Electric and retrofitted busesCharging pattern (min-max%) 20-90 70% usable capacity to limit degradation Charger unit cost (€/kWh) 408.48 Based on various chargers in the market Charger hidden cost (% of unit cost) 60 Includes design, grid upgrades, site works Charging time (hours) 3.77 Based on input power, usable capacity and overnight charging Charger maintenance cost (€/unit/year) 2,300 Covers software updates and cooling maintenance DC charger warranty cost (€/unit/year) 736 Based on manufacturer warranty rates Charger salvage value (% of unit price) 25 Assumed similar to buses due to limited data Bus salvage value (% of unit price) 25 Higher resale potential due to battery value Lifespan (years)** 15 Based on various sources Driver training cost (€) 231 Based on electric bus requirements in Canada and the United Kingdom Insurance cost (€) 0 Assumed to be self-insured Registration cost (€) 0 Assumed that no registration fees apply Government subsidy (% of purchase price) 50 Covers half of the capex for both buses and charging infrastructureHydrogen busesAverage bus price (€/bus) 598,240 Average of six hydrogen buses Capex learning rate (%/year) 3.5 Reduction expected as hydrogen technology scales Bus maintenance cost (€/km) 0.42 Average of six different resources Bus fuel consumption (kgLH2/km) 0.10 Average of four different bus models Hydrogen price (€/kg; grey, blue, green) 1.84, 1.89, 2.87 Average of sources. Projections of prices by 2030. Validated with stakeholders. Refuelling time (minutes) 15 Based on market research Bus salvage value (% of unit price) 15% Resale potential due to asset value. Based on various sources Lifespan (years)** 15 Based on various sources Insurance cost (€) 0 Assumed to be self-insured Registration cost (€) 0 Assumed no registration fees apply Government subsidy (% of purchase price) 50 Covers half of the capex for both buses and charging infrastructure * Differs between new e-bus and retrofitted ** Assumed to have the same life span to compare similar cycles Decarbonizing Aviation Ground Operations: Alternative Bus Technologies 28

Decarbonizing Aviation Ground Operations 2025