53. World Economic Forum. (2023). Mining and Metals: Trends, Challenges and the Way Forward. https://www.weforum.org/publications/mining-and-metals-trends-challenges-and-the-way-forward/. 54. Ibid. 55. European Commission. (2023, 16 March). Critical Raw Materials: ensuring secure and sustainable supply chains for EU’s green and digital future [Press release]. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_1661. 56. European Commission. (2023). Net Zero Industry Act. https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/publications/net-zero- industry-act_en. 57. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). (2024). Bringing Batteries Production to Europe – in a Green and Responsible Way. https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Wald/wwf-study-green-responsible-batterie-production-eu.pdf. 58. International Energy Agency (IEA). Carbon Accounting for Sustainable Biofuels. https://www.iea.org/reports/carbon-accounting-for-sustainable-biofuels. 59. Fastmarkets. (2023). Brazil favours ethanol cars as 2022 flex-fuel vehicles continue to overshadow EVs. https://www.fastmarkets.com/insights/brazil-favours-ethanol-cars-flex-fuel-vehicles-overshadow-evs/ . 60. Notably, in Brazil, sales of flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) that run on a mix of gasoline and ethanol represented over 80% of total car sales in 2022, compared to a 0.4% share for EVs. FFV sales are bolstered by tax incentives for customers. 61. International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2021). Sixth Assessment Report. https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/. 62. Includes high and very high materiality dependencies from ENCORE across the value chain (see Chapter 2 for more detail). The full methodology for this assessment can be found in the Appendix. The automotive sector can also contribute to the introduction of invasive alien species, in particular from sea and rail transport, through contamination, stowaway species or development of new transport corridors. This impact is, however, lower-materiality than other drivers, so is not reflected in the main body of this report: UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). (2024). Exploring Natural Capital Opportunities, Risks and Exposure. https://encorenature.org/en. 63. The approach assumes that deforestation in buffer zones of up to 50 km around mining areas can be partially attributed to mining activities, to shed light on the indirect impacts of mining. However, indirect influence may vary significantly, influenced by other factors, such as geography, proximity to urban settlements and watershed boundaries: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). (2023). Extracted Forests. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_studie_ extracted_forests_1_1.pdf. 64. European Environment Bureau (EEB), Environmental Coalition on Standards (ECOS) & Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH). (2023). What is the environmental impact of electric cars?. https://ecostandard.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/230203_ DUH_EEB_ECOS_Information-Paper_Env.-Impact-Electric-Cars.pdf. 65. CDP . (2023). Water Watch: Water Impact Index. https://www.cdp.net/en/investor/water-watch-cdp-water-impact-index/ water-watch-download. 66. European Environment Agency. (2018). Water use in Europe – Quantity and quality face big challenges. https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals-archived/signals-2018-content-list/articles/water-use-in-europe-2014. 67. BloombergNEF (BNEF). (2023, 22 June). How EVs Will Drive Peak Oil Demand This Decade, in Five Charts. https://about.bnef.com/blog/how-evs-will-drive-peak-oil-this-decade-in-five-charts/ . 68. Calculated given “total world emissions = 36.8 gigatonnes (Gt)”, “car and van emissions = 3.53Gt” and “road transport emissions = 5.87Gt”. Note: this includes direct emissions of fossil fuel combustion from transport – upstream emissions incurred during fossil fuel extraction and electricity generation are not included: International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023). CO2 Emissions in 2022. https://www.iea.org/reports/co2-emissions-in-2022; International Energy Agency (IEA). (n.d.). Cars and Vans. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/cars-and-vans; International Energy Agency (IEA). (n.d.). Transport. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport. 69. Science Based Targets Network (SBTN). (n.d.). High Impact Commodity List. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/SBTN-High-Impact-Commodity-List-v1.xlsx . 70. McKinsey & Company. (2020). Reimagining industrial supply chains. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/industrials- and-electronics/our-insights/reimagining-industrial-supply-chains. 71. Swiss Re. (2023). De-risking supply chains: a deep dive into the automotive industry. https://www.swissre.com/risk-knowledge/building-societal-resilience/de-risking-supply-chains.html. 72. SASB Standards. (n.d.). Download SASB Standards. https://sasb.ifrs.org/standards/download/. 73. Accelerating to Zero Coalition. (n.d.). Signatories. https://acceleratingtozero.org/signatories/. 74. Science Based Targets Network (SBTN). (n.d.). Step 1: Assess. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/companies/take- action/assess/. 75. Science Based Targets Network (SBTN). (n.d.). Step 2: Prioritize. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/companies/ take-action/prioritize/. 76. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2023). Measuring Nature-Positive: Setting and implementing verified, robust targets for species and ecosystems. https://iucn.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/iucn-nature-positive- contribution-v1.0.pdf. 77. Science Based Targets Network (SBTN). (n.d.). Step 3: Measure, Set & Disclose Freshwater Targets. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/companies/take-action/set-targets/freshwater-targets/; Science Based Targets Network (SBTN). (n.d.). Step 3: Measure, Set & Disclose Land Targets. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/ companies/take-action/set-targets/land-targets/; Science Based Targets Network (SBTN). (n.d.). Step 3: Biodiversity within SBTs for Nature. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/companies/take-action/set-targets/biodiversity-targets/. Nature Positive: Role of the Automotive Sector 54

Nature Positive Role of the Automotive Sector