Ecosystem readiness As with robotaxis, the entire ecosystem – not only OEMs and AD tech companies – must prepare for large-scale autonomous truck deployments. Table 2 presents the main roles and tasks that are required to enable this by 2030. There are clear parallels between the production and enabling roles for both autonomous trucking and robotaxis. However, trucking benefits from lower operational complexity (especially in hub-to- hub use cases) and a clearer return on investment. Mass deployment still relies on OEMs and tech providers developing dedicated E/E architectures, ensuring reliable safety across ODDs and providing scalable, cost-effective software, but strong investor commitment, harmonized regulations and robust insurance models are essential, too. Operationally, autonomous trucking will introduce new stakeholders and redefine traditional roles, requiring coordinated efforts across the value chain to ensure adoption is seamless and efficient. For example, fleet management firms need to set up remote monitoring and emergency response mechanisms as existing legal requirements, such as placing a warning triangle behind a broken- down truck, pose challenges for fully autonomous operations. Transport operators will also need to upgrade warehouse yards and upskill their workforces to integrate autonomous trucks effectively. Digital platforms will also need to evolve as multiple stakeholders enter the market. These platforms must provide unified solutions that support multi- OEM fleets and define roles clearly. Additionally, infrastructure investment will play a part in scaling autonomous trucks even though these vehicles are not strictly dependent on dedicated infrastructure. From a customer perspective, the transition to autonomous freight transport presents clear TCO advantages and eliminates many operational inefficiencies. Strong demand is expected as soon as the technical and regulatory frameworks are established. From a customer perspective, the transition to autonomous freight transport presents clear TCO advantages and eliminates many operational inefficiencies. Autonomous Vehicles: Timeline and Roadmap Ahead 16

Autonomous Vehicles 2025