Autonomous trucks ecosystem stakeholder mapping and remaining gaps TABLE 2 Role/Stakeholders Tasks At current trajectory, what is missing for scaling by 2030? Ready to scale Limited gaps Major gapsProductionVehicles OEMsDevelop and produce vehicles tailored for autonomous usage –Autonomous trucks with respective E/E architecture AD tech Hardware and software suppliersDevelop AD software and hardware customized to local needs –Reliable safety performance across ODDs and regions –Easily scalable and affordable softwareEnablersFunding Venture capitalists, strategic investorsProvide funding for R&D –Strong commitment across investors to investment case Regulation Governments, authoritiesSet regulation and homologation standards, provide licences, set zones –Harmonized regulation across cities and countries Insurance Insurance, risk analytics, reinsuranceDevelop risk assessment models and policies –Large-scale data availability for robust risk models and policiesOperationsInfrastructure Utilities, citiesCharging, V2X, integration in traffic control –Dedicated infrastructure for charging and V2X communication –Integration in traffic management systems Asset ownership OEMs, leasing firms, 3PLs*, fleet operators, cargo ownersOwn trucks, leasing to operators or self-operate –Defined role and sales model (price/km, price/kg, etc.) –Ensured 24/7 uptime to leverage TCO benefits Fleet management OEMs, AD suppliers, fleet operators, 3PLsControl tower, (remote) maintenance, repairs –Establish control tower (alerts, remote driving, etc.) processes –Facilities and staff along routes for emergency response Transport operator Fleet operators, 3PLs, cargo ownersWarehouse network, unloading/loading, load pre-check –Widely upgraded warehouse yards and loading docks –Upskilled workforce and processes for handling autonomous trucks Digital platform Freight platforms, AD suppliers, TMS firms**Load matching, route optimization, fleet management, TMS integration –Clear task distribution as multiple stakeholders strive for this role –Unified platform supporting multi-OEM fleetsUsageCustomer Cargo ownersBook trucking services –n/a – TCO benefits lead to high interest in autonomous trucks *3PL = 3rd party logistics (e.g., DHL, Schenker, FedEx). **TMS = transport management system. Autonomous Vehicles: Timeline and Roadmap Ahead 17

Autonomous Vehicles 2025