought by destruc-
tive weapons and hardhearted selshness, but
rather by education, by training, by constructive
works--by cooperation.
Only by thinking of ourselves, and truly con-
ducting ourselves, as brothers under God with
those who, with us, want te live and grow in
freedom, can we hope to solve problems in which
failure will mean disaster for much of humanity.
Victory in this eort will mean a shoulder-to
shoulder march to greater security, greater pros-
perity, and greater happiness for all. There, in
those few words, is the very heart of mutual
security. _ .
So tonight I restate to you this pledge of the
executive branch of your Government. I pledge
a continuing and energetic support of the prin-
ciple and programs of mutual security. And I
call upon the leadership and the rank and le of
*bothpolitical'-part-ies, as -well aaupon ellother
sons and daughters of America, te see that those
O14part;ies"h'old**trueto~~their--pledges-.to_giIe_,lh8_ _
program their support.
OfthisIa.mcertain:Thepath forAmerica
must be one of cooperationcooperation among
ourselves and with our friends abroad who am
dedicated to human dignity and from whom we
draw strength as we impart of our own strength
to them. Together we shall condently carry the
burdens and sacrices of sustaining security
against any imperialistic design--as together we
continue the search for peace, a search in which
we shall persevere without tiring or ceasing until
victory, at last, shall belong to all the earth. _
Thank you and good night.
Mutual Security Report Emphasizes
Problems of Economic Development
rm: release ass dated any a
The United States will face new and some-
what dierent problems in the mutual security
area during the decade of the 1960s, according
to President Eisenhowers semiannual report to
Congress on the Mutual Security Program, trans-
mitted on May 2.
The report declared that the growing realiza-
tion of himdreds of millions of people in under-
developed countries that hunger, poverty, and
disease need not be their inevitable lot repre-
sents an emerging force which will probably be-
come the most signicant single social factor of
the new decade. This mighty movement
in the underdeveloped countries seldom makes
for headlines and so far rarely for international
incidents, the report added. Yet its impli-
cations for the decade we are now in are
tremendous. . . .
The report stated the problems and opportu-
nities inherent in the beginning of economic de-
velopment in the emergent countries have been the
subject of searching thought both in the United
States and in Western Europe in recent months.
Our friends and allies in Europe are also aware
of this need, and as their ability to provide devel-
opment assistance grows, we are increasingly con-
sulting with them to determine how the burden
Report to Congress on the Mutual Security Program
for the First Half of Fiscal Year 1960 ; available upon
_-,_ request f!i0QL1921LQl¢e of Public Services, Departinent_o!sme,waemngcon25,i>.d.'"" s" s ~~~
Department of Slate Bulloline
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can~rnost-eiciently_be1shared,_by_ al_l, declared921 , 921 92
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velopment Loan Fund loans totaling $172.2 mil-
President Eisenhowers letter
report to Congress. Y
The report declared it has become increasingly
clear that the Weaer-n industrial nations must
make available to the less developed countriesthe
knowledge, advice, and capital to allow economic
development within the framework of a free
society. The report added:
H they do not do so, the political and economic inu-
ence or the Communist system will be rmly established
over whole continents, where the fateful first steps of
political and economic development are now being
taken. . . .
It behooves the Western democracies to demonstrate by
their aid and encouragement that economic advancement
can be achieved without putting on the straltjacket of
political and economic tyranny.
Reporting on mutual security activities during
the semiannual period by areas, the report noted
these developments:
Europe. Economic aid virtually terminated,
with only Spain, Yugoslavia, Iceland, and Berlin
left as recipients. On the military side there was
a signicant increase in defense expenditures of
our NATO partners, reecting increasing eco-
nomic stability and prosperity of Europe.
Africa. Most pressing needs of new nations of
Africa are, rst, administrative, managerial, and
technical skills, and, second, capital for develop-
ment projects. A signicant development in this
area during the period was an increase in Soviet
bloc activity, evidenced by acceptance of a $110
million line of credit by Ethiopia from the bloc
and by a $35 million U.S.S.R. loan to Guinea.
Near East and South Ania. The Near East en-
joyed a period of relative calm. A signicant de-
velopment in South Asia was announcement of
agreement in principle between India and Paki-
stan on a plan to divide the waters of the Indus
River system. '
Far East. Largest allocations of scal year 1960
appropriations were made, as in the past, to the
three divided countriesKorea, Viet-Nam, and
the Republic of China-which must maintain
large defense forces and are consequently in the
greatest need of U.S. assistance. Flood relief pro-
grams were undertaken in Taiwan, Korea, and
Japan.
Citing other activities of the Mutual Security
Program during the period, the report listed De-
-1-... iiaéifgiauna, see BrTr.r.r.'rm oruar. 21-,-1900,21» 442
May 23, I960
O_ .mdnec,2l.1959.g-994-gm ,_1lion id 17 countrie'sTInadditionDLF negotiated
22 loan agreements in the amount of $130 million
which repremnted earlier loan approvals. This
activity brought the value of loan commitments
issued by DLF since its inception to $908.8 mil-
lion. All of the loans made for industrial projects
were made to private borrowers, including a
chemical and pesticide plant in Turkey, pulp and
paper and cement plants in the Philippines, and
phosphate mineainJordan. . _
A total of $32 million in special assistance funds
was allocated for U.S. participation in the world-
wide malaria eradication program.
As a- part of the Governmenta overall plan in
this eld, the International Cooperation Adminis-
tration continued to encourage private enterprise
to participate more frilly in economic development
programs in Thailand, the Sudan, Jordan, Israel,
India, Taiwan, Nepal, Ceylon, Ghana, and Greece.
The report said the Mutual Security Program
played no part in increases in the balance-of-pay-
ments decits of 1958 and 1959, pointing out, while
there had been some increases in oshore procure-
ment under nonmilitary programs, these increases
were oset by decreases in oifshore procurement
under military programs. Although MSP did not
cause the increase in balance-of-payments decits,
the report pointed to a new DLF procurement
policy which wuld contribute to a reduction in the
balance-of-payments decit. The new DLF policy
places primary emphasis on nancing of goods
and services of U.S. origin in procurement for
DLF projects.
Inter-American Advisory Committee
Holds Fourth Meeting
The Department of State announced on May 5
press release 247! that the National Advisory
Committee on Inter-American Aairs is meeting
at the Department on May 6 and 7. Following his
return to Washington Secretary Herter will par-
ticipate in the meeting of the Committee on May 7 .
This will be the fourth meeting of the Commit-
tee since its creation by President Eisenhower on
November 14, 1959. The purpose of the Commit-
' Nov. rs, 1959,10. "ma
For background, see Bonn-rm or Dec. 1, 1969, p. 823,
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1°"tee__i_s to consider, on_ a continuing current For many years the United States in company
and long range prpblems of W*relit16n§w1th_
Latin America and to make recommendations
thereon to the Secretary of State. The members
of the Committee accompanied President Eisen-
hower on his trip to South America earlier this
year, and part of the current meeting will be de-
Ivoted to a review and assessment of the results of
that trip. p L I
United States Plane Downed
In Soviet Unlon
Following is a series of statements and the text
of a U45. note on the subject of a U.8'. plane al-
leged to have been shot down over the Soviet
Union onlllag/1.
STATEMENT BY SECRETARY IIERTER, MAY O
Preurelmsetdatealllayb
On May 7 the Department of State spokesman
made a statement with respect to the alleged
shooting down of an unarmed American civilian
aircraft of the U2 type over the Soviet Union.
The following supplements and claries this
statement as respects the position of the United
States Government.
Ever since Marshal Stalin shifted the policy
of the Soviet Union from wartime cooperation
to postwar conict in 1946 and particularly since
the Berlin blockade, the forceful takeover of
Czechoslovakia, and the Communist aggressions in
Korea and Viet-Nam the world has lived in a state
of apprehension with respect to Soviet intentions.
The Soviet leaders have almost complete access to
the open societies of the free world and supple-
ment this with vast espionage networks. How-
ever, they keep their own society tightly closed
and rigorously controlled. With the develop-
ment of modern weapons carrying tremendously
destructive nuclear warheads, the threat of sur-
prise attack and aggression presents a constant
danger. This menace is enhanced by the threats
of mass destruction frequently voiced by the
Soviet leadership.
1 Ibid., Mar-.28, 1960, 9. 471.
___~ _ __ ___ V _
816
Oeliminatethisthreatfromthelifeofmansothat
he can go about his peaceful business without
fear. Many proposals to this end have been put
up to the Soviet Union. The Presidents open-
skies proposal of 1955 was followed in 1957 by
the oer of an exchange of ground observers be-
tween agreed military installations in the U.S.,
the U.S.S.R., and other nations that might wish
to participate. For several years we have been
seeking the mutual abolition of the restrictions
on travel imposed by the Soviet Union and those
which the United States felt obliged to institute
on a reciprocal basis.- More recently at the
Geneva disarmament conference the United States
has proposed far-reaching new measures of con-
trolled disarmament. It is possible that the
Soviet leaders have a different version and that,
however unjustiedly, they fear attack from the
West. But this is hard to reconcile with their
continual rejection of our repeated proposals for
eective measures against surprise attack and for
eective inspection of disarmament measures.
I will say frankly that it is unacceptable that
the Soviet political system should be given an
opportunity to make secret preparations to face
the free world with the choice of abject surrender
or nuclear destruction. The Government of the
United States would be derelict to its responsi-
bility not only to the American people but to
free peoples everywhere if it did not, in the ab-
sence of Soviet cooperation, take such measures
as are possible unilaterally to lessen and to over-
come this danger of surprise attack. In fact
the United States has not and does not shirk this
responsibility. ~
In accordance with the National Security Act
of 1947, the President has put into eect since
the beginning of his administration directives to
gather by every possible means the information
required to protect the United States and -the
free world against surprise attack and to enable
them to make eective preparations for their
defense. Under these directives programs have
been developed and put into operation which have
included extensive aerial surveillance by unarmed
civilian aircraft, normally of a peripheral char-
acter but on occasion by penetration. Specic
missions of these unarmed civilian aircraft have
_ Department pf Stale Bulletin*w1th1ts alhesvhasr soughtto4eesenor-even -to _I
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not been subject to Presidential authorization.
The fact that such surveillance was taking place
has apparently not been a secret to the Soviet
leadership, and the questionindeed arises as to
why at this particular juncture they should seek
to exploit_the present incident as a propaganda
battle in the cold war.
This Government had sincerely hoped and con-
tinues to hope that in the coming meeting of
the Heads of Government in Paris Chairman
Khrushchev would be prepared to cooperate in
agreeing to eective measures which would re-
move this fear of sudden mass destruction from
the minds of peoples everywhere. Far from
being damaging to the forthcoming meeting in
Paris, this incident should serve to underline the
importance to the world of an earnest attempt
there to achieve agreed and effective safeguards
against surprise attack and aggression.
At my request and with theauthority of the
President, the Director of the Central Intelligence
Agency, the.Honorable Allen W. Dulles, is today
brieng Members of the Congress fully along the
foregoing lines.
STATEMENTS BY NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND
SPACE ADMINISTRATIDN
Statement of May 81 A
A NASA U-2 research airplane, being own in Turkey
on a joint NASA-USAF Air Weather Service mission,
apparently went down in the Lake Van, Turkey, area
at about 9:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. e.d.t.! Sunday, May 1.
During the ight in southeast Turkey, the pilot reported
over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing
oxygen diculties. The ight originated in Adana with
a mission to obtain data on clear air turbulence.
A search is now underway in the Lake Van area.
The pilot is an employee of Lockheed Aircraft under
contract to NASA.
The U-2 program was initiated by NASA in 1956 as
a method of making high-altitude weather studies.
Statement oi May 5'
One of NASAs U-2 research airplanes, in use since
1956 in a continuing program to study gust-meteorologb
cal conditions found at high altitude, has been missing
since about 9 o'clock Sunday morning local time! when
*4 liade orally in response» to press inquiries. on May 8-_
' Released to the press on May 5. .
May 23, I960 817
Oits pilot reported he was having oxygen diiiiculties over
the Lake Van, Turkey, area.
Theairplanehad takenoiffromIncirlikAirBase,
Turkey. The ight plan called for the rst check point
to be at 87 degrees, -25 minutes, North: 41 degreees, 8
minuts,East.andfo1-aleftturntobemadetothe
Lake Van beacon, thence to the Trabaaon beacon, thence
to Antalya. and return to Adana. The ight scheduled
was estimated at 8 hours, 45 minutes, for a total of 1.400
nauticalmiles. Takeoffwasat8a.m.localtime. »
The above-given times are the equivalent of 8 a.m.
Sunday, and 2 a.m., Eastern Daylight Time.!
About one hour after takeo, the pilot reported um-
culties with his oxygen equipment Using emergency
radio frequency, he reported he was heading for the Lake
Vaubeacontngethisbearingaandthathewouldretum
to Adana.
Asindicated above.hisightplancalledforhimto
makeaieftturnattheLakeVanbeacon. Hislast
report indicated he was attempting to receive that beacon.
It is believed be probably was on a northeasterly course,
but there was no further word.
Anaerialsearchwasbegunsoonafterreceiptofthe
last communication. The Lake Van area is mountainous
and very rugged. No evidence has been sighted of the
aircraft having crashed. .
If the pilot continued to suiler lack of 0178911. the
path of the airplane from the last reported position would
be impossible to determine. If the airplane was on auto-
matic pilot, it is likely it would have continued along its
north-easterly course.
The pilot, as are all pilots used on NASAs program of
upper atmosphere research with the U-2 airplane, is a
civilian employed by the Lockheed Aircraft Corpora-
tion, builders of the airplane.
When the research program was begun in 1956 by the
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Prede-
cessor to NASA!, the federal agency did not have a
suiiicient number of pilots to operate the i>1'0Sl'8m- and
so a contract was made with Lockheed to provide the
pilots.
Overseas logistic support for NASA'a continuing use
of the U-2 is provided by Air Weather Service units of
the USAF.
NASA has procured a total of 10 U-2 airplanes. The
airplane was originally built as a private venture by
Lockheedtoserveasaiiyin£testbed". Itispowered
by a single Pratt & Whitney J-57 turbojet 61181119. and
can maintain ight for as long as four hours at altitudes
of up to 55,000 feet.
Since inception of the research program in 1956, the U2
ying weather laboratories have operated from bases in
California, New York, Alaska, England, Germany, Turkey,
Pakistan, Japan, Okinawa and the Philippines.
The U-2 airplanes are presently being used in hlifornia
Edwards AFB, one!, Japan Atsugi, three! and Turkey
Adanaffour!. _
The instrumentation carried by the U-2 permits
obtaining more precise information about clear air tur-
__bnlence, convective clouds, wind shear, the jet stream, and
such widespread weather patternsas-typhocns.. The air-}-' l<._i.._.f;14.
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about coamic rays, and the concentration ot certain ale
ments in the -atmosphere, including oaone and water
vapor. - i
Instrumentation carried includes: Angular velocity
recorder, to measure the air-plane's rate ot pitch; modied
VGH recorder, to measure and record head-on gust com-
ponents in ight; ight recorder Model BB, continuous
recorder of indicated airspeed. pressure altitude and
normal acceleration; airspeed and altitude transducer to
measure pressure altitude and indicated airspeed; tem-
perature and humidity measuring act AN/AMQ 7, to
measure indicated tree air temperature and indicated
relative humidity; and vortex thermometer system, to
measure true tree-air temperature within one-halt degree
Centigrade at high speeds
DEPARTMENT STATEMENT, MAY 5'
The Department has been informed by NASA
that, as announced May 3, an unarmed plane, a
U-2 weather research plane based at Adana,
Turkey, piloted by a civilian has been missing
since May 1. During the ight of this plane,
the pilot reported diiculty with his oxygen equip-
ment. Mr. Khrushchev has announced that a.
U.S. plane has been shot down over the U.S.S.R.
on that date. It may be that this was the missing
plane. It is entirely possible that having failure
in the oxygen equipment, which could result in
the pilot losing consciousness, the plane continued
on automatic pilot for a considerable distance and
accidentally violated Soviet airspace. The
United States is taking this matter up with the
Soviet Government, with particular reference to
the fate of the pilot.
ILS. NOTE OF MAY 6'
The Embassy of the United States of America
by instruction of its Government has the honor
to state the following:
The United States Government has noted the
statement of the Chairman of the Council of
Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, N. S. Khrushchev, in his speech before
the Supreme Soviet on May 5 that a. foreign air-
'B-ead to news correspondents on May 6 by Lincoln
White, Director of the Oiiice of News.
Delivered by the American Embassy at Moscow to
the Soviet Ministry or Foreign Affairs--on May 6. press
release 249!.
818crafticrossed the border of the Soviet Union on
May 1 and that on orders of the Soviet Govern-
ment; this aircraft was shot down. In this same
statement it was said that investigationshowed .
that it was a United States plane. .
already announced on May 8, a United
States National Aeronautical Space Agency
unarmed weather research plane based at Adana,
Turltey, and piloted by a civilian American has
since May 1. The nameof the
American civilian pilot is Francis Gary Powers,
born on August 17, 1929, at Jenkins, Kentucky.
the light of the above the United States
Government requests the Soviet Government to
provide it with full facts of the Soviet investi-
gation of this incident and to inform it of the fate
of the pilot.
DEPARTMENT STATEMENT, MAY 1
» .
The Department has received the text of Mr.
Khr_ushchevs further remarks about the unarmed
plane which is reported to have been shot down
in the Soviet Union. As previously announced,
it was known that a U2 plane was missing. As
a result of the inquiry ordered by the President it
has established that insofar as the authorities
in Washington are concerned there was no author-
ization for any such ight as described by Mr.
Khrushchev. ~ '
Nevertheless it appears that in endeavoring to
obtain information now concealed behind the Iron
Curtain a ight over Soviet territory was prob-
ably undertaken by an unarmed civilian U-2 plane.
It is certainly no secret that, given the state of
the,-world today, intelligence collection activities
are practiced by all countries, and postwar
history certainly reveals that the Soviet Union
has not been lagging behind in this eld.
The necessity for such activities as measures
for legitimate national defense is enhanced by the
' excessive secrecy practiced by the Soviet Union in
contrast to the free world.
One of the things creating tension in the world
today is apprehension over surprise attack with
- weapons of mass destruction.
To reduce mutual suspicion and to give a
measure of protection againstsurprise attack the
E-"sin: to news correspondents usury 1 by 'Mr. -wane
Department of State Bulletin
-To
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Uiniteditaates iY{I9'556'¬ied-itswopen-skies
proposal-a proposal which was rejected out of
hand by the Soviet Union. It is in relation to
the danger of surprise attack that planes of the
type of unarmed civilian U-2 aircraft have made
ights along the frontiers of the free world for
the past I years.
Research Program To Detect, Identify
Underground Nuclear Tests Expanded
White House urea: release dated May 7
The President on May 7 announced approval of
a major expansion of the present mearch and de-
velopment directed toward an improved capability
to detect and identify underground nuclear ex-
plosions. The present U.S. program has evolved
from the recommendations set forth by the Panel
on Seismic Improvement Berkner panel!.* For
scal year 1960 it has been funded for approxi-
mately $10 million. During scal year 1961 it is
anticipated that the funds required will be about
$66 million for all aspects of the seismic research
and development program. .
Known as Project Vela, the program calls for
increased basic research in seismolog; procure-
ment of instruments for a worldwide seismic re-
search program; development of improved seismic
instruments; construction and operation of proto-
type seismic detection stations; and an experi-
mental program of underground detonations en-
compassing both high explosive and, where
necessary, nuclear explosions. The planned pro-
gram provides for investigation of all aspects of
improvement that are considered to be feasible.
Such nuclear explosions as are essential to a full
imderstanding of both the capabilities of the pres-
ently proposed detection system and the potential
for improvements in this system would be carried
out under fully contained conditions and would
' For a summary of the conclusions reported by the
panel on liar. 16, 1959, see Buusnn of July 6, 1959, p. 16.
May 23, 1960 819
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~~ produce»no_radioactixe__fal1out; In order to de-
velop suicient reliable data from the program, it
is anticipated that it will be necessary to conduct
a series of explosions of various sizes in differing
ypes of geological formations. 1
Recently the Soviet negotiators _at Geneva con-
curred with the proposal that underground nu-
clear explosions should be conducted to improve
the capability of the proposed control network to
detect and identify underground explosions.
They have also indicated a willingness to discuss
research and development in the seismic detection
area with the United States and the United King-
dom. Agreement has been reached to convene a
group of U.S.S.R., U.K., and U.S'. scientists in
Geneva on May 11 to exchange information on the
seismic research activities of the three nations as
a basis for future determination of the areas in
which coordinated or joint research would be most
fruitful.
Government agencies including the Department
of Defense, the Atomic Energy Commission, the
Department of Commerce, and the Department of
Interior, as well as universities and private
organizations, will participate in carrying out the
United States program of research and develop-
ment related te the detection and identication of
nuclear detonations.
Documents on Disarmament Talks
Made Available for Reference .
Preol release ass dated in; s '
The Department of State on May 2 made avail-
able for reference the verbatims of the Conference
of the Ten-Nation Disarmament Committee for
the period from March 15 to 31, 1960. The release
was made pursuant te an agreement reached last
month by the 10 negotiating parties that verbatims
of the conference sessions will be released on a
monthly basis 1 month after the sessions take
place. Release of verbatims of subsequent sessions
will follow this procedure. '""""w;
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_Dlsarmament: The Problem and the Prospects
by/FranmIe0.Wilcoa:" " "T ' "T
Assistant Secretary for International Organization Adire '
I warmly welcome the opportunity to meet with
members of the American Society of International
Law, whose signal contributions to scholarship
and whose continuing inuence on international
aairs are recognized throughout the world.
It is a special challenge to address this dis-
tinguished group. That is so primarily because
your interest and qualications cover a very wide
spectrum, ranging from particular questions of
international law and practice to fundamental
issues of international peace and order. And it is
a high tribute to this organization that this is in-
deed the case. '
Tonight I would like to speak to you about one
of these mdamental questions, perhaps the most
vital and the most critical of world problems. I
refer to the problem of disarmament.
The Urgent Need for Disarmament
The innitely destructive capabilities of modernwarfare have given new focus and urgency to dis-
armament eorts. I fear that we now take for
granted kilotons and megatons as measures of
destructive power. These words, describing nu-
clear and thermonuclear explosive power in terms
of its equivalent in thousands or millions of tens of
TNT, have become commonplace. Their impact
on the human mind has accordingly tended to
Yet the fact remains that a single plane
today can deliver more destructive power than all
of the planes in all of the air forces delivered dur-
ing the Second World War.
Let us clearly note, moreover, that nuclear
weapons technology and capacity may not remain
?,444re§§ !ee<!9J.>ef2ra,9=s -§!_°."'E¥*F§9¢!S?Y;.Pf .19!"-,,national Law at Washington, D.C., on Apr. 28 press re-
lease 228!. -
820
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$ Ithe exclusive province of those who now possessthem. Others can no doubt develop this capability.
We thus face clear prospects of the proliferation
of nuclear weapons among the states of the world,
with all that this would portend in added hazard
to international peace.
I do not need to emphasize here other aspects of
the problem of peace and security: the rapid de-
velopment of missiles, the entry of manmade ob-jectsand soon man himse1finto outer space, the
advances in chemical and biological methods of
warfare. Nor do I need to address myself to the
tremendous economic burden of armaments in the
world. '
Yesterday [April 27] in his press conference,
President Eisenhower said that he could see no
reason why the sums which now are going into
these sterile, negative mechanisms that we call
war munitions shouldnt go into something posi-
tive. In this connection it is signicant that the
BlI10l1I1t of money spent for national defense in this
world in 1 year would pay for all the activities and
programs of the United Nations for the next 500
years. For the totality of this problem is such thatthe search for disarmament has become a prime
imperative of our times.
But we must not be maneuvered into disarma-
ment at any price. The disarmament arrange-
ments we seeand must ndare those that
through mutual application and safeguarded im-
plementation will enhance our security and not
leave us and our free-world associates o en andP'vulnerable to aggressive action. .
Tomorrow, in Geneva, the 10-nation disarma-
ment group, which is the focal point of present
disarmamentreorts, recemsforweeks until
after the meeting at the summit. _
Deparfmenl of Stole Bulletin
I
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i
II . 92
~~'.'lhere.are.some_who ha1e_criticiz3d_us for agree-1-~
4
But we would not be satised to stop with these
ing to a disarmament forum based on equal N51?
sentation with the Communist bloc. However,
thereasonsforthisareclearand,Ithink,
substantial. .
The withdrawal of the Soviet Union from the
U.N. Disargrament Subcommittee in 1957 left us
without an agreed forum for disarmament negotia-
tions. We believed that no avenue should be left
unexplored which might oer prospects for
progress on this crucial problem. We were con-
vinced that, although detailed disarmament nego-
tiations would take place for the time being outside
the U.N. by the establishment of the Committee of
Ten, this would not-diminish the United Nations
responsibility for general disarmament. As a
matter of fact, if agreement can be achieved among
the Ten in Geneva, it will contribute substantially
to a fuller realization of the purposes and prin-
ciples of the charter.
This view was reected by the General Amembly
in a resolution unanimously adopted at its past
session. The resolution expressed the hope that
measures leading toward the goal of general and
complete disarmament under eective interna-
tional control would be worked out in detail and
agreed upon in the shortest possible time.
l.I.S. Objectives at Geneva
We approach the disarmament problem with two
basic aims:
First, to try urgently to create a more stable
military environment in order to curtail the risk
of war.
Second, to reduce national armed forces and
armaments and to strengthen international peace-
keeping machinery to the point where aggression
will be deterred by international rather than na-
tional force.
To accomplish the rst objective, we believe it is
necessary -to undertake measures to guard against
surprise attack, to halt future nuclear weapons
production, to reduce existing nuclear weapons
stockpiles, to bring about balanced reductions in
conventional arms and armed forces, and to initi-
ate measrnes to assure the peaceful use of cuter
space.
For background, see Bur.r.s'rnv of Sept. 28, 1959, p. £88.
For a statement b Ambassador Hen Cabot D0686
May 23, 1.960 -
A____,_______ _ Y W
Ind text of the 1'e§o1suon;'eeeww; NOVJZ3; 1950f; 1'65.~ - .A yacliievements. We"wantto-move-on»-tewerd~the
elimination of weapons of mass destruction and
toward the reduction of national armed forces and
armaments to levels required only for internal
security purposes and to carry out obligations un-
der the United Nations Charter. At the same
time we want to foster universally accepted rules
of law, backed by a world court and an interna-
tional armed force, which would prevent any na-
tion from launching an aggression.
This, in brief, sets the scene for the rst round
of negotiations which have taken place over the
past weeks in Geneva. The Soviets thus far have
not been willing to discuss the obvious and specic
initial measures _ I have outlined. Without
burdening you with the details, I should like to
outline some of the basic differences in approach
to the problem of disarmament taken by the Com-
munist bloc and ourselves.
The Mirage of Agreement In Principle
So far the Communist representatives at Geneva
have refused to consider any proposals which do
not endorse in principle the Soviet version of gen-
eral and complete disarmamen
…[truncated]