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SUBJECT: KLAUS FUCHS
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SUBJECT: KLAUS FUCHS
FILE: 65-58805
SECTION: +~ Fwd J;
--
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~wf> o i *Qice Memofndum -5 UNITED sums GOVERNMENT _. '5FTAP0Rg . . ~ ., . - Hism IS gflo CONTAINED
T-l¢4_i.- 1 mm = lfr. n. H. Ladd - - ° -"1 TO 1 The Director WHERE sgowgggggém QC : mam February 15?, l°g§JL92 ' - 1 "4-.; WBJB /Bristol}; ' " 5 ' I H. 1 ,,,._ °";,-Z* s - 2 6» I ' Q fé w 1 =---tmS"T.' A. mo / 4 =-
} that it will not be disseminated. There is also contained in91-1192_i_
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- A , ° $1 CLASSIHED av Mo* - ' DECLASSIFY QNZ25XTo furnish you nith the amended rief in this case '2r - covering the invgéti lations of Klaus Fuchs and Harry Gold. 15;!/ 1 if ~z-ocaioala _ - : g#qs;;/.2/.g are ,,,M><.-git-2;
Urn"1
-. " ' r />/9 ' K91,,-Ah, Jttent n is directed tnéyze fact that considerable injor- '' " nation from been set forth in detail in -this brieo J. s you. nolo, this information has not been given -¢any dissemination by us, halving been received under agreement
the brief highly classified information relating to atomic -_.~~_-._ energy developne nts." A . ,
This brief has been broken down for convenience into the 'following main headings: .¢
. I. Summary of Facts. urisdiction, Follaboration with theBritish _ U » _ Ti
Fuchs Baoirg-rcun d, Relatives, Activities, Prosecution; _ .
III. Facts Concerning American Espionage-¬o'n'ta'c't_lJ _ H
.. IV. In :9 on Pr eding Identification of -Harry ooze ~ so o Q5 s ssss1-.4 4 J ' ,.-U-""" III... rt ._ Fuchs Scientific wled d D i I,-;., F. ge an i isclosure to Russians __ VI. Fuchs Espionage C'ontacts Outside th United States:- VII. Identification of Harry Golm onfe on _I and Prosecution ' % ."-. , 92-q, .--. F5;; Y II. Gold's Espionage Associates __ E ' - es R95!-11 4_5.£s_e_o5-- /V W5;.-' 92 I-In .Df_888RilidlFi0II Rm '_ If E,¥' A G » .-" 5 5 pr" x. Exhibits '7! 53 |WFw!.?'2' is U 2 1956 ' 92 'Q1 .- D-5c..~._.l _ Q ' _ _ I II.6 w so-@511 Q; I} _.s_'_g-1 ,1%. VL.-meb:s¬_i- ngjf! F5 -,_,.;";§;1_,,p@:~m DS,Catego'r? / GE ' 1956 1 K a - "* " ~ 1'!a;'¢ crawl ficaliuiidefinite-v
~--. . .~ I, -J,» ,, 7 _ . . - ' 92 ,_. .. ->11: ,o - J -. n. .. ..'q?;._1i-_ 3,. .. _ ,_ -- _ _-. _ ..
_ "l92._, 4 p _ I - _
n the part of Section I entitled "Collaboration men bu
HI-.5,',' nly that information dealing/' with the over-all aspects
of 0 llaboration has been set fcrthe Incidents-such as the
Lord rtal affairwoere not set forth and distorted press accounts
dealing with alleged activities of FBI agents in Br ain whichhave no basis in fact,ishave been ignored. % u-I. *6 I _
8ection'I7 dealing with In stiga on freceding theIdentification of Harry -Gold as%oos s, of course, been!-Jsummarised to a considerable es ent. er, an efort was
made to indicate the scope qf.our investigative efforts and to
show the information which led us toconcentrate on Abraham
othm n and his associates which led to the conclusion thatGoo s probab y Barr Gold and, of course, Gold: ultimate
ACTION:iden i ation as éGoose.?,%will note that the interviews
with Gold, Brothman, an n's associates are reported in
Section VII, together with bachgr nd in ornation-concerningGold and recent developments. u
Section_lI, dealing with 9DisseminationT, does not itemize
the transmittal of all reports to the Department fer_prosecutiue
purposes as this is done as a matter of coarse.
It is pointed out that this brief covers the princiPals,
Klaus Fuchs and Harry Gold. Separate investigations have been
or are being conducted concerning all known espionage contacts
of Barry Gold in the United States, and of these, Abraham
Brothman, Thomas L. Black, David Greenglass and Alfred Dean
Slack are the subjects of separate individual briefs.
None. lhe attached brief is for your consideration and
use as a summary on this case. ' ' =
is
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CLASSIHED ., "
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TABDE OF CONI'EL§
I. II '192
_£aea
SUMMARY OF FACTS, JURISDICTION, COLLABORATION WITH BRITISH
A. Synopsis of Case '
B. Jurisdiction
1. Jurisdiction between MED and the FBI ' _
2. Jurisdiction of the FB_I under the Atomic Emrgr Act
Qollaboration with British - '
D. applicable United States Statutes .
I 1II.§
C. -_
II. FUCHS eacxssourm, RELATIVES, ACTIVITIES, PRCBECUTION '
A. Identification 13
Background and Activities 15
1. Personal History 15
15
1'7B. l
L
»
2. Early B8-ckgound
3. Activities in United States
4. Hnil Fuchs - Father
5. Gerhard Fuchs - Brother '
6. Kristel and Robert Heineman - Sister and Brother-in-law
7. Israel I-Ialperin
Confession
l. Events Leading up to Confession 1
2. Fuchs Confession
Prosecution, ,C5'!uC.
D.
FACT3 CONCERNING AME AN P ONAGE CONTACTA. "information from S!B. Euchs' Preliminary Sta ement $1 0'C. Information from Kristel Hein £11, Robe
Konstantin Lafazanos _
1. Information from Kristel I-Ieineman
' 2. Information from Robert Heinem-an
. 3. Information from Konstantin Lafazanos
4. Composite Description of American Contact .
D. Additional Information from Fuchs '
Iuvsswicmron PRECEEDING IDENTIFICATION or HARRY con! Asoocsnj Mu!
64
as
6923
26
28
33
37
3'7
38
48
53 H
56
rt I-Ieineman and
5858'
59
-<. -----... ---.-.1-.--._ -----1-. ¢ 92. ._. ~.. _-
I- // s 9. l 1
~~! O .' I '1!~ 0%
» 15.
3.6. llrs. Gertrude Crosby RowenB. Interviews oi Associates of Fuchs ;
_ 1. sum Albrecht am» _ /
2. Karl Paley Gohen ' e
Richard Phillips Ieynmn
iictor Ueiskopf ,
llsrtin Dsntsch _
Isnson O. Benedict
lone! Hilton Boyle Slqrne
Evelyn Jones Kline
phristopher Prank Keerton - »
_ "mvu-<1 u1=m=1' Coron =
ll. Professor Albert Einstein not interviewed!
12. J. Robert Oppenheiler
13. Dr. George Pleczek 9
111-. Dr. Robert Eugene lhrlhsk
Br. Richard Ehrlich
17. llrs. Ruth Gordon Groves E
L8. Ronald Kiln-ed Gurney
19. llatelie Gurney
20. Professor Philip Wallace
21. Hrs. Jean Parks Iereson u
22. Frederic dc Homn
' 23. Donald ii. Kerst
Eh. Joseph Lehner _
FIRE BCIEIIEIJIFIC KIIOULEDCE AND DISCLOSURES 1'0 RUSSIAHS
A. Clearance for Atomic Energy Enployment in the United Btetes 87
B. Access to Scientific Information and Disclosures to the
Russians V _
1. '92hs First Technical Confession to Dr. Michael I W
in British 8 1 tic en st J /2. Records and Statements oi mo and Atomic Bcienti - 101
3. Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Ccmmittee Analysis
Evaluation 1072' §:' ==..=.:*:.*:;.~"=""z.".:..P.:*.*.":.::.=*/5°.¥1.,.?"1*> 1°? A. c gy as on or nsible -Reviewers Analysisgoiuuz! 107 36. Fuchs Statements B so Representatives During
hr, 1950 e 7 ' 107 r
Q.
_-.1-p---.---4-i---1" - -,, , ..-.-_e_.__.-.-.........,_. ,
FIIC
A.
DDOHS ESPICIIAGE CON D1615 0U'ISI£I!E UNIEED SQATES
Jurgen Kuczyns ISinon D. E-Crane? W ,»" I U!
C. rsula Beurton, nee Kuczynski
D. dnknourn Man in Ihglan Contect #4; HE. 8.85111 V. Soukhcmline . 1
DEN 'EIFIC.&'II£I OF HARE! GOLB_iS&£'00SE&.CGNFESSICl92I MID PROSECUIEON
A. Information in Burean Files oncern g Harry Cold
1. _Intervie1| of Abraham Brothman 5/29/I47
2. Interview of Harry Gold 5/29/4'7 ' -
3. Enployment at Pennsylvania Sugar Company
4. Physical Description and Identification Division Record
B. Interviews of Gold earch and confession
1.Hay 15,
W 19:
Hay 2:»,
Hay 21,
In 12.1 #11- A
Harry ,
1950 .
1950 _
9.. Search of Gold's Residence
b. Confession and signed Statement dated 5/22/so
c. Confrontation of Robert Heinemsn and Gold
d. Statement Reciting Desire of Gold to Remain with
Agents until he has Finished all Information in "
His Possession -
C. Details oi Goldie Activity with Fuchs
1. Information Filrnished by Gold
2. Information from Fuchs - Interview by Bureau
Representatives '
D. Investigation of Gold Subsequent to Confession
, 1. Background
a. Personal History
b. Immediate Familyc. Relatives '
d. Residences
e. Education
f. Bnployment -
g. Selective Service Records -
h. Professional Societies
i. Communist Connections
J. Hiscellaneous
@ -5° .57, _ l >
108
199
11.1
lllcl 3611
113
11s, 119
119, 122
122, 123
123, 124
125, 126
12'? .-129
129
129
130
131
140
146
166
166
166
16'?
168
169
169
VIII._, ...,- 4. -___.__,__.,_.,._,___..-._-.- 4 -
§~;1~-_. .:r.'5 .2
k. Information in Files of Other intelligence Agencies
l. Records of HGUA _ -'
m. Fassport biisio, Department of State
n. Physical Description I
2." Confidential Informants on Soviet Espionage
3. Gorroboretive Investigation
e. Visit to Fuchs New York Apartment, July or
August, 191+!» - I
b. Visit to Heinenanesidence, Cambridge, Ilassachnsetta
Late 191.4 and Ear1y_1945 ,
e. Trip to Albuquerque and Santa Fe, New lexice, .
June, 1945
d. Trip to Llbuquerqle and Santa Fe, New Mexico,
September, 194'-,5
e. Bank Account
E. Prosecution of Gold "
COLD'S ESPIONAGE ASSOCIATES '
A. Thomas L. Black, we. - Introduce:-, 1935
B. Paul Smith, I3. Paul Petersen - Superior, 1935-3'7
G. Unsub. I8. Steve Swartz - Superior, 1935-8!
D. Unsub. Ia. Fred - Superior, 19'7! - 38
E. Semen Harkovich Sanenov - Superior 1938-/+4
F. Joseph Katz - Substitute Superior, 1940
G. Benjamin Smilg - Source, 1938-40
H. Alfred Dean Slack - Source, 191.0-43
I. Abraham Brothman - Source, 1941
J. Anatoli A. Yalcovlev -< Superior, 191.1.-1.6
K. Finil Julius Klaus Fuchs -- Source, 1944-45
L. David Greenglass - Source, 192,5
L. O.!Pavel Ivanovich Fedosimov - Substitute Superior, 1946
H. Filipp khonovich Sarytchev - Superior, 1949
N. Recruits mggested by Geld
O. Chart of Soviet Operations Including Harry Gold, et al _
P. Expense Payments to Gold by All Superiors
0
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II. HISSEMIHA'I'ION /
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/A. Exhibit 1. _ A 1 F
1. Page from Israel Ha1perin's Notebook" .
/' B. t 2 . . .
l. Letter dated December 10, 191,3, to Professor J. Chadwick,
Washington, D.C., wonhf. A. Akere, British liinietry of
Supply Mission, New Itirk City, and letter dated December 11, '191.3. from I. L. Webster, British Supply Council in North !lmerica, Haehington, n. c., to General L. n. Groves, re- I4
fleeting that in England Fuchs had undergone a "Special
Clearance" tor atomic energy work.
,_ C. t 3
1. Letter dated October 22, 191.7, from L. G.'mJ.1'e to Hr.
Carroll L. Hilson, General Manager, U. S. Atomic Energy
Commission, requesting clearance oi Fuchs to visit Chicago
University Argonne National Laboratory!.
D. Exhibit 1|-
1. Letter dated November 7, 191.7, from Carroll L. Wilson, Atomic ~
Imergy Conmission, to Hr. L. G. Rolfe, British Commonwealth .
Scientific Office, Washington, 13.0., granting clearance for
Fuchs to visit Chicago University. 1
, E. Exhibit 5
1. randum dated August 6, 191.7, from D. Dean to '1. 0. Jones,approving clearance for Fuchs to attend Declassification L Qerence at Washington, D. C. 5
t 6 .1 FQ .
1. Memorandum from C. A. Bolander, Jr., to Admiral Gingrich
dated January 1.2, 191.9,! with attachment concerning theBritish Mission that participated in the atomic energyprogram under the Manhattan Engineer District from 191.3 i.
to 191.6, and the degree oi access had by that Mission.
_- G. t 7
» H.1. List oi upon. prepred by Fucheg 1 M
I. t 9
. . 1. Letter from Francis Hmnack, Atomic Bxergv Commission, datedHay 19, 1950, transmitting portions of a report evaluating klinformation passed to the Russians by Fuchs. 5
'5
-_.. 11 T...-..h.. a 1-» -1. List of technical meetings attended by Fuchs while at Los A1amosD u:
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Exhibit #10 014% aévbaa 5'/J/Jf
l. List of some of the reports prepared by Fuche personally or in
collaboration with other scientists while working under the
Manhattan Engineer District, on which notes have been placed by -mu; indicating whether or not tn. reports were i'u.t'nished to I kw!
the Russians.
Elibit #11
l. Signed statement of Fuchs dated Hay 26, 1950, does not include
technical data!.
/" 1.. Exhibit #12
/ H.1» Signgd atntement of Fuchs dated 1-In 26, l950 includes technical
data 0
Exhibit #13
l. Signed statement of Gold dated July 10, 1950, concerning
activities with Fuchs. _ .
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I Summary of Facts, Jurisdlction, Collaboration with IBrit1ah-_.-y-..-av
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A. OF CASE 'gtormtim £rom e?'L%acts that one Rest had b Q
furnished a document tothe on June , 19%. This document, through
Bureau investigation, was identified as lli-12 and was entitled "Fluctu-
ations and the Efficiency cc! a Diffusion Plant P III." The author wasr. Fuchs. Other information £rom g£1ected am was a!British scimtist and had e. merrie sister living in the United ms
On the basis oi the foregoing, this scientist was tmtatively ident
in September, 1914-9 as Bail Julius Klaus Fuchs, born in Russelsheim, Germany,
on December 29, 1911. Fuchs was educated at a. secondary school at Eieenach,
and later at Leipzig and Kiel Universities until the spring of 1933. Accord-
ing to a signed statement of Iachs dated January 37, 1950, his father, Dr.
Emil Fuchs, was a person who belonged to the Social Democratic Party in
Germany. At the University of Leipzig, as a student, Fuchs joined the S.P.D.
Social Democratic Party! and was active in student politics. Spring 1930-Fall
1931! Later, Fuchs went to Kiel University in the Fall or 1931, and after
Hindenberg became chancellor, Fuchs broke with the S.P.IJ. and became an open
Conmnnist. With the burning oi the Reiohstsg, Fuchs reportedly, according
to his statement, learned he was to be arrested and went into the under-
ground Oonrmmist movement. He stayed in this movement until he left Gerlrany,
reportedly leaving Germany on the orders oi the Communist Party to finish
his education, as persons with technical knowledge would be needed after
the Gormmmist revolution in Germany. Fuchs, in his statement, sets forth
that he then went to France and then to England.
According to information fromgi-53 in July, 1933, Fuchs traveled
from Berlin to Paris, and on September , 1933, arrived in Great Britain.
He took up residence in Bristol in order to continue his studies at Bristol
University. In 1937, he took his Ph. D. Degree at Bristol University. In
September, 1937; he went to Edinburgh University where he had been awardeds research scholarship, working under Professor Max Born. Q b
An internment
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According to information fromml-5 g!1*nchs was released upon the
recommendation oi the authorities at Edi _ University in order hat e2* :".:"::; '"'*i°;."'an.~ °" ":::::: L1 .1 .*:?n*° n; ;.5 *m5,? eerrv a verpeo on ,. emr urns ,.r -
ing there until Is:r_._ In that month he moved to Birnisgham, where he began
research ncrk on-thsetesric energy-eqiroject under. Professor Rudolph Ernst
Peierls. In lav, 1942, his employers recomasndsd that he should he granted
British citisenship and on August 7, 19142, Fuchs received a certificate ofnaturalization. UL V '.
In his signed statement dated Janu/sh? 27, 1950, Fuchs stated
that afterhis release from the ihtcrnment camp he ias asked to mark with
Professor Peierls in Birmingham on war work and that after starting this
work and learning the. purpose, he decided toinf ssia, and establishedcontact through a member of the Gonnnmist Pa1'ty.o2¬ J
Fuchs has admitted continuing espionage activity for the Soviet
Intelligence Service from l9hl to February 191;!. Fuchs, in statements to
Dr. llichael W. Perrin, atomic scientist connected with the British Ministry
of Supply, detailed the nature and extent of the iniormation furnished by '
him to representatives of the Soviet Government, including the complete
"know how" of the Atomic Bomb and information on the Hydrogen Bomb. In the
period 19-'42 tollecember 1943, Fuchs claimed to have supplied his contact
only with Iork he himself had done, and this dealt Iith the basic theory
and mathematical treatment of problems connected with the gaseous diffusion
process for separating uranium isotopes, and concerned itself with separating
and using pure uranium 235. Fuchs admitted giving his Soviet contact all
reports that he himself wrote during this period. Fuchs also admitted that
he did furnish his contact, in general te information regarding theAtomic Bzergy work being done in E1g18Ild¢? -_ _ _
' On December 3, 1910, Fuchs qitered the United States at Heuport
News, Viriginia, being paneled by Bureau agents. He went to New York City,
where he was employed as part of s British Mission collaborating with the
Manhattan Engineer District on the development oi the atomic bomb.
During the period Fuchs was in New York City, from December 1943
to August 19M, he has admitted to Dr. Ferris furnishing to his new Soviet
agent contact the general scale of effort of the American Atomic Ezsrgy
program as he knew it at that time, and he provided technical information
about the American gaseous plant. He furnished to his Soviet contact copiesof sli/reports prepared by the British llission carzqring the serial designation "- u! o. ~
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In august, 1951+, Fuchs use transferred from Her fork to Ins
ilanos, arriving there on August 11;, 193:5. On February 1.1, 1916. Fuchs
left there for e vacation with his shear, llirs. Heinenan, in Cambridge,
Massachusetts. He returned to Los ilaaos on February 25, 191:-5. '
Fuchs hnglzitted that while in Ins Alum, he realised the
full scope of the can atoaic energy prograa and the importance of
plutoniua. Hhile visiting in Caabridge in February, 1916, he Irate a report sua-
aarising the whole problc of asking the ataeio boab as he ear it at that
tine, including the detonation of the bub, which he gave to his Soviet agent
contact in Boston. . . :
Jane, 191:5. Fuchs again let his Soviet contact in Santa Fe,
Few Mexico, and handed Mn a detailed report. ihie report full; described
the Plutonium bomb which had been designed and was to be tested. He provided
a sketch of the bomb and other technical features, including the detonation.
Fuchs again not his Soviet contact in Santa Fe in the Fall of 19b5, and
furnished him with additional information regarding the work being done atDos Almo June 16, 191.6; Fuchs departed permanent]; fz-In Los alanos,
traveling shington, and after a short visit with his sister in Cambridge
went to Montreal, departing from there on June 28, 191.6, for kgland by plane.
After his departure from the United States, Fuchs was assigned
to the itmic Research Plant at Harwell, England until his arrest on Feb-
ruary 2, 1950. Fuchs made one trip to the United States in Hovmber, 19.57,
to attend an declassification conference i.n Washington and for discussions
at irgonne Rational Laboratory, Chicago. khile at"HarueJJ., Fuchs has ad-
mitted furnishing additional information to his new Soviet contact concerning
the Plutonium bomb, including the blast calculations of the Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. bombs. During l91+7, he was asked for information concerning the
"tritium bomb" hydrogen bonb!.. He adaits giving data concerning this to
his contact. .'Ihe questions adked of Fuchs by his Soviet contact during
this period made him believe the Soviets had other sources concerning atomic
developments.
- 0n February 2, 1950. Fuchs was arrested and charged with violating
the British Officials Secrets ict. He was arraigned on February 3. 1950, at
the Boa Street Police Court. hxchs was given a farther arraignment on
Februsy 1.0, 1950, being couaitted for trial. On Hsrch 1, 1950, Fuchs was
tried on four counts, plead guilty, and was sentenced to the nazimna penalty
of lb years by the Lord Chief Justice of lmgland, Lord Coddard.
I 3
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- ~ On March 6, 1950, the Atomic Energy Gcmmission.was furnished
with a copy of the statement given to Dr. Michael W. Perrin by Fuchs
relating to th information which he furnished to the Russians. The Atomic
Energy Commission was requested to furnish the Bureau any evaluation whichthe Commission might make of um statement. K J »
F _ On Hey 19, 1950, the Atomic Enerry Comission furnished the Bureau
with portions of a report evaluating the effect of Fuchs' disclosures on the
Atomic Energy Oomission declassification policy. This report indicated that
it was concluded that some of the information furnished by Fuchs was largely
theoretical and has since been declassified. It was concluded, however, that
and with regard to the Trinity plutoniu implosion! type weapon it was con-
cluded that the essentials of the bomb in adequate detail were tunued over
either while Fuchs was at Les Alamos or later. It also appeared apparent
that considerable information was given to the Russians regarding gun-type
weapons.
The report discussed Fuchs participation in work on thermonuclear
weapons at Los Alamos,and a list of meetings attended by Fuchs in this regard
was set forth. This is believed to refer to the hydrogen bomb.! It is also
concluded that Fuchs officially had little infonmation concerning other phases
of the project in the United States, and that regarding certain developments
the Russians did not need information, either because of their own. efforts or
because they had other sources for information.
L-
In subsequent interviews with Fuchs by Bureau representatives, Fuchs
estimated that the Russian experiments were probably advanced by two years as
a result of his infonnation. .
" Fuchs stated that while in the United States he furnished information
to only one person with whom he was in contact in New York in 1944, in Boston
in February, 1945, and in Santa Fe in June, 1945 and later in the same year.
He admitted being contacted by this American contact at the residence of his
sister, Kristel Heineman, in Boston in February, 1945. The description of his
imerican contact furnished by him was very similar to the description given by
Kristel and Robert Heineman of the person who came to their residence inquiring
for Fuchs, and who later met Fuchs there.
Intensive investigation was conducted in this case, the investigative
steps being directed prhmsrily toward the identification of Fuchs American
contact. Various investigative steps were taken,»inoluding an effort to identify
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a documentrelating to thermal diffusion which the Amrican conta tail cse! pwas allegedly preparing; attempts to locate the laboratory whichéoosei Lb]contemplated, crganisin rev wnty Index cards by'c1'£icee cove nu ,possible residences ofcosej of available hotel registrations in
Santa. Fe and Albuquerque, New llexico, during the pertinent period; checking .
of travel records; investigation to locate and interview other tenants in
the aparinent house in New York where Fuchs resided prior to going to s* - -alamoei the display 2% the Heinansne and Fuchs of the photographs fromtrariousta,intelligence albums] 2 well as those of other ivi whose backgrountuand physical characteristics resembled those or Goose ' tigation of JAbraham Brcthman who was mentioned terzgggtcs These b linvestigative steps developed numerous poes e suapec and eds 61' 9 -
photographs were displayed-to the Heinemans and to Fuchs.
One suspect, Joseph arnold Robbins true name Joseph Regenstreich ,was investigated bec we name coincided with information from Robert ,!Heineman thatte-ooseggl possibly started with the prefix "Rob' and his
first name was Jose - Fuchs made a tentative identification. Kristel and
Robert Heineman stated definitely Robbins was not the man who osme to theirresidence inquiring for Fuchs. 1
Intensive investigation of Abraham Brcthman a assuage,was initiated because of information from icati oose,
in the Fall of 1944, was in contact with o n who we , at that tine,
establishing e. consulting chemical engineering laboratory in New York CityAccording to the same s , Goose, in October, 1944; was interested in '!-setting up a laboratcr a result of investigation and inronnation appear-
ing in Bureau files it was determined the Ha Gold, an associate orBrothman was very likely identical with@oos W I
Brcthmen previously was implicated in Soviet espionage by Elisabeth
T. Bentley, who stated that through Jacob Gclos, her espionage superior, she
came in contact with Brothmsn in 1940 and he furnished her with blueprints.
Brcthnan, in an interview on Hay 29, 1947, admitted furnishing the blueprints
but claimed they were his property and he was attempting to obtain Soviet
contracts. Brothman also admitted that after he ceased his contacts with
Bentley he was in contact with Harry Gold and furnished blueprints to Gold,
who Brothman said had introduced himself as a representative of Golco-
Harry Gold also was interviewed on May 29, 194?, and admitted
serving as Brothman's contact under the direction oi GO1OIe. He contended,
however, that he had only one meeting with Golos, namely, in July, 1940, at
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e. meeting of the American Gheznioal ociety in Philadelphia. Although he
admitted having made trips from Philadelphia to New York City spproiimstely
every three weeks for a period oi six months, on each of which he secured '
blueprints fmm Brothman, he denied that he ever transmitted such blueprints-
tc Golos or any other person on the "latte:-'s behalf, and furthermore insisted
that he received no compensation whatsoever from Golos for this work. Gold
declared that as s. result of such contacts with Brothnan, the latter became
friends with him, urged him several times to take s position with the
Brothman firm, and that in February, 1946, Gold in fact did assume full-time
employment with the Brothmsn firm in New York City. Gold declared that the
blueprints he received from Brothman related to designs for machinery used
in the chemical industry, and claimed that he probably still retained some
of them in his Philadelphia residence. He searched his residence on Hay 31,
1947, in the company of Bureau agents and after locating none of such blue-
prints, concluded that all of them had been destroyed when the Gold family
moved to 0 different residence in 1944. Gold had contended to agents that
he was introduced to Golos by Garter Hoodless, s fellow employee at the
Pennsylvania Sugar Company, and that Hoodless had died in 1942. Investigation
established that Hoodlesa had, in ifsot, died in July, 1942.
On July 31, 1947, Gold testified under subpoena before a Special
Federal Grand Jury in the Southern District of New York. This Grand Jury Wee
hearing evidence of alleged violations of Espionage and other Federal Statutes
stemming out of the disclosures made by Elizabeth T. Bentley, and Messrs. T.
Vincent Quinn and Thomas J. Donegan, who were handling the presentation of
evidence to the Grand Jury, advised confidentially that Gold had testified to
the same information as he had given agents on interview.
It will be noted that on June 5, 1947, there was displayed to
Elizabeth T. Bentley e. photograph of Harry Gold, and she was unable to effect
an identification or to furnish any information whatsoever concerning gold.
After the admissions by Fuchs of espionage activity, a photograph of Gold
was exhibited to Robert and Kristel Heinenan, as well as to Fuchs, and none
of them identified it.
By letter dated May l, 1950, the Bureau issued instructions for
eimultsneous interviews of Abraham Brothman and six of his business assoc-
iates, namely, lriam Moskowits, Jules Eorohien, Oscar V0.50, Gerhard Wollan,
Eknil Z. Barish, and H.s.rr'y Gold. That series of interviews was commenced on
nay 15, 1950. With the exception oi Gold, none of than admitted espionage -
activity. Brothmsn elaborated somewhat on the 1947 interview, but denied
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any knowledge of espionage activity. Iollan, loskcwits, Vega, Kcrohien and
Barish furnished information concerning Brothmsn, Field and business
activities of. the Brothssn firm,» but disclosed no infatuation concerning
espionage _ . '
Upon being interviewed on my 29, 1947, Gold had stated he eras born
on December. 12, 1910, in Switzerland, and that he had emigrated to the United
States with his parents, Sam and Celia Gold, in 1914. He said that the family
name was changed from Gelodnitsky at the time of his parents naturalization,
and that he was a United States citizen through derivation. He also said that
he attended public schools in Philadelphia, began employment as a laboratory
assistant irith the Pennsylvania Sugar Company in Philadelphia in 1929,
continuing intermittently vith that firm until February l, 1946. Gold also
declared that he had attended Dreaoel Institute and the University of Pennsylvani
both in Philadelphia, 3olunbia University, and Xavier University, Cincinnati,
Ohio, receiving a B.S. Degree from the last-named institute, sumna cum lauds,
in June, 1940. He described himself as a chemist and said that since
February 1, 1946, he was employed as a. laboratory chemist by Abraham Brothman
in the latter's laboratory, 85-03 57th Avenue, Elmhurst, Long Island, New York.
Upon interview on May 15, 1950, Gold reiterated and elaborated upon
his statements concerning the circumstances surrounding his meeting Jacob
Gclos and Brothman. He furnished detailed information concerning Brothme.n.'s
business activities and said that he himself, in 1936 or 1937, becasn inter-
ested in developing a process of thermal diffusion and made a detailed study
of the subject. He said that in 1946, when he assumed employment with Brothman,
he took with him e. brochure which he had prepared on a process of thermal
diffusion, and it was "ascertained that he had prepared that document for the
purpose of presenting the practical aspects of such a process when applied to
production. He also admitted that he always had desired to open a laboratory,
but never had possessed sufficient funds.
Gold identified s. photograph of Jacob Golos, as he had on May 29,
1947, and recognized a photograph of Elizabeth T. Bentley from having seen it
in the press. After studying Fuchs photograph for some time he commented
"That is a very unusual picture; that is that English spy. He could not
recognize a photograph of Joseph Arnoldkobbins. Interviewing agents noted
that there was a close similarity between the physical appearance of Robbins
and GO1do
Interview of Gold on May l9, 1950, consisted of obtaining from him
his statements concerning trips he had made fromfPhiladslphia commencing in
December, 1940, which he said was the date of his initial meeting with Brothmsn.
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He recounted details of several business trips made for his employer, the
Pennsylvania Sugar Company, and a subsidiary of the latter, as well as an
enumeration of the various times he saw Brothmnn in New York. Be denied
that he ever had been west of the-Mississippi River. On this occasion he
voluntarily turned over to agents his typewritten article on Thermal Diffusion,
entitled "Thermal Diffusion - A Prospectus-.'."' Handwriting and bsndprinting '
specimens of Gold were obtained on this occasion. _ _
Interview of Gold was resumed on the afternoon of May 20, 1950, but
was very brief inasmuch as Gold said he was fatigued from interrogation the
previous evening. Nothing pertinent was developed on this interview, but
Gold agreed to a reumption of the interrogation on May 21, 1950, and to a
search of his residence on May 22, 1950. On my 21, 1950, Gold discussed at
length his interest in developing a process of thermal diffusion and said that
if he had been able to establish the laboratory he desired, it would have been
for the purpose of conducting research in that field. He declared he
estimated it would cost approximately $1,000 to set up such a laboratory.
Motion pictures and additional still photographs of Gold were taken during the
interview of May 21, 1950.
On Hay 22, 1950, a search of Gold's residence at 6828 Kindred Street,
Philadelphia, was commenced by agents in Gold's presence and with his written
permission at approximately 8:15 AM. During the search, agents located a
Pennsylvania Railroad timetable, indicating a possible trip to Montreal; a
letter from the Pennsylvania Sugar Company, stating that the $500 loan made
to Gold had been repaid: and, in back of the bookcase, a circular concerning
the City of Santa Fe, New Mexico, of the type put out by a Chamber of Comoros.
The apparent discrepancies evidenced by each ofthese items were immediately
brought to 9rold's attention, and upon his being confronted by the circular
concerning the City of Santa Fe, Gold declared he was the individual who had
received the information from Fuchs. He then voluntarily accompanied agents
to the Philadelphia Office, and in their presence dictated a signed statement
reciting his activitiesin Soviet espionage, commencing in the Fall of 1936 and
continuing until the latter part of 1945. In this statement, and during the
course of subsequent interviews, Gold furnished information concerning his
espionage association with twelve individuals, including Fuchs; he declared
positively that neither his father, mother, nor brother, Joseph Gold, an
employee of the Naval Supply Depot, Philadelphia, ever had the slightest
indication that he was engaged in espionage work; and stated that his purpose
in engaging in industrial espionage for the USSR was to give assistance to a
nation whose final aims he approved. Gold-has declared that he met with Fuchs
on eight different occasions, five of the meetings occurring in New York City,
one in the neinemsn residence in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and two in Santa Fe,
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On the evening of May 23, 1950, after presentation of the known facts
concerning Gold's espionage activities to the Department, Assistant Attorney
General Jams M. Mclinerney s.uth.orised'prosecu+..ion of Gold under Section 37+, iitle
50, United. States Code, charging conspiracy to violate Section 32 a.! of Title 50,
United. States Code. Complaint was filed and warrant issued in the Eastern District
of New York on-the evening of hey 23, 1950, and. at 10=1+5 PM that date Gold was
arraigned before United States District Judge James P. McGranery in Philadelphia.
Gold admitted he was the individual named in the conplsint, and upon bond being
fixed by the Court at $100,000 Gold was rsmnded to Jail in default thereof.
On June l0,_ 1950, evidence against Berry Gold was presented to s Grand
Jury in the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, New York, and on the some dste
the Grand Jury returned a. true bill charging that Harry Gold and others ,inclu.ding
Emil Julius Isus Fuchs,conspired to violate Subsection .! of Section 32, Title
50, United States Code, and to effect the objects of the conspiracy. They com"-'
mitted eleven overt acts enumerated in the indictment in violation of Section 31+,
Title 50, United States Code.
A hearing for the removal of Gold was held on June 12, 1950, before Judge
McGrsnery. At that time, Gold's attorney conceded there was no question of identity
but requested more time to complete conferences with Gold. A date was not set for
an additional hearing but Mr. Hamilton, Gold's attorney, informed the court that
he would proceed on the matter as rapidly as possible.
On July 20, 1950, Gold appeared before U. S. District Judge James P.
McGra.nery in Philadelphia and pled. guilty to each count in the indictment as well
as to the indictment as s whole .' At this time the Government's motion for removal
of Gold to the Eastern District of New York was withdrawn. A pre-sentence investi-
gation by the Probation Officer was ordered. Judge Mcdraneryslso ordered s. hearing,
to be held after completion of the investigation, at which the Government would
present testimony and the defense could call witnesses if it so desired.
On December 9, 1.950, after 0. hearing on sentence held December T, 1950,
Judge Mctlranery sentenced Barry Gold to 30 years imprisonment, and later modified
this to 29 years, 223 days, to credit him for the time served since his plea. of
guilty. Since sentence, Gold has been a Government witness in the trial of Abraham
Brothmsn and Miriam Moskowitz, and he is scheduled to be a witness in the Julius
Rosenberg trial and also the Oscar John Vsgo trial.
Intensive investigation has been conducted to corroborate Gold's state-
ments and to effect identifications of his espionage associates. The Chicago
Division located a guest registration card at the Palmer House Hotel, Chicago,
Illinois, reflecting registration of Harry Gold there on September 16, l91+5. The
Albuquerque Division has located registration cards for Harry Gold reflecting
registrations at the Hilton. Hotel in Albuquerque, New Mexico 5 on June 3, and
September 19, 1911-5. The FBI Laboratory has concluded. that all three registration
cards were written by Gold.
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Subsequent to the initial signed statement furnished by Gold on
Hay22, l950,Go1dhas chgngedllis storyinsaedsteilssndhasfnrnishsd
additional inforntion. He has not adaitted that he nae first recruited for
Boviet espionage activities in 1935 by thence L. Black Ibo "placed his in
contact with an individual known totold as Paul Bsith? A separate brief is.
being preparedon_Black_.! Ooldeas in contest with Paul. Baits from the
Pall. of 1935 until esrlyel-937. Ila furnished. inforsation available to bin
through his cnployeent at the Pennsylvania Bugs:-alpsny. at the last nesting
with Paul Smith in 1937, the letter nentioned that be sass._1.-et1n'ning to
Germany. Golduas then placed in contact sithsn individnalfknosn to bin as
Steve Sluts in the earl; Sager of 1937,, to whm be continued to furnish
infcrsation. He believed Starts was a Russian having been in the States
a long tine and residing in Brooklyn. He tentatively identified s. photolrsph
of Joseph Ists as being identical wirarts but subsequently changed his '
story to indicate that Kat: was not Bearts but rather a substitute who contacted
Gold in Buffalo, IUI fork, on one occasion in l9iO on behalf of Senenov,
mentioned below. When he thus changed his story, he identified Starts as
Sense liefodievich Bugs rho, according to investigation, was en engineer
attached to the Soviet Government Pm-chasing Oonission-Sand was in the United -
States from sevesber 15, 1916, until larch 16, 19147. Investigation to date
has failed to indicate um he wee in the United States in 1937-36.
- _ In late 1937 or earl; 1938, Gold wee placed in contact mm an '
individual known to his as Fred. Gold continued to give him information
relating to chenical proceases obtained from the ?ennsylvania Sugar Company
until the Fall of 19100. Ho received the impression Fred was operating. '
other agents. Gold furnished e. description of Fred but has not to date been
able to identify hin fron photographs shovn. lie has indicated some similarity
between "l"red" and Oaik B. O1nhisian,_however.
In late 1938, "mo" instructed Gold to contact BcnJamin Snilg,
an aeronautical engineer at Wright Pieldlayton, Ohio. He made several contacts
with Snilg from that tine until possibly earl; 1911-1, ostensibly to obtain
information but received no snob infornation. On the last contact, Gold was
in possession of nateriel furnished to bin by his Soviet superior and his
contact was virtually an attcnpt at blackmail. Snilg was the subject of an
atomic energy investigation which indicated he was uployed at Wright Field
from August 1O, 1936, to the present time except during a period of ailitsry
furlough from February 19, 19l&2, until October 25, 1916. Io derogatory informa-
tion was developed. On interview on June 19, 1950, Snilg denied baring ever
engaged in senec esp:l.0l8¢e but adlitted Gold's contact with nu in 1938-ho.
Gold again changed his story regarding lists, advising that be never
net anyone in Buffalo, low fork, or anywhere else, as a substitute, but had
actually net Eats on one occasion in the lobby of the Hotel let Yorker, on the
instructions of his superior, Fred. lists is a subJect of a Bureau investiga-
tion baoed on informtion furnished by Elisabeth. f. Bentley. Kate departed the
United Btates in the Sumner of 19116, and has resided in Paris, France, as a repre
sentative of an American business fins since that tine. ' -
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Gold's next soviet superior was known to him as "Sam" and he has
identified a photograph of Semen Markovitch Semenov as being identical with
"Sam." He met Semenov until the end of 19140 and was told to discontinue his
activities since they served no purpoe. He was recontacted _by Semenov in
the Fall of 191+]. and operated under Semenov -until early l91+1+. During this .
period, he obtained information from Alfred Dean Slack and Abraham Brothman
which was transmitted to Semonov. In this connection, Gold has advised
that he net Brothman through Semenov rather than Jacob Golos, whom he never
knew. Ha stated that he had advised Bureau Agents and testified before the
Grand Jury in 191!-1' that he met Brothman through Golos because he and Brothman,
at the instigation oi Brothman, agreed to that story. _
' Qiwsstigati-an of Semenov was initiated in 191»1 after he entered the
United Sta s as an official representative of Amtorg Trading Corporation.
Informants have indicated that he attempted to get i elligence informationHe departed from the United States September 26, l91+g!* separate briefs are V-3being prepared on Alfred Dean Slack and Abraham Brot !. |§emenov was last
reported to he in Paris, France, as a representative of Sove rtfilm, as of
April, l91s9Q$ | 9,!
1 In early 1941+, the supervision of Gold in Soviet intelligence by
"San" was turned over to an individual known as "John" whom Gold has now
identified as Anatoli Antonovich Yakovlev. Yakovlev entered the United States
on February 1+, l9?-I-l, and was assigned as a clerk at the Soviet Consulate in
New York City. An investigation was initiated in June, 191+6, after he was
contacted by Walter Carl Neunson, a suspected Soviet agent. Investigation of
Ya.kovlev's activities -indicated. he was operating as a Soviet agent. He .
departed from the United States on December 2?, l91+5. Gold admits no contacts
with Yakovlev subsequent to 1.9346. As of July, 19118, Yalcovlev was in Paris,
France, as Second Secretary oi the Soviet Embassy.
Harry Gold further advised that in December, 191+6, the night of his
last meeting with Yakovlev, he had earlier met an unknown Russian at the Earle
Theater in New fork; City who inquired whether Gold had any material from _the
Doctor, referring to Fuchs. Upon being advised in the negative, this Russian
instructed Gold to meet Yakovlev within an hour at a certain place. Gold has
ntified a hoto a h of Pavel Ivnnovich Fedosimov as repress this 16¢ P sf 11 _ 6mm Russian Gold had no further contacts with Fedosimovégjformation indicates that Fedosimov prohehl is identical the ea. ot ms in New York City during 191th and 191¢5.i% _
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sen-y Gold has n-ther advised that in October, 1.919, he was
contacted at his home in Philndelphia by an unknown Russian who introduced
himself "by inquiring whether "Gold remembered "John" and "the doctor," refer-
ring, according to Gold, to Yekovlev end Fuchs. Gold nude arrangements "to
meet this Russian in new York City later in October, 191+9, and kept the
meetingf At. that tim the Russian questioned Gold in detail about his
testzhnony before the Federal Grand Jury in 19147 and the effect it might
have ond'Fu.chs. He advised Gold. that since he visited Gold's home he bed
made inquiry and determined that Fuchs was all right, was working and was
furnishing informtion. Gold made arrangements with this Russian for further
meetings every two months on s. Sunday. He did not keep the December, l9l+9,
meeting. He did go to the meeting place in February, 1950, but was not
contacted, apparently because Fuchs had been arrested the previous Friday.
Gold has denied any zfurtber contacts with the Soviets.
Gold subsequently advised that when he vent to the meeting place
in New York. City in February, 1.950, but was not contacted, he noted an
individual pass him, smoking a. cigar, as was part oi the prearranged rc-
cognition signal, whom he believed might have been Julius Rosenberg, whose
photogralph appeared in s. Philadelphia paper and was seen by Gold. Still
later, Gold identified s photograph of Rosenberg as being the individual
who passed him on the occasion in February, 1950, when the meeting was not
consummated.
Gold also stated he obta.ined_information and paid money to an
American soldier in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in June, l91+5, on the
instructions of "John." This soldier has now been identified as David
Greenglass. A separate brief has been prepared concerning Greenglass.!
"Paul Smith," "Steve Su'a.rtz§' and "Fred," have not as yet been
identified. Alfred Dean Slack and David Greenglass have been apprehended
on charges of violation of Section 31+, Title 50, United States Code. On
a plea of guilty Alfred Dean Slack was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment.
David Greenglass has also pled guilty but is awaiting sentence at this time.
Abraham Brothman and Miriam Mdskowitz were arrested and tried on charges of
obstructing Justice. Brothman was sentenced to serve two years and to pay
a. fine of $10,000 on Count One and to serve five years and pay a fine of
$5,000 on Count Two, the sentences to run consecutively. Moskowitz was
sentenced to two years imprisonment and a. fine of $10,000 on Count One.
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Fuchs admitted that while in England prior to coming to the
United. States in l91s3 , he we-B in contact with two different individuals
to whom he iurn.ished. information for the Russians. He has identified
his first contact as Simon D. Kremer, a Soviet official who was the
Secretary to the Soviet Military Attache in England. and who has been
identified by the British as a Soviet Military Inte1J_1.gence- agent.
Fuchs has stated that he met Kremer through arrangements made by a
Communist friend, Jurgen Kuczynski, who subsequently returned. to .Germny and was teaching at the University of Berlin in 191+9.§§ |I!
_ Fuchs second contact in England was a woman, whom he has
now identified as Jurgen Kuczyn.akis sister, Ursula Beurton, whom he
met near Banbury, Englami. He maintained contact with her until his
d.epa.rture- for the United States in 191:3. She arranged with him thedetails of his first meeting with his American contact in New York. @' U-!
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Although Fuchs had been given instructions prior to leaving the IUnited States, by his American contact, for a rendesvous with s Russianagent after his return to England in l9h6, he failed to appear for the
meetings. Subsequently, when he desired to again make contact with theRussians, he tried to locate Kuczynski. Failing in this, he approachedJohanna Klopstech, a Communist, and according to Fuchs, a member of theparty in Germany or Czechoslovakia. She also failed to locate Kuccynskibut made contact with the Russians, apparently through the British CommunistParty, and furnished Fuchs with instructions for a meeting with his lastcontact in England. Fuchs was in contact with this latter individual, whohas not yet been identified, until February_or March, l9h9.
After Fuchs returned to England and after meeting with his lastcontact, he was furnished on two occasions with the name Hr. Skhonlin,2 Rue Adolphin Bartholdi or Bartholdy, Paris; France. He was told he might
consider using this address and that there he would be placed in contact
with persons possessing technical knowledge. Presumably, this was to beused as an emergency meeting place if he again lost contact with the Russians.
Fuchs never used this address.
Sukhonlin is apparently identical with Vassili V. Soukhomline,a well-known Russian Social Revolutionary journalist. He was in the United
States from.September, l9il, to August, 19b5, during which this he was con-
nected.with "France-Amerique." He was reported as pro-Soviet and contributed
prc~Soviet articles to "Novosselye" and "Soviet Eussis.Today," pro$oviet
periodicals-published in New York.c He reportedly accepted a position as Pariscorrespondent of the New York proCommunist Russian language daily "Russky
Golos," in l9L5. In February, l9L9, he was characterized in an American
Embassy dispatch from Paris as a Soviet agent who was connected with "Cahiers
Internationaux", a publication financed by the Soviet Embassy in Paris.
The inrestigative responsibility for Dr. Fuchs during the firstperiod he was in the United States was, by the general agreement regarding
jurisdiction between the Manhattan Engineer District and the FBI, the
responsibility of the Esnhattan Engineer District. This is based on the
fact that Fuchs was employed by the British and was attached to the Hsnhattan
Engingar District, The Delimitations Agreement in effect, signed February 9,
l9h2, provided that the Her Department would be responsible for the in-
vestigating of all civilian employees of the War Department, as well as
civilians on military reservations or under military control. Esjor General
George V. Strong, G2, on April 5, l9h3, in a conference with a Breau officia
Er. E. A. Tanm, stated the War Department took complete responsibility for
protective actirities in connection with the Manhattan Engineer Districtproject. ' ; J i
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