Offtake agreements are critical to scaling CDR technologies, as they provide the financial commitments suppliers need to scale production and demonstrate technological viability. In the nascent CDR market, buyers are making advanced market commitments despite significant regulatory and market uncertainty. For example, in the US and EU, there is ongoing ambiguity about whether carbon credits can offset Scope 3 emissions for corporate decarbonization targets. This uncertainty complicates adoption and investment but has not deterred some organizations, coalitions and governments from moving forward with ambitious offtake commitments. Buyers of CDR offtakes CDR offtakers span a wide range of sectors, including technology, aviation, finance and consumer products. These buyers are often motivated by corporate sustainability targets, voluntary commitments or broader net-zero goals. Primary buyers include leading companies, coalitions and public entities. Technology, media and telecom companies tend to purchase the largest volumes per transaction, while financial, insurance and consulting firms generally procure smaller tonnages. This diversity highlights the expanding market for CDR, although significant differences remain in purchase scale across buyer types.Although most CDR pathways are still in the early stages of development, many offtakers have made commitments to support their commercialization and scale. Despite this uncertainty, some companies, organizations and coalitions continue to invest in CDR, driven by ambitious environmental commitments, net-zero targets or anticipation of future compliance markets. Others see strategic value in engaging early – whether by assessing risk and providing liability coverage for CDR storage (insurers), investing in CDR to generate high-quality carbon credits and offset emissions (carbon market developers and energy companies) or advising clients on integrating CDR into sustainability strategies (consulting firms). These represent just a few of the ways in which organizations are positioning themselves in the evolving CDR market. In addition to buyer diversity, it is important to highlight the largest individual CDR purchase commitments to date. Tech companies such as Microsoft and Amazon stand out as leaders in advancing the CDR market through significant purchases, reinforcing their strategic interest in scaling the sector.CDR offtakes Offtakes agreements, including advanced market commitments, are critical to scaling CDR technologies. 3.1 For signed offtakes, what are typical buyer and supplier profiles?3 Buyers are making advanced market commitments despite significant regulatory and market uncertainty, a signal of strategic conviction over short-term caution. Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies: Market Overview and Offtake 21

Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies 2026