Technology Technology descriptionTechnology readiness level (TRL) TRL rationale Use cases Use case source(s) Deep water sequestration of biomass (e.g. krill, macroalgae, terrestrial)Carbon that is trapped in biomass is sunk to the bottom of the ocean and eventually buried by sediment. In an oxygen free environment, the biomass does not decompose, permanently trapping carbon.5 Deloitte analysis Currently operating field trials.Rewind is a biomass carbon removal and storage company intended to capture CO2 in agricultural waste at the bottom of the Black Sea. The company aims for climate stability for future generations by storing organic carbon in anoxic water where plants decompose slowly to restore the earth’s carbon balance, enabling businesses to effectively store carbon for a longer period in an affordable manner.Rewind, 2021. Rewind: ocean-based carbon removal with biomass Direct air capture – liquidCO2 is absorbed from ambient air in an aqueous solution. This solution is then heated, releasing a pure stream of CO2. This pure CO2 can then be stored or sold.6 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideAVNOS is a developer of HDAC (hybrid direct air capture) technology designed for CO2 removal service that captures both CO2 and water from the atmosphere in a single system. The company offers CO2 geographic potential available, lowers costs, uses less energy and produces water, enabling clients to operate the system from water-scarce environments and eliminate heat consumption.Avnos, 2021. Avnos: hybrid direct air capture and water harvesting technology Direct air capture – solidA pure stream of CO2 is created from ambient air through adsorption/desorption onto a solid adsorbent. This pure CO2 can then be stored or sold.7 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideClimateworks is a developer of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) services designed for companies to advance their net-zero roadmaps and fight global warming. The company offers direct air capture (DAC) facilities combined with storage installation in commercial operation, modular collectors designed for scalability and facilities running on clean energy, enabling companies to combat climate change.Climeworks, 2009. Climeworks: direct air capture of CO2 Electro-swing adsorptionAmbient air is passed through an electrode, which absorbs CO2 when positively charged and releases pure CO2 when negatively charged.4 IEA, 2025. Direct Air Capture – A key technology for net zeroSvante is a developer of proprietary solid- sorbent filter and rotary contactor technology designed to capture and remove CO2 from hard-to-decarbonize industrial point- source emissions and directly from the air. The company’s technology captures and concentrates CO2 to pipeline-grade purity, which can be safely transported and stored underground or used to make other products, enabling enterprises to cut capital costs and reduce energy regeneration.Svante, 2007. Svante: solid sorbent carbon capture technology Enhanced rock weatheringPulverized silicate and/or carbonate minerals are spread over large areas of warm, humid land. The pulverization of these minerals increases their surface area, increasing the amount of CO2 that they naturally absorb from the atmosphere.7 Deloitte analysis Commercial demonstration, full- scale deployment in final condition.44.01 is a provider of CO2 mineralization services intended to help companies eliminate their captured CO2. The company’s services use technology to accelerate the natural weathering process to turn CO2 into rock, enabling industries to accelerate the safe and natural process of mineralization, turning carbon into harmless rock.44.01, 2020. 44.01: mineralizing CO2 in peridotite rocks Turning Challenge into Opportunity: Supplier Voices from Heavy-Emitting Sectors 57

Turning Challenge into Opportunity 2025