UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK x UNITED STATES OF AMERICA S 120 Cr. 330 (AJN) GHISLAINE MAXWELL, Defendant. x THE GOVERNMENT'S OMNIBUS MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO THE DEFENDANT'S PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS AUDREY STRAUSS United States Attorney Southern District of New York Attorney for the United States of America Assistant United States Attorneys - Of Counsel - EFTA00095067 TABLE OF CONTENTS PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1 BACKGROUND 2 ARGUMENT 3 I. Jeffrey Epstein's Non-Prosecution Agreement Is Irrelevant to This Case 3 A. The NPA Does Not Bind the Southern District of New York 4 1. The Text of the Agreement Does Not Contain a Promise to Bind Other Districts 5 2. The Defendant Has Offered No Evidence That the NPA Binds Other Districts 9 B. The NPA Does Not Immunize Maxwell from Prosecution 15 1. The NPA Is Limited to Particular Crimes Between 2001 and 2007 15 2. The NPA Does Not Confer Enforceable Rights On Maxwell 17 C. The Defendant Has Offered No Basis for Additional Discovery or a Hearing 21 II. The Indictment Is Timely 23 A. Statutory Background 24 B. The 2003 Amendment to Section 3283 Applies Retroactively 26 1. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step One of Landgraf 27 2. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step Two of Landgraf 32 C. The Defendant's Crimes Involved the Sexual Abuse of Minors 36 III. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Indictment Based on Alleged Improper Pre- Trial Delay Should Be Denied 41 A. The Defendant Has Failed to Demonstrate Actual and Substantial Prejudice 42 1. Applicable Law 42 2. Discussion 44 B. The Defendant Has Failed to Establish That the Government Delayed The Indictment For An Improper Purpose 52 1. Applicable Law 52 2. Discussion 53 IV. The Court Should Deny the Defendant's Motions To Suppress 59 A. Factual Background 60 1. The Civil Lawsuit against Maxwell 61 2. February 2016 Meeting 62 3. The April and July 2016 Depositions of Maxwell 64 4. The USAO-SDNY Commences the Instant Investigation in 2018 65 68 I II 6. Proceedin s before 5. The USAO-SDNY's Sub.. nas and Ex Pane Applications for Materials 66 a. M 68 b. April ', 70 EFTA00095068 c. Chief Judge McMahon's Memorandum and Order 71 7. &OAS% 74 8. Unsealing of Maxwell's Depositions 74 9. The New York Daily News Article 75 B. The Defendant's Suppression Motion Should Be Denied 76 1. Martindell Provides No Basis to Grant the Relief the Defendant Seeks 76 a. Applicable Law 76 b. Discussion 79 2. Maxwell's Fourth Amendment Claim Fails 81 a. Maxwell Has Not Established Standing 82 i. Applicable Law 82 ii. Discussion 84 b. The Government Acted in Good Faith 86 i. Applicable Law 86 ii. Discussion 88 c. Suppression of Certain Materials Would Be Improper Under the Inevitable Discovery Doctrine 93 i. Applicable Law 93 ii. Discussion 94 3.The Defendant's Motion to Suppress Evidence Obtained Pursuant to the Subpoena Under the Fifth Amendment Is Without Merit 96 a. Applicable Law 96 i. The Fifth Amendment — Generally 96 ii. The Fifth Amendment — Act of Production Privilege 97 iii. The Fifth Amendment — When Private Action Is Deemed Government Action 98 b. Discussion 99 4. The Government Did Not Violate Maxwell's Due Process Rights 103 a. Applicable Law 103 b. Discussion 106 5. The Court Should Not Exercise Its Inherent Authority to Order Suppression 109 a. Applicable Law 109 b. Discussion 110 6. The Defendant Is Not Entitled to a Hearing 111 a. Applicable Law 112 b. Discussion 115 V. The Jury Should Decide Whether the Defendant Committed Perjury 116 A. Factual Background 117 B. Applicable Law 119 C. Discussion 122 1. April 2016 Deposition 123 2. July 2016 Deposition 129 3. Materiality 135 EFTA00095069 VI. Counts Five and Six Are Properly Joined and Should Not Be Severed 137 A. Applicable Law 138 B. Discussion 140 VII. The Indictment Contains the Elements of Each Offense and Provides the Defendant More Than Adequate Notice of the Charges Against Her 149 A. Applicable Law 150 B. Discussion 152 VIII. There Is No Basis to Strike Any Portion of the Indictment 157 A. Relevant Facts 157 B. Applicable Law 159 C. Discussion 160 IX. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Count One or Count Three as Multiplicitous Is Premature 169 A. Relevant Facts 169 B. Applicable Law 169 C. Discussion 171 X. The Defendant's Various Disclosure Motions Should be Denied 173 A. Bill of Particulars Is Not Warranted 173 1. Applicable Law 174 2. Discussion 177 A. The Defendant's Requests for Early Production of a Witness List and Jencks Act Material Should Be Denied 182 1. Applicable Law 182 2. Discussion 183 A. The Defendant's Additional Requests for Disclosure Should Be Denied 184 XI. The Use of a Grand Jury Siting in White Plains Was Entirely Proper 192 A. Background 193 1. The SDNY and Local Rules for the Division of Business 193 2. The SDNY Jury Plan 194 B. Applicable Law 197 C. Discussion 197 1. The Defendant Was Properly Indicted by a Grand Jury Sitting in White Plains 198 2. The Defendant's Fair Cross-Section Claim Is Meritless 204 a. The Defendant Has Not Established that Blacks or Hispanics Are Unfairly Represented 204 b. Any Potential Underrepresentation Is Not Due to Systematic Exclusion 209 CONCLUSION 211 iii EFTA00095070 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Page(s) 46 F.3d 1240 (2d Cir. 1995) 208 286 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2002) 22 348 F. App'x 636 (2d Cir. 2009) 139 439 U.S. 357 (1979) 197, 204 479 F. App'x 372 (2d Cir. 2012) 207, 210 511 U.S. 32 579 F. App'x 37 (2d Cir. 2014) 98 679 F. App'x 79 (2d Cir. 2017) 122 730 F. App'x 25 (2d Cir. 2018) 140 867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 2d Cir. 1988) 7 867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 1988) 4 2014 WL 2696569 (S.D.N.Y. June 10, 2014) 88 2014 WL 5090039 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 10, 2014) 83 2016 WL 107841 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 11, 2016) 18, 19 2016 WL 1055737 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2016) 2019 WL 3072288 (E.D.N.Y. July 15, 2019) 2020 WL 3483702 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2020) 2021 WL 78235 (January 11, 2021) Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266 (1993) Andover Data Servs., a Div. of Players Computer, Inc. v. Statistical Tabulating Corp., 876 F.2d 1080 (2d Cir. 1989) 76, Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51 (1988) 179 59 141 26, 29 104 84, 103 52 Aronson v. K. Arakelian, Inc., 154 F.2d 231 (7th Cir. 1946) 17 Berghuis v. Smith, 559 U.S. 314 (2010) 207, 210 Blissett v. Lefevre, 924 F.2d 434 (2d Cir. 1991) 108 Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991 (1982) 99 Bochese v. Town of Ponce Inlet, 405 F.3d 964 (11th Cir. 2005) 20 Botha v. Don King Productions, Inc., No. 97 Civ. 7587 (JGK), 1998 WL 88745 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 1998) 102 Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886) 101 iv EFTA00095071 Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972) 78 Bridges v. United States, 346 U.S. 209 (1953) 38 Bronston v. United States, 409 U.S. 352 (1973) 121 Bryson v. United States, 396 U.S. 64 (1969) 101 Burgess v. United States, 552 U.S. 124 (2008) 37 Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 491 U.S. 617 (1989) 108 Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206 82, 83, 84, 85 Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973) 109 Chemical Bank v. Affiliated FM Ins. Co., 154 F.R.D. 91 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) passim Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 567 U.S. 142 (2012) 37 Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157 (1986) 97, 98, 99 Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564 (1987) 97 County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (1998) Cruz v. Maypa, 773 F.3d 138 (4th Cir. 2014) Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 229 (2011) Doe No. 1. v. United States, 32, 104 33 86 749 F.3d 999 (11th Cir. 2014) 117, 118, 119 Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342 (1990) 52 Edwards v. Mazzuca, No 00 Civ. 2290 (RIS), 2007 WL 2994449 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 15, 2007) 155 Falter v. United States, 23 F.2d 420 (2d Cir. 1928) 34 Falter, 23 F.3d 34 Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976) 98, 101 Flagg v. Yonkers Say. & Loan Ass 'n, 396 F.3d 178 (2d Cir. 2005) 99 EFTA00095072 Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978) 113, 114, 115 Golino v. City of New Haven, 950 F.2d 864 (2d Cir. 1991) 88 Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989) 104 Grant v. United States, 282 F.2d 165 (2d Cir. 1960) 112 Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756 (1987) 108 Grunewald v. United States, 353 U.S. 391 (1957) 163 Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87 (1974) 150, 151 Hemphill v. United States, 392 F.2d 45 (8th Cir. 1968) 176 Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135 (2009) 87 Howell v. Superintendent Rockview SCI, 939 F.3d 260 (2d Cir. 2019) 210 Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681 (1988) 166 In re Enter. Mort. Acceptance Co. Sec. Litig. ("Enterprise"), 391 F.3d 401 (2d Cir. 2004) 27, In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Apr. 19, 1991, 945 F.2d 1221 (2d Cir. 1991) In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Oct 29, 1992, 28, 77, 33 81 1 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 1993) 98, 101 In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 826 F.2d 1166 (1987) 96 In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 836 F.2d 1468 (4th Cir. 1988) 103 In re Three Grand Jug Subpoenas Duces Tecum Dated Jan. 29, 1999, 191 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 1999) 98 In Re Three Grand Jury Subpoenas Jan. 5, 1988, 847 F.2d 1024 (2d Cir. 1988) 96 In re U.S., 834 F.2d 283 (2d Cir. 1987) 191 In re Various Grand Jury Subpoenas, 924 F. Supp. 2d 549 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 98 Int'l Equity Invs., Inc. v. Opportunity Equity Partners Ltd., No. 05 Civ. 2745 (JGK) (RLE), 2010 WL 779314 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2010) 79 Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461 (1997) 135 vi EFTA00095073 Kungys v. United States, 485 U.S. 759 (1988) Landgraf v. US! Film Products, 148 511 U.S. 244 (1994) 27 Landgraf, 511 U.S 27, 30, 32 Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1 (2004) 40 Lighte, 782 F.3d 120 Madanes v. Madanes, 186 F.R.D. 279 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) 98 Martindell v. Intl Tel. and Tel. Corp., 594 F.2d 291 (2d Cir. 1979) 59, 63, 77, 102 Martindell, 594 F.3d 79 Martinez v. McAleenan, 385 F. Supp. 3d 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 104 Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433 (1974) 96 Miller v. Pate, 386 U.S. 1 (1967) 108, 117, 118 Mills v. Scully, 826 F.2d 1192 (2d Cir. 1987) 108 Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420 (1984) 100 Murray v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 583 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2009) 149 Nijhawan v. Holder, 557 U.S. 29 (2009) 40 Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 (1984) 93, 94 North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711 (1969) 169 Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985) 97, 98 Palmieri v. State of N.Y., 779 F.2d 861 (2d Cir. 1985) 77, 80, 81 Peck v. United States, 73 F.3d 1220 (2d Cir. 1995) 112 Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128 (1978) 82, 83 Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135 (1994) 112 vii EFTA00095074 Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98 (1980) 83 Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200 (1987) 142 Rivera v. United States, 928 F.2d 592 (2d Cir. 1991) 114, 116 Rochin, 342 U.S., 72 S. Ct. 205 105 Rosencrans v. United States, 165 U.S. 257 (1897) 203 Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749 (1962) 151 Rutenberg v. United States, 245 U.S. 480 (1918) 200 Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52 (1997) 161 Santobello v. United States, No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1998 WL 113950 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 1998) 18 Sch. Dist. No. 7, 167 F.3d 784 (2d Cir. 1999) 43 SEC v. TheStreet.com, 273 F.3d 222 (2d Cir. 2001) 78, 81 Smith v. Maiyland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979) 83, 84 Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607 (2003) 34 Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202 (1965) 208 Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975) 206, 208 Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990) 40 Thom v. Ashcroft, 369 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. 2004) 35 Toussie v. United States, 397 U.S. 112 (1970) 35 United State v. Nader, 425 F. Supp. 3d 619 (E.D. Va. 2019) passim United States v. Alzmad, 992 F. Supp. 682 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 112 United States v. Ahmed, 10 Cr. 131 (PKC), 2011 WL 5041456 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2011) 160 United States v. Al Kassar, 660 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2011) 105 viii EFTA00095075 United States v. Alameh, 341 F.3d 167 (2d Cir. 2003) 53, 55 United States v. Alberti, 568 F.2d 617 (2d Cir. 1977) 125 United States v. Alfonso, 143 F.3d 772 (2d. Cir. 1998) 150 United States v. Amato, 15 F.3d 230 (2d Cir. 1994) 140 United States v. An Antique Platter of Gold, 184 F.3d 131 (2d Cir. 1999) 148 United States v. Anderson, 747 F.3d 51 (2d Cir. 2014) 142 United States v. Anderson, 772 F.3d 969 (2d Cir. 2014) 110 United States v. Annabi, 771 F.2d 670 (2d Cir. 1985) 4, 6, 7 United States v. Arzberger, 592 F. Supp. 2d 590 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) 104 United States v. Ash, 464 F. Supp. 3d 621 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) 100 United States v. Ashburn, 76 F. Supp. 3d 401 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) 88 United States v. Awadallah, 349 F.3d 42 (2d Cir. 2003) 113, 114 United States v. Bahna, 68 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 1995) passim United States v. Barlow, 732 F. Supp. 2d 1 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) 207, 208, 210 United States v. Barnes, 520 F. Supp. 2d 510 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 207 United States v. Batchelder, 442 U.S. 114 (1979) 173 United States v. Bejasa, 904 F.2d 137 (2d Cir. 1990) 182 United States v. Bellomo, 263 F. Supp. 2d 561 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) 176 United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d 89 (2d Cir. 2001) 31 United States v. Benussi, 216 F. Supp. 2d 299 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) 163, 164 United States v. Biaggi, 675 F. Supp. 790 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) 176 United States v. Biaggi, 909 F.2d 662 (2d Cir. 1990) 205, 208 ix EFTA00095076 United States v. Bin Laden, 91 F. Supp. 2d 600 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) United States v. Birney, 686 F.2d 102 (2d Cir. 1982) United States v. Birrell, 159 43, 45 470 F.2d 113 (2d Cir. 1972) 122 United States v. Blakney, 941 F.2d 114 (2d Cir. 1991) 138, 146 United States v. Blaszczak, 308 F. Supp. 3d 736 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 186 United States v. Block, 16 Cr. 595 (JPO), 2017 WL 1608905 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 28, 2017) 174 United States v. Bonacorsa, 528 F.2d 1218 (2d Cir. 1976) 120, 127, 133, 135 United States v. Bonventre, 646 F App'x 73 (2d Cir. 2016) 179 United States v. Bortnovsky, 820 F.2d 572 (2d Cir. 1987) 174, 175, 182 United States v. Botti, No. 08 Cr. 230 (CSH), 2009 WL 3157582 (D. Conn. Sept. 25, 2009) 145 United States v. Brand, 04 Cr. 194 (PKL), 2005 WL 77055 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 2005) 168 United States v. Brand, 467 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2006) 156 United States v. Brand, 556 F.2d 1312 (5th Cir. 1977) 52 United States v. Broccolo, 797 F. Supp. 1185 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) 139, 143, 145 United States v. Brown, 744 F. Supp. 558 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) 115 United States v. Brown, 800 F. App'x 455 (9th Cir. 2020) 26, 29 United States v. Brown, No. 07-0296, 2008 WL 161146 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 16, 2008) 144 United States v. Brown, No. 99-1230, 2002 WL 34244994, at (2d Cir. Apr. 26, 2002) 5, 19 United States v. Bruno, 159 F. Supp. 3d 311 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) 5 United States v. Bunn, 154 F. App'x 227 (2d Cir. 2005) 156 United States v. Burke, No. 09 Cr. 135 (SJ), 2011 WL 2609837 (E.D.N.Y. July I, 2011) 56 United States v. Butler, 351 F. Supp. 121 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) 160 EFTA00095077 United States v. Butler, No. 04 Cr. 340, 2004 WL 2274751 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2004) 139, 141 United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338 (1974) 78 United States v. Caming, 968 F.2d 232 (2d Cir. 1992) 112 United States v. Campo Flores, 15 Cr. 765 (PAC), 2016 WL 5946472 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 12, 2016) 189, 190 United States v. Canfield, 212 F.3d 713 (2d Cir. 2000) 113 United States v. Canter, 338 F. Supp. 2d 460 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) 190 United States v. Carbonaro, No. 02 Cr. 743 (RCC), 2004 WL 2222145 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2004) 56 United States v. Carpenter, 680 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2012) 37 United States v. Carson, 464 F.2d 424 (2d Cir. 1972) 145, 146 United States v. CFW Const. Co., 583 F. Supp. 197 (D. S.C. 1984) 19 United States v. Chacko, 169 F.3d 140 (2d Cir. 1999) 169 United States v. Chalmers, 474 F. Supp. 2d 555 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 150 United States v. Chambers, 800 F. App'x 43 (2d Cir. 2020) 48 United States v. Chan Lo, No. 14 Cr. 491 (VSB), 2016 WL 9076234 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2016) 122 United States v. Chen, 378 F.3d 151 (2d Cir. 2004) 179 United States v. Cheung Kin Ping, 555 F.2d 1069 (2d Cir. 1977) 46, 55 United States v. Chuang, 897 F.2d 646 (2d Cir. 1990) 82 United States v. Coke, No. 07 Cr. 971 (RPP), 2011 WL 3738969 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2011) 105, 109, 111 United States v. Collins, 409 F. Supp. 3d 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 186 United States v. Concepcion, 983 F.2d 369 (2d Cir. 1992) 165 United States v. Coppa, 267 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 2001) 182 United States v. Corbett, 750 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2014) 97 xi EFTA00095078 United States v. Cornielle, 171 F.3d 748 (2d Cir. 1999) 42, 53, 58 United States v. Corr, 543 F.2d 1042 (2d Cir. 1976) 121 United States v. Countentos, 651 F.3d 809 (8th Cir. 2011) 40, 41 United States v. Cromitie, 727 F.3d 194 (2d Cir. 2019) 106 United States v. Crouch, 84 F.3d 1497 (5th Cir. 1996) 52 United States v. D'Amico, 734 F. Supp. 2d 321 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 176 United States v. Davis, 702 F.2d 418 (2d Cir. 1983) 78, 81, 103 United States v. DeFilippo, No. 17 Cr. 585 (WHP), 2018 WL 740727 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2018) 114 United States v. Delacruz, 970 F. Supp. 2d 199 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 53 United States v. DePahna, 461 F. Supp. 778 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) 159, 164 United States v. Dewar, 489 F. Supp. 2d 351 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 112 United States v. Diaz, 176 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 1999) 165, 166 United States v. DiGregorio, 795 F. Supp. 630 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) 106 United States v. Dodge, 597 F.3d 1347 (11th Cir. 2010) 39 United States v. Dornau, 356 F. Supp. 1091 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) 50 United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174 (2d Cir. 2010) 156 United States v. Dumitru, 18 Cr. 243 (LAK), 2018 WL 3407703 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2018) 170 United States v. Eldred, 933 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2019) 87 United States v. E!-Sadig, 133 F. Supp. 2d 600 (N.D. Ohio 2001) 19 United States v. Elsbery, 602 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir. 1979) 43, 49 United States v. Estrada, 320 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2003) 169 United States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116 (1966) 54 xii EFTA00095079 United States v. Falso, 544 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2008) 113, 114 United States v. Fanner, 137 F.3d 1265 (10th Cir. 1998) 120, 121 United States v. Feldman, 939 F.3d 182 (2d Cir. 2019) 6, 18, 22 United States v. Fennell, 496 F. Supp. 2d 279 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 192, 194 United States v. Figueroa, 618 F.2d 934 (2d Cir. 1980) 167 United States v. Fiumano, No. 14 Cr. 518 (JFK), 2016 WL 1629356 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 25, 2016) 48 United States v. Florence, 456 F.2d 46 (4th Cir. 1972) 201 United States v. Florida West Int'l Airways, Inc., 853 F. Supp. 2d 1209 (S.D. Fla. 2012) 19, 20 United States v. Forde, 740 F.Supp.2d 406 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) passim United States v. Gallo, No. 98 Cr. (JGK), 1999 WL 9848 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. II, 1999) 183, 189 United States v. Gambino, 838 F. Supp. 744 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 48 United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506 (1995) 122, 135, 148 United States v. Geaney, 417 F.2d 1116 (2d Cir. 1969) 191 United States v. Gentile, 235 F. Supp. 3d 649 (D.N.J. 2017) 35, 36 United States v. Ghailani, 751 F. Supp. 2d 502 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 106 United States v. Ghavami, 10 Cr. 1217 (KMW), 2012 WL 2878126 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2012) 171 United States v. Gibson, 175 F. Supp. 2d 532 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 176 United States v. Gilbert, 266 F.3d 1180 (9th Cir. 2001) 43 United States v. Gillette, 383 F.2d 843 (2d Cir. 1967) 112 United States v. Gonzalez, No. 00 Cr. 447, 2000 WL 1721171 58 United States v. Gottfried, 165 F.2d 360 (2d Cir. 1948) 199 United States v. Gracesqui, No. 10 Cr. 74 (PKC), 2015 WL 5231168 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2015) 140 EFTA00095080 United States v. Green, 981 F.3d 945 (11th Cir. 2020) 87 United States v. Greer, 956 F. Supp. 525 (D. Vt. 1997) 49 United States v. Griffith, 99 Cr. (HB), 2000 WL 1253265 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2000) 172 United States v. Guzman, 337 F. Supp. 140 (S.D.N.Y. 1972) 208 United States v. Halkbank, 15 Cr. 867 (RMB), 2020 WL 5849512 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 1, 2020) 170 United States v. Hallahan, 756 F.3d 962 (7th Cir. 2014) 16 United States v. Halper, 590 F.2d 422 (2d Cir. 1978) 144 United States v. Haqq, 278 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. 2002) 82 United States v. Harrison, 764 F. Supp. 29 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) 50 United States v. Hastings, 461 U.S. 499 (1983) 109 United States v. Heath, 455 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 2006) 93, 94 United States v. Henderson, 337 F.3d 914 (7th Cir. 2003) 43 United States v. Henry, 861 F. Supp. 1190 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) 177 United States v. Herbert, 698 F.2d 981 (9th Cir. 1983) 200 United States v. Hernandez, 85 F.3d 1023 (2d Cir. 1996) 159 United States v. Heyward, No. 10 Cr. 84 (LTS), 2010 WL 4484642 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 9, 2010) 106 United States v. Hillegas, 578 F.2d 453 (2d Cir. 1978) 53 United States v. Hoo, 825 F.2d 667 (2d Cir. 1987) 53 United States v. Hsia, 24 F. Supp. 2d 14 (D.D.C. 1998) 163, 164 United States v. lannelli, 461 F.2d 483 (2d Cir. 1972) 44 United States v. Jqffries, 405 F.3d 682 (8th Cir. 2005) 26, 28, 29, 34 United States v. Jenkins, 727 F. App'x 732 (2d Cir. 2018) 130 xiv EFTA00095081 United States v. Jennings, 960 F.2d 1488 (9th Cir. 1992) 110 United States v. Jimenez, 824 F. Supp. 351 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 159, 176 United States v. Johns, 15 F.3d 740 (8th Cir. 1994) 28 United States v. Johnson, 21 F. Supp. 2d 329 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 202 United States v. Jones, 482 F.3d 60 (2d Cir. 2006) 169 United States v. Josephberg, 459 F.3d 350 (2d Cir. 2006) 169, 170, 172, 173 United States v. Kaplan, 758 F. App'x 34 (2d Cir. 2018) 121 United States v. Kenny, 883 F. Supp. 869 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) 202 United States v. Kidd, 386 F. Supp.3d 364 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 153 United States v. King, 560 F.2d 122 (2d Cir. 1977) 44 United States v. Kozel, 19 Cr. 460 (KMW), 2020 WL 4751498 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2020) 155 United States v. Kross, 14 F.3d 751 (2d Cir. 1994) 122, 148 United States v. LaFlam, 369 F.3d 153 (2d Cir. 2004) 166 United States v. Lahey, 967 F. Supp. 2d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 114 United States v. Lambus, 897 F.3d 368 (2d Cir. 2018) 110, Ill, 113, 114 United States v. Laskow, 688 F. Supp. 851 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) 4, 6 United States v. Laurenti, 581 F.2d 37 (2d Cir. 1978) 53 United States v. Lawson, 683 F.2d 688 (2d Cir. 1982) 42, 53 United States v. Leo Sure Chief 438 F.3d 920 (9th Cir. 2006) 26, 29, 34 United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984) 87, 88 United States v. Leonelli, 428 F. Supp. 880 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) 176 United States v. Levy, 11 Cr. 62 (PAC), 2013 WL 664712 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2013) 175 xv EFTA00095082 United States v. Lighte, 782 F.2d 367 (2d Cir. 1986) United States v. Loera, passim 333 F.Supp.3d 172 (E.D.N.Y. 2018) 105 United States v. Long, 697 F. Supp. 651 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 45 United States v. Lopez, 944 F.2d 33 (1st Cir. 1991) 18, 21 United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783 (1977) 52, 53, 54, 55 United States v. Mahabub, 13 Cr. 908 (AJN), 2014 WL 4243657 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2014) 174, 176, 177 United States v. Mandell, 710 F. Supp. 2d 368 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 175 United States v. Marcus, 628 F.3d 36 (2d Cir. 2010) 163 United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307 (1971) United States v. Markiewicz, 42, 44, 49 978 F.2d 786 (2d Cir. 1992) 120, 121, 125, 134 United States v. Martin, 426 F.3d 68 (2d Cir. 2005) 113 United States v. Martinez, No. 92 Cr. (SWK), 1993 WL 322768 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 1993) 144 United States v. Martinez, No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1995 WL 10849 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 1995) 53 United States v. Mason, 479 F. App'x 397 (2d Cir. 2012) 163 United States v. Mast, 735 F.2d 745 (2d Cir. 1984) 100 United States v. McCourty, 562 F.3d 458 (2d Cir. 2009) 170 United States v. McDarrah, 351 F. App'x 558 (2d Cir. 2009) 168 United States v. Medina, 13 Cr. 272 (PGG), 2014 WL 3057917 (S.D.N.Y. July 7, 2014) 170 United States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641 (2d Cir. 1997) 165, 200 United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976) 83, 84 United States v. Miller, 911 F.3d 638 (1st Cir. 2018) 33 United States v. Ming He, 94 F.3d 782 (2d Cir. 1996) 110 xvi EFTA00095083 United States v. Mitan, No. 08-760, 2009 WL 2328870 (E.D. Pa. July 28, 2009) 145 United States v. Mitchell, 966 F.2d 92 (2d Cir. 1992) 100 United States v. Mitlof, 165 F. Supp. 2d 558 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 176 United States v. Monserrate, 10 Cr. 965 (CM), 2011 WL 3480957 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2011) 175 United States v. Montoya-Eschevarria, 892 F. Supp. 104 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) 83 United States v. Moore, 968 F.2d 216 (2d Cir. 1992) 88 United States v. Morgan, 113 F.3d 1230 (2d Cir. 1997) 34 United States v. Mostafa, 965 F. Supp. 2d 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 159, 160, 163, 171 United States v. Mulder, 273 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 2001) 159 United States v. Mullens, 536 F.2d 997 (2d Cir. 1976) 97 United States v. Murgio, 209 F. Supp. 3d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) 152, 159, 162 United States v. Muric, No. 10 Cr. 112 (LTS), 2010 WL 2891178 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2010) 59 United States v. Myers, 692 F.2d 823 (2d Cir. 1982) 105, 110 United States v. Napolitano, 552 F. Supp. 465 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) 159 United States v. Nejad, 18 Cr. 224 (AJN), 2019 WL 6702361 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 9, 2019) 150 United States v. Nemesian, 824 F.2d 1294 (2d Cir. 1987) 154 United States v. Nitsche, 843 F. Supp. 2d 4 (D.D.C. 2011) 136 United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974) 190 United States v. Noble, No. 07 Cr. 284 (RJS), 2008 WL 140966 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2008) 112 United States v. Okwumabua, 828 F.2d 950 (2d Cir. 1987) 97 United States v. Olivieri, 740 F. Supp. 2d 423 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 101 United States v. Oshatz, 700 F. Supp. 696 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 102 xvii EFTA00095084 United States v. Page, 657 F.3d 126 (2d Cir. 2011) 138, 140, 147 United States v. Pascarella, 84 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 1996) 165 United States v. Paulin, 445 F.3d 211 (2d Cir. 2006) 165 United States v. Payner, 447 U.S. 727 (1980) 82, 110 United States v. Pena, 932 F. Supp. 2d 464 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 147 United States v. Perez, 940 F. Supp. 540 (S.D.N.Y.I996) 189 United States v. Pierre-Louis, No. 16 Cr. 541 (CM), 2018 WL 4043140 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2018) passim United States v. Pipola, 83 F.3d 556 (2d Cir. 1996) 166 United States v. Pino, 212 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2000) 151 United States v. Pizarro, No. 17 Cr. 151 (MN), 2018 WL 1737236 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 10, 2018) passim United States v. Plaza-Andrades, 507 F. App'x 22 (2d Cir. 2013) 199 United States v. Polos, 723 F. App'x 64 (2d Cir. 2018) 131 United States v. Potamitis, 739 F.2d 784 (2d Cir. 1984) passim United States v. Prisco, 391 F. App'x 920 (2d Cir. 2010) 4 United States v. Quinones, 511 F.3d 289 (2d Cir. 2007) 165 United States v. Rahimi, 16 Cr. 760 (RMB), 2017 WL 2984169 (S.D.N.Y. June 22, 2017) 150 United States v. Ralunan, 189 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 1999) 105 United States v. Rajaratnam, No. 09 Cr. 1184 (RJH), 2010 WL 4867402 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 24, 2010) 116 United States v. Ramnath, 131 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 1997) 208 United States v. Raymonda, 780 F.3d 105 (2d Cir. 2015) 87 United States v. Remington, 208 F.2d 567 (2d Cir. 1953) 101 United States v. Resendiz-Ponce, 549 U.S. 102 (2007) 150, 155 xviii EFTA00095085 United States v. Ricco, 549 F.2d 264 (2d Cir. 1977) 42 United States v. Richardson, 512 F.2d 105 (3d Cir. 1975) 36 United States v. Richardson, 537 F.3d 951 (8th Cir. 2008) 200 United States v. Rioux, 930 F. Supp. 1558 (D. Conn. 1995) 205, 206 United States v. Rioux, 97 F.3d 648 (2d Cir. 1996) passim United States v. Rittweger, 259 F. Supp. 2d 275 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) 176 United States v. Rivera, 09 Cr. 619 (SJF), 2011 WL 1429125, at (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2011) 171 United States v. Rivera, 16 Cr. 175 (LGS), 2017 WL 1843302 (S.D.N.Y. May 8, 2017) 182 United States v. Rivera, 546 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2008) 138, 147, 149 United States v. Roberts, 660 F.3d 149 (2d Cir. 2011) 97 United States v. Roberts, 852 F.2d 671 (2d Cir. 1988) 93 United States v. Rolan-Zapata, 916 F.2d 795 (2d Cir. 1990) 167 United States v. Rosa, 11 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 1993) 166 United States v. Rosa, 626 F.3d 56 (2d Cir. 2010) 87 United States v. Rubin, 609 F.2d 51 (2d Cir. 1979) 42 United States v. Rubinson, 543 F.2d 951 (2d Cir. 1976) 55 United States v. Ruiz, 702 F. Supp. 1066 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) 143 United States v. Ruiz, 894 F.2d 501 (2d Cir. 1990) 139, 142, 143, 145 United States v. Russo, 483 F. Supp. 2d 301 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 182, 190 United States v. Russo, 801 F.2d 624 (2d Cir. 1986) 4, 9 United States v. Rutkoske, 506 F.3d 170 (2d Cir. 2007) 163 United States v. Salameh, 152 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 1998) 4, 5, 161 xix EFTA00095086 United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 (1987) 104 United States v. Salmonese, 352 F.3d 608 (2d Cir. 2003) 163, 164 United States v. Sampson, 385 F.3d 183 (2d Cir. 2004) 140 United States v. Sampson, 898 F.3d 270 (2d Cir. 2018) 135, 136 United States v. Sampson, 898 F.3d 287 (2d Cir. 2018) 120, 125 United States v. Samsonov, 07 Cr. 1198 (CM), 2009 WL 176721 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 23, 2009) 177 United States v. Santiago, 987 F. Supp. 2d 465 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 52 United States v. Sarwari, 669 F.3d 401 (4th Cir. 2012) 120, 121 United States v. Sattar, 272 F. Supp. 2d 348 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) 22 United States v. Savage, 970 F.3d 217 (3d Cir. 2020) 210 United States v. Scala, 388 F. Supp. 2d 396 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) 46, 47, 49 United States v. Scaipa, 897 F.2d 63 (2d Cir. 1990) 48 United States v. Scaipa, 913 F.2d 993 (2d Cir. 1990) 159, 160, 162, 164 United States v. Scaipa, 913 F.3d 993 (2d Cir. 1990) 42 United States v. Schaefer, No. 17 Cr. 400 (HZ), 2019 WL 267711 (D. Or. Jan. 17, 2019) 86 United States v. Schafrick, 871 F.2d 300 (2d Cir. 1989) 121 United States v. Schmidt, 105 F.3d 82 (2d Cir. 1997) 105 United States v. Schneider, 801 F.3d 186 (3d Cir. 2015) 37, 38, 39, 40 United States v. Seabrook, 10 Cr. 87 (DAB), 2010 WL 5174353 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2010) 190 United States v. Sensi, No. 08 Cr. 253, 2010 WL 2351484 (D. Conn. 2010) 27, 38 United States v. Sergentakis, 05 Cr. 230 (JFK), 2005 WL 1994014 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2005) 183 United States v. Shaw, 260 F. Supp. 2d 567 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) 112, 115 xx EFTA00095087 United States v. Sliker, 751 F.2d 477 (2d Cir. 1984) United States v. Smith, 985 F. Supp. 2d 547 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) United States v. Smith, No. 05 Cr. 922 (DLC), 2007 WL 980431 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 3, 2007) United States v. Snyder, 159, 160, 167 162 139 668 F.2d 686 (2d Cir. 1982) 44, 53 United States v. Soares, 66 F. Supp. 2d 391 (E.D.N.Y. 1999) 203 United States v. Spears, 159 F.3d 1081 (7th Cir. 1999) 43, 45, 46 United States v. Sprouts, 282 F.3d 1037 (8th Cir. 2002) 44 United States v. Stavroulakis, 952 F.2d 686 (2d Cir. 1992) 150, 154 United States v. Stein, 456 F.2d 844 (2d Cir. 1972) 46 United States v. Stein, 541 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2008) 99 United States v. Stokes, 733 F.3d 438 (2d Cir. 2013) 87, 93, 94 United States v. Stringer, 730 F.3d 120 (2d Cir. 2013) 151, 152, 153 United States v. Strohm, 671 F.3d 1173 (10th Cir. 2011) 120, 127 United States v. Swanson, 210 F.3d 788 (7th Cir. 2000) 115 United States v. Sweig, 441 F.2d 114 (2d Cir. 1971) 139, 141, 145 United States v. Tanu, 589 F.2d 82 (2d Cir. 1978) 53 United States v. Thai, 29 F.3d 785 (2d Cir. 1994) 165 United States v. Thompson, 13 Cr. 378 (AJN), 2013 WL 6246489 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3, 2013) 182, 189, 192 United States v. Thompson, 896 F.3d 155 (2d Cir. 2018) 156 United States v. Torres, 901 F.2d 205 (2d Cir. 1990) 174, 176, 179 United States v. Towne, 870 F.2d 880 (2d Cir. 1989) 165 United States v. Tracy, 12 F.3d 1186 (2d Cir. 1993) 191 xxi EFTA00095088 United States v. Tram :::: ti, 513 F.2d 1087 (2d Cir. 1975) 150, 154 United States v. Tranquillo, 606 F. Supp. 2d 370 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) 192 United States v. Trippe, 171 F. Supp. 2d 230 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 175 United States v. Triumph Capital Group, Inc., 237 F. App'x 625 (2d Cir. 2007) 122, 125 United States v. Turoff, 853 F.2d 1037 (2d Cir. 1988) 138 United States v. Urena, 989 F. Supp. 2d 253 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 23 United States v. Valentine, 820 F.2d 565 (2d Cir. 1987) 107, 108 United States v. Valona, 834 F.2d 1334 (7th Cir. 1987) 45 United States v. Vickers, 708 F. App'x 732 (2d Cir. 2017) 168 United States v. Vickers, No. 13-CR-I28-A, 2014 WL 1838255 (W.D.N.Y. May 8, 2014) 37, 38, 39, 154 United States v. Vilar, No. 05 Cr. 621 (KMK), 2007 WL 1075041 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 4, 2007) 114 United States v. Villegas, 899 F.2d 1324 (2d Cir. 1990) 82 United States v. Walker, 191 F.3d 326 (2d Cir. 1999) 48 United States v. Walsh, 194 F.3d. 37 (2d Cir. 1999) 151, 174, 179 United States v. Walters, 910 F.3d 11 (2d Cir. 2018) 105 United States v. Washington, 431 U.S. 181 (1977) 96, 97 United States v. Watson, 599 F.2d 1149 (2d Cir. 1979) 53 United States v. Weiner, 479 F.2d 923 (2d Cir. 1973) 125 United States v. Werner, 620 F.2d 922 (2d Cir. 1980) 138, 139, 140, 149 United States v. Wey, No. 15 Cr. 611 (AJN), 2017 WL 237651 n.8 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 18, 2017) 58, 151, 152 United States v. Williams, 205 F.3d 23 (2d Cir. 2000) 48 United States v. Williams, No. 10 Cr. 622 (ADS), 2018 WL 4623017 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2018) 87 EFTA00095089 United States v. Winter, 348 F.2d 204 (2d Cir. 1965) 101 United States v. Wong, 431 U.S. 174 (1977) 101 United States v. Wright, 343 F.3d 849 (6th Cir. 2003) 43 United States v. Ying Lin, No. 15 Cr. 601 (DLI), 2018 WL 5113139 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 19, 2018) 139 United States v. Yonkers Contracting Co., Inc., 682 F. Supp. 757 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 199 United States v. Young, 08 Cr. 285 (KMK), 2008 WL 4178190 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 4, 2008) 154, 155 United States v. Zackson, 12 F.3d 1178 (2d Cir. 1993) 165 United States v. Zodhiates, 901 F.3d 137 (2d Cir. 2018) 86, 88, 93 United States, 359 F. Supp. 3d 1201 (S.D. Fla. 2019) 12 Untied States v. Coffey, 361 F. Supp. 2d 102 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) 151 Untied States v. Post, 950 F. Supp. 2d 519 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 150 Valentine v. Konteh, 395 F.3d 626 (6th Cir. 2005) 155 Vernon v. Cassadaga Valley Cent. School Dist., 49 F.3d 886 (2d Cir. 1995) 32, 33 Washington v. Giucksberg, 521 U.S. 702 (1997) 104 Weingarten v. United States, 865 F.3d 48 (2d Cir. 2017) passim Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534 (1993) 140, 147 Zicarelli v. Dietz, 633 F.2d 312 (3d Cir. 1980) 201 Zietzke v. United States, 426 F. Supp. 3d 758 (W.D. Wash. 2019) 85 Statutes 18 U.S.C. §1623(a) 119 18 U.S.C. § 371 2, 152, 156, 169 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2) 120 18 U.S.C. § 1591 153 18 U.S.C. § 1621 120 18 U.S.C. § 1623 3, 116, 120 EFTA00095090 18 U.S.C. § 3282 18 U.S.C. § 3283 18 U.S.C. § 3299 18 U.S.C. § 3500 18 U.S.C. § 3500(a) 18 U.S.C. § 3500(b) 18 U.S.C. § 3509(a) 18 U.S.C. § 3509(a)(8) 18 U.S.C. § 3509(d) 18 U.S.C. § 3509(k) 18 U.S.C. § 3771 24, 35 passim 26 182, 185 182 183 37 37 153 24, 36 117 18 U.S.C. §§ 2422 passim 18 U.S.C. §§ 2422(b) 17 18 U.S.C. §§ 2423 3 18 U.S.0 § 2423(a) 38, 154, 169, 172 28 U.S.C.§ 112 193 28 U.S.C. § 112(b) 201 28 U.S.C. § 1861 194 28 U.S.C. § 1863(a) 195 28 U.S.C. § 1863(b)(6) 196 28 U.S.C. § 1865(b) 195 28 U.S.C. § 1869(e) 199, 201 New York Penal Law § 130.55 156 Pub. L. No. 101-647 24 Pub. L. No. 103-322 24 Pub. L. No. 108-21 25 Pub. L. No. 109-162 25 Pub. L. No. 109-248 25 Rules Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(6) 81 Fed. R. Crim. P. 5(f) 188 Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e) 69 Fed. R. Crim. P. 7(c)(1) 150 Fed. R. Crim. P. 7(d) 159 Fed. R. Crim. P. 14(a) 139 Fed. R. Crim. P. 21 203 Fed. R. Evid. 402 165 Fed. R. Evid. 403 165, 167 Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2) 166 Fed. R. Evid. 801 192 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 135 Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 7 150 Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 7(f) 174 xxiv EFTA00095091 Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(a) 138 Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 182 N.Y. R.P.C. 3.7(b) 148 Rule 14 139 Rule 404(b) 168 Other Authorities H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 108-66 29 Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals, 71 Harv. L. Rev. 593 (1958) 130 Sexual Abuse Prosecutions, 77 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 1 (1986) 24 United States v. Balde, 20 Cr. 281 206 United States v. Cromitie, et aL, 09 Cr. 558 (CM) 194 United States v. Drago, No., 18 Cr. 0394 59 United States v. Guerrier, 18 Cr. 284 (JSR) 194 United States v. Hester, No., 19 Cr. 324 141 United States v. Israel, 05 Cr. 1039 (CM) 194 United States v. Reeves, et aL, 16 Cr. 372 (VEC) 194 United States v. Serrano, No., 13 Cr. 58 88 United States v. Ulbricht, No., 14 Cr. 68 83 United States v. Vickers, 13 Cr. 128 154 United States v. Wedd, 15 Cr. 616 179 xxv EFTA00095092 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK x UNITED STATES OF AMERICA S 1 20 Cr. 330 (AJN) GHISLAINE MAXWELL, Defendant. x PRELIMINARY STATEMENT The Government respectfully submits this memorandum in opposition to the defendant's twelve pre-trial motions, dated January 25,2021 (the "Defense Motions"). In her pretrial motions, the defendant seeks to throw the proverbial kitchen sink at this case. She does so, however, with little support in the law or the facts. For the reasons that follow, the motions should be denied in their entirety. First, the non-prosecution agreement between Jeffrey Epstein and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida is entirely irrelevant to this case, and the defendant's motion fails as a matter of law. Second, the indictment is timely under 18 U.S.C. § 3283, which provides an extended statute of limitations for crimes involving the sexual abuse of minors. The defendant's statute of limitations arguments run contrary to the text of the statute, the intent of Congress, and the weight of authority. Third, the defendant's claim that the Government delayed in bringing the indictment fails as a matter of law and fact. Fourth, the defendant's motion to suppress evidence obtained through a judicially approved subpoena is meritless, and her allegations of Government misconduct are baseless. Fifth, Counts Four and Five—which charge the defendant with committing perjury—are properly pleaded, and the defendant's motion to 1 EFTA00095093 dismiss those charges improperly asks the Court to adjudicate her guilt. It is for the jury to decide whether the defendant committed perjury, and the motion should be denied. Sixth, the crimes in the indictment should be tried together, as all six counts of the indictment are logically connected and provable by overlapping evidence. The Court should not sever this case, and thereby require victims of child sexual abuse to testify at multiple trials. Seventh, the Indictment indisputably alleges each element of every offense charged and provides the defendant with ample notice of the charges against her. Eighth, the Indictment is properly pled and there is no basis to strike any portion of it as surplusage. Ninth, the defense motion to dismiss one of the conspiracy charges as multiplicitous is, at best, premature. Tenth, the defendant is not entitled to a bill of particulars or any of the other early disclosures she seeks. Finally, the use of a grand jury sitting in White Plains to return the Indictment in this case was entirely proper. BACKGROUND On June 29, 2020, a grand jury sitting in this District returned an indictment charging the defendant in six counts. On July 2, 2020, the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("FBP") arrested the defendant. On July 8, 2020, a grand jury sitting in this District returned a superseding indictment (the "Indictment") containing the same charges, but with ministerial corrections. (Dkt. No. 17). Count One of the Indictment charges the defendant with conspiring with Jeffrey Epstein and others to entice minors to travel to engage in illegal sex acts, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Count Two charges the defendant with enticing a minor to travel to engage in illegal sex acts, and aiding and abetting the same, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2422 and 2. Count Three charges the defendant with conspiring with Epstein and others to transport minors to participate in illegal sex acts, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Count Four charges the defendant with transporting minors to 2 EFTA00095094 participate in illegal sex acts, and aiding and abetting the same, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2423 and 2. Counts Five and Six charge the defendant with perjury, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1623.1 ARGUMENT I. Jeffrey Epstein's Non-Prosecution Agreement Is Irrelevant to This Case The defendant seeks to dismiss the Indictment based on a 2007 non-prosecution agreement ("NPA") between Jeffrey Epstein and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida (the "USAO-SDFL"). She does so despite the fact that: (1) she did not negotiate the NPA, was not a party to the NPA, and her name is not contained anywhere in the document; and (2) her crimes are not identified or named in any way in the NPA. Indeed, the defendant's argument boils down to an assertion that she is, in essence, immune from prosecution for any federal crime, during any time period, anywhere in the United States, based on the language of a document that does not name her and which she did not sign. Moreover, she seeks to enforce the NPA against a U.S. Attorney's Office that did not negotiate the NPA and is not bound by it. The defendant's arguments are meritless, and the Court should reject them. As a threshold matter, under the well-settled law of this Circuit, the NPA is not enforceable in this District, because the USAO-SDFL's agreement with Jeffrey Epstein is not binding on the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York (the "USAO-SDNY"). Moreover, even if the NPA applied to this District—which it does not—the NPA does not immunize the defendant from prosecution for the crimes charged in the Indictment. Finally, because the defendant has failed to 1 As the Government has repeatedly indicated, the investigation into Jeffrey Epstein's co- conspirators remains ongoing. (See, e.g., Gov't Letter dated Aug. 21, 2020, Dkt. No. 46; Gov't Letter dated Oct. 6, 2020, Dkt. No. 60; Gov't Letter dated Oct. 20, 2020, Dkt. No. 65). To the extent that investigation results in additional charges against the defendant, the Government intends to seek any superseding indictment at least three months in advance of trial. The Government does not anticipate that any new charges would require the production of any additional discovery. 3 EFTA00095095 offer any evidence to support her claim that the NPA applies to this District, to the defendant, or to the crimes in the Indictment, the Court should deny the defendant's request for discovery and an evidentiary hearing. A. The NPA Does Not Bind the Southern District of New York As an initial matter, the NPA is not enforceable in this District. To the contrary, it is black- letter law in this Circuit that a plea agreement in one district does not apply elsewhere, in the absence of express indications not present here. Indeed, the Second Circuit has considered and rejected the exact arguments the defendant advances in her motion. The defendant's motion is without any basis in the law and should be denied. It is well settled in the Second Circuit that "a plea agreement in one U.S. Attorney's office does not, unless otherwise stated, bind another." United States v. Prisco, 391 F. App'x 920, 921 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing United States v. Annabi, 771 F.2d 670, 672 (2d Cir. 1985) (per curiam) ("A plea agreement binds only the office of the United States Attorney for the district in which the plea is entered unless it affirmatively appears that the agreement contemplates a broader restriction.")); United States v. Salamelz, 152 F.3d 88, 120 (2d Cir. 1998). This Circuit "presumes a narrow reading of the boundaries of a plea agreement unless a defendant can affirmatively establish that a more expansive interpretation was contemplated." United States v. Laskow, 688 F. Supp. 851, 854 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) (citing Annabi, 771 F.2d at 672), ard, 867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 1988). To meet this burden, a defendant must establish that either the text of the agreement or the "negotiations between defendant and prosecutor" indicate a promise to bind other districts. United States v. Russo, 801 F.2d 624, 626 (2d Cir. 1986). For the reasons set forth below, the defendant has failed to establish that the USAO-SDFL promised Epstein that the NPA would bind other districts. 4 EFTA00095096 1. The Text of the Agreement Does Not Contain a Promise to Bind Other Districts Turning first to the text of the NPA, the terms of the agreement do not contain an "affirmative appearance" that the parties who signed the NPA intended to bind any other U.S. Attorney's Office. To begin with, there can be no dispute that only representatives of the USAO- SDFL signed the agreement. There is no signature block for, nor specific mention of, any other district or component of the Department of Justice. In her motion, the defendant argues that the words "United States" in the NPA evince an intent to bind the entire United States Government. (Def. Mot. 1 at 18). But the Second Circuit has rejected this very argument: "[t]he mere use of the term `government' in the plea agreement does not create an affirmative appearance that the agreement contemplated barring districts other than the particular district entering into the agreement." Salameh, 152 F.3d at 120 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). This rule also extends to plea agreements that use the term "United States." See United States v. Brown, No. 99-1230, 2002 WL 34244994, at *2 (2d Cir. Apr. 26, 2002) (summary order) (plea agreement does not bind other districts "even if the plea agreement purports to bind `the Government' or the "United States"); United States v. Bruno, 159 F. Supp. 3d 311, 321 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) ("The Court disagrees with Defendant's argument that the phrase `United States' shows an intent to bind all United States Attorney's Offices. Rather, the plea agreement covers only Defendant's liability in the SDFL."). As the Second Circuit first explained in Annabi, plea agreements apply only in the district in which they are executed, absent evidence that the parties agreed to broader restrictions: As an original proposition, a plea agreement whereby a federal prosecutor agrees that `the Government' will dismiss counts of an indictment . . . might be thought to bar the United States from reprosecuting the dismissed charges in any judicial district unless the agreement expressly limits the scope of the agreement to the 5 EFTA00095097 district in which the dismissed charges are initially brought. However, the law has evolved to the contrary. A plea agreement binds only the office of the United States Attorney for the district in which the plea is entered unless it affirmatively appears that the agreement contemplates a broader restriction. Annabi, 771 F.2d at 672 (citations omitted). Thus, under Annabi and its progeny, a plea agreement only binds the U.S. Attorney's Office that executes the agreement, even if, as here, the agreement references "the Government" or "the United States" and even if the agreement lacks a provision that "expressly limits the scope of the agreement to the district" in which the agreement was entered.2 Confronted with this clear and controlling authority, the defendant's motion attempts to limit the rule of Annabi by noting that some decisions applying Annabi concerned plea agreements that also included express provisions limiting the enforceability of the agreements to the districts in which they were entered. (Def. Mot. 1 at 22). Essentially, the defendant argues that without an express provision limiting the scope of the agreement, every plea agreement should be interpreted to bind the entire federal government. But the law in this Circuit holds the opposite: the presumption is that a plea agreement in one district does not bind another, absent an affirmative appearance that the agreement extends more broadly. See Laskow, 688 F. Supp. at 854 (E.D.N.Y. ("Defendant's argument, in effect, is that unless there is an explicit statement to the contrary, it is presumed that a non-prosecution agreement binds offices of the United States Attorney that are 2 The defendant's motion emphasizes that the Second Circuit has held, as a general matter, that plea agreements are construed against the Government. (Def. Mot. 1. at 13). That does not carry the day here, as Annabi provides a specific mode of analysis for determining whether a plea agreement applies to other districts, and the defendant's motion fails under Annabi. More broadly, the authorities the defendant cites for this general principle arise from circumstances in which a defendant has sought to enforce his own a plea agreement against the Government. (See, e.g., Del Mot. 1 at 13 (citing United States v. Feldman, 939 F.3d 182, 189 (2d Cir. 2019) (analyzing claim by defendant seeking to enforce promises he claimed prosecutors had made to him)). Notably, the defendant has cited no authority for the proposition that plea agreements are to be construed in favor of a third party who was not involved in plea negotiations. 6 EFTA00095098 not parties to the agreement. This position is at odds with the law in this Circuit, which presumes a narrow reading of the boundaries of a plea agreement unless a defendant can affirmatively establish that a more expansive interpretation was contemplated.") (citing Annabi, 771 F.2d at 672), aff'd, 867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 2d Cir. 1988). To hold otherwise would turn Annabi on its head. The defendant next argues that the following provision of the NPA evinces an intent to bind the entire federal government: In consideration of Epstein's agreement to plead guilty and to provide compensation in the manner described above, if Epstein successfully fulfills all of the terms and conditions of this agreement, the United States al