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FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SUBJECT: MAFIA MONOGRAPLI
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
THE BEST COPY
OBTAINABLE IS
INCLUDED IN THE
REPRODUCTION 0E
THESE DOCUMENTS.
PAGES INCLUDED THAT
ARE BL-URRED, LIGHT, OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT
TO READ ARE THE
RESULT OF THE
CONDITION OF THE
ORIGINAL DOCUMENT.
NO BETTER COPY CAN BE
REPRODUCED.
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It will be unclerstood that the Mafia is a highly clan destlne operation
ost difficult to penetrate by informants. Therefore this study was not
liglited to data secured from informants. It goes beyond this source to
' J.inélude 31!. 3.1-,va1lab1e matorirtl t:m¢>.n:m.w, from other law enforcement groups"
13alnlli public sources, both in the KT11i_{¥.l "t:-"ttes and tn Europe.
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_!"-#5- . 1 ;=-21:. _ -; .~ _|¢no§>Ifectlve legal restraint, these individuals exploited their opportunities '-
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forllllllnlt p~:~.- or and profit to the fullest extent. As early as the 13th
12 l ;
Ce%g.1ry, the "c:*-l"ot:lI<ors" wvre .o;1r.92:1So1'lng and harboring roaming
l_1r§l'*2=nds nnl r~.=*"l11gthnn1 in crime. as well as terrorizing and extorting l
*'rc.%*g the peasants and committing other crimes. These "caretakers" as r ._; M;
Y 1 :
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1n'2Q§ll'ill -ll-"*.t'ir~'"l! v are nhle to folot "protection" servlres not only upon
21tho;§5oas.'=.nt..== but upon the lImclov."nm.o as well for they had it within their '
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as l"n"e?'l::::r.*:Ys of local crime to control or mlleaesh rlepz-1-Llations upon ,
illE§$¬lH lQ l es:.r1t.~s at will. ~ -__,
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29 Ry the lillh .3:-1*-1.1ry, the proltwttlon rarket -1.8.'.% well established.
30 elts%%orm".ntio=1 into PH p1r!~i'r"s of ¢'o1>'m:.1rlity llfn 92."/1-. r>s:'r-use-r.l by the fact
dlzgglhr 1nr1{_"l estates 92--ere the '<"nl.P.-rs of rural llte, and the landowners,
15ovgg v.hon= the "caretaker s" had acquired a elnlstcr control, were the
37 _ '7 i
parnn In th<ir' local cw-m-.1nlttr.~sr. P
'39g In ill" oarlj; ltlth F'~|92Eo1'v, ffl-vii}: was Fl s=r.*.snoolw1clcspread
1ir?[§'r'ers:, cons':~q9292ent in part upon ll"-* It"li.'92_n c2mp.'1igg:n.'.= of Napoloon
Bcigparte. 'Tlv=v?e llisorclors, plus r} P-wlecially Porrupt and ineffective
'-ly§§"rn of l:1'.': ¢nlor'"-"rnent under the [o'v:*hon kinrrs aw rt growing
llbggntlon n'o92'¢"n1ont, COW-hllll to f~u*nl"-l- the r~r~r:ly Wzliotrl extraordinary
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Dg Prior to 1860, the word "Mafia" was a seldom-heard expression in the
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Siygiian dialect, and when used concerning a man it connoted the popular Sicilian
12
ctlept of true manliness.
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gg To :1. .9th".'eniu1~y Sicil.i:»n., "raith a racial background of centuries
oqlganger and oppression, true manliness consisted of a kind of audacious
9
argggancc in which Fl men kept silent in the event of :1 crime, refused to
21
as2*3st the I2ui.hnr.'itie=- In its d-"~tccti'm or punishment, reserved the right of
23p~.-gar:-riril vcn'1c'92nce _j.f_::_nd;>i;t£! to the hzjured person or his family, and
tog-F ruthless personal vengeance for offenses he or his family might Buffer;
'28 .
TlY93G attitudes and this behavior 92H1'9 summed up in a tradition called omerta
30wlggth by the 19th entury had I:-.con~o. an unwritten code among the Sicilian
prggile.
1%
In 1863, a play appeared in Ficily with the title I Mafiusi delia
37 -
_i[_i__§928ria_. It glorified the :mr?acit_v 0- certain prisoners in the Vicar-ia
3?"p 21¥t8llli2I'y in Palermo. In the 19th- Q-nlury English translation oi the
tiigg, the word "Maiiusi" was given the meaning of "heroes." The play
1:11 ., ,,aciigeved vside popuiritjr. The word hifiusi, later more geiieraiiy
I46spgegledmiaiiosl," found its way into the common speech of Sicily and
xidgg. 1: came to be applied to those iwiividuais who formed the
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s'é31toncing of over 1, 200 persons to termspppranging frog ajenlmogétiiin to iifo. ' ._"'[U "_*'""""_"m 22: 2 " T7 ? ' 2
iieigin activity v."ra.'3 f !i'l i to ho Ponrootv. atod in the Palermo area and the .
v»'%i§Ee1~n g=»>:-H011 of tiw itrm-.1, tP=o~v;» it had also spread to the southernmost t
15
ingii tho Iwirm p':r:ia-isuio, rr2§~rr~" to Caiabria. Charges zfgainst the 5 ,
, 17
Mlxiosi inclucled, in the main, c"oniroi'ted extortion practiced for many _ V.. 1; 9
yrjftt, "iv-nriiorz too?-?th=~r for r.=iiroiv"t p=rp05¬'r=, " and substantive crimes21 '
2 ,,,_,s=.§§1 no 1 '|1'-<'i"t, 192}>q92I-'?:r1IT1|1! :~._<:=-ml-', r'oi1hf:ry, nntith-1"-it. Mass trials as:
M
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a;=5~.*;u.ii of ."rir?itiOY92?*.l l"0?rvj.?i1{}¬* of I-'-:~ f§1i~':.i "wor'e 1;:-id in 1935, and again '
26 2 ..
in?g9"3'T. Inter ovvrnta vtare to ICR-'P'»i1, however, that the Mafia had ' q i. .3. 1 I 'sggvivoii tho "'i92oio.==.'1io F92ttR ji'92T f*§!:92'F"i_ it by the ii.t!.1i?m authorities. It 2
r§§ive£i r':1_1'!1:9; You-lri W:=r H 92'.-i?n thr: rooiilency of on omablioilod
33i=3ltituiio2~ and rc*"=un:eci its dervity 2*-'~~.1 nefarious activities.
_353? I:-formation from 19th C.o".tnry observers supplemented by 2
c'o*.'o1opr-?:"i by Itnlim mrthoritir ' in the 1920'?-s and 1930's revealed "
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opgervetione by police and other witneeeee oi associative tieeernga. , Id§ienda.nte, meetings, identification of different functions oi memb
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t I ll in 0d di the I0! the thinge, apparen e m itrity m us operan on par
I1deiegudanm, and the xing of responsibility for overt acte appenrim
F17 *nlgnlieetetione oi the conspiracies, 4! the mm rings or aeeocie
9 3:92wFa;t?_held by the Supreme Court oi the Kingdom of Italy in 1984 to
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property and persona, 5! the Mafia was dietinggished from crime
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pail-=1 in Sicily by its monopoly oi the protection racket, domineeco§§iat of persona permanently bound by common agreement to im
Ll .ug2 and t"Xp10iiL honest and quiet citizens and to commit crimee lg
1 1 1 I it lat lannishneee and 81011 CV61 OCH C1 H19, GPOC Y, SPEC C
, -trggitione, and interlocking family ties ' ~
135 8 »L35 During World War n, the mm revealed the quality owl
A _ We;_ Atee» "eoperating as independent criminal gangs on the other. It also
| u 2ility domineering over blacl market operational on the one
other criminal elements returned u-om America Tull e
Hll6etligrente irom among Army deeerters, war born robber ange d
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HQ: developed know how in the fields of racketeering and pollticl' I
glues and succeeded in bavin adherent! elected to the Nation:
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Constituent Assembly i:_|_Ro:_ng_- Tlllgellilldll oi the
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police force, and enenared provincial and municipal authorities as
The existence oi the Malia in Sicily in 1955 was conrmed
study made by an agency oi the United States Government,Q15.-;16"
111;£18_ >1-,_in recent statements oi Italian police oiiiciale
In the 1950 e, the Mailers connection with the-':9%e
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1146of narcotics nae made public by the U S Federal Narcotics Bureau,
oi investigation
The present day Mafia in Sicily, while basically:
traditional Malia, has extended its sphere oi operations more
citiee In Palermo, tor example, Maiioei practice racketeering in
euppiiee on the waterfront. They also operate an extremely lucrative
the markets where they inter-pose themselves between wholesalers
in the guise oi middlemen and take I cut of all sales Thole city
aeeisted by bodyguards and aeeaasinl Clashes among their group:
domineering control are frequent and bloody =- -
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Q1_ Mafia crimes include chiey murder, protection racket _
1| Wkl
1 acketeering, extortion, kidnapping, smuggling, robbery, ,_ _
7+1 i While it does not appear that Sicily in "world headquart
thcigiaiia, as some claim, ieome degree of coordination app_eara_to_
l--- - : ' '1 . - ' - A -.-. i
oeéicn the Maiioei la Sicily and those in the__._United,Btateg._j;1;é.§fl§g_,§J
olf'guaeppc'£i3onanno and Carmine Galante, notorious American hot
l I_g§%-1871110, Sicily, shortly before the Apalachin, New Yorlgconver-2 . , . _. -.1 -.
hoqdiuma on November 14, 195'}, are viewed with interest. .'The Ma
' Lo: ' '. - .' ' t K ~11, 1'§';.cu~ _ _ ' ' t - .,
ti- - - > V. - . -'- Q _f!8__. :_ 1- , " .- ,.",_ _,j_ , .7->4 » 1 i irztyjkeepa informed on the activities of its Aimherican counterpadfw
pk .relgwéiving at least a portion oi its intelligence through vlite 0! Ame
ItMééaai to Sicily. Correspondence between Maiiosi in Sicily and th
Unied States, uncovered by the Federal Narcotics Bureau, has bee112- ' i o . ' ";.-
' Pi_to contain veiled meanings and to contirgn previoualy _§_ieye_i_o_
iniégmation that the Mafioei refer to themselves as the "friends. f
' g! The Mafia in'Sicil'y remains an unofficial feudal system c
oowgr and patronage, established and maintained by craft and forcu
l tau , --A}%g!92Lh it operates in modern criminal dress, it in in many way! i
- .*?_'ilh#}%I'back to the medieval principles oi Niccolo Machiavelli and _
ii' '4-I'. i
C e Borgia. ' _
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UN_ The present day idaiis controls crime to the
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certain criminal operations wherever it can, pushing crime to the
which further trespass would mean either the destruction of the
society upon which it feeds or a popular rising against it in it
that would encompass the destruction oi its elements
B Conclusions
The Mails in Sicily is a deadly traditional combination of crime
and local pseudo government. It imposes an invisible
Sicilian communities, depending for its authority upon the
inspires through its domineering control oi the local vicious
commands is slight in comparison with that oi the local
The latter has risen from the ranks and enjoys a relationship to
the local Mafia gang like that oi a feudal lord to his armed
His relationship to the local community is also one oi prestige an
domineering power He expects to be deferred to for
local ventures both criminal and legitimate, from which he
a percentage oi all profits He may be sought by non Hsiiosi
- arbitration oi disputes, ransom of stolen goods, or backing,The most typical Mails figure is the assassin, thouih th
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its consistentiznotii andi: the outstandingEH i%t'y' oi ll oii -1035;
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:50 .elements, and e proc srna groups
dornineer over much larger numbers oi other
Some coordination exists between Malia elements in Sicily and
in the United States Such coordination has bee
illustrated in the illicit international traiiic in
been indicated in visits oi certain hoodiums to
attendance at the Apaiachin, New York, meeting oi
November, 1957, in the passing of information to the Sicilian
by Maiiosi in visits to Sicily, and in correspondence between
elements in Sicily and those in the United States
available, however, tails to indicate that Sicily
"world headquarters" for the Mafia.
The eradication oi the Mafia in Sicily, attempted by Italian
on repeated occasions, has never been successfully
Reasons for their failure have included. ! the inii on oi
elements and the reach of Mafia pressures into law
high government circles, ! the intimidation or elimination oi gt
witnesses, ! the traditional refusal oi Maiiosi to coniess their
Mafiaconsequently chiey tacit and understood nature of the
extortionary pressures; ! the institutional quality ofthe
i e. , as known practitioners are suppressed, new
favored by the per severance oi a conditioned public,
superstitious, poverty stricken, and unenlightened element
those made vulnerable by adherencl to ancient traditions of
to the law, ! the new, lucrative criminal opportunities that
some Malia leaders and increase their er and thecrimes or to reveal the crimes of others, ! the traditional
s
new . !
problem laced by the prosecutive authorities in attempting to
that the Mafia as such is an illegal poop. Although the
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1! ?J_'|,l!l¢lIl. L0 <n'i;,§i|1 and clcvelopmen
¥ , A , ', , _ _ .. ._ ,92- ,, . ,- . _ | . . _ i , _ -. ..- ..._, ;c- i -' * -_ _ - 5 k-_u| . *.rl I I~ 4 4 _,W0 , "B g..in1'L l7LQ in _,<l > 3, c922;,iqm;?'., ~1 - . 54-3. .._ .;.:H_;:"-?'::".
Le~,;g¢h.e"r2mg sh.0d02u of 15/69 M I. 082 5/Zrgw
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Castcllnuinmrc IL li M
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I i?"{ _ 'I, 1] -ulihrssa E1'1lEll]fii1
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"st" " ' Sacca i 43;}; G"§NT0 {'3 CAL'l"ANlSSET':lA ,l ll l i mcllmilic ll. I *1: 92 Ii . , Eraclra *--.l-£1 Mfnledorof '1-"'l92'lnr1ts1ll ':!|'r!l """ K --'" | , tiFii<-ulinna Favaira -92 ---,_,".92_ ,9292 Q "'s7',.v92-
~] ¬ A iRl Jl£Nl ! [fl Naro , 4,/S
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1§!cati0n of certain sites
»f Ethe Sicilian MAFIA
10
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'i'gRl1llI§NIAN SF,-92 lhaiian Peninsula! 7
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1* REGGIO1.Ng'i CALABRIA .
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92 A Igii/10 32 4
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36Area comparison of
' Sicily to Vermont.36
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F
ggcret Fortirrly. Whether the Marla can bk pinpointed to the extent of .
10
lr1r_miifyi:1;"; it ".1; on i..lr.'g:1l group In "ll? "r collrrction of illegal groupings
121113:!-cl:-1." ll §*"-'.~<:i1w: o.§;:li11"*. .1! in '92 "Wk! H? MW i'= Fill] rm open question.
l
Q12: iullo;;i':"~; ztccoxmt of its Illlt.-j-j"fl riillgitlfl and l .V lO[]l1lGI.l may contain
'eirgn1ent-s of pnsaibl 1». value in aszss~:.::..=i11;_.; the status of the Mafia as an
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illogzzl gr =»'.I;v. It 11 1?; he In-¬.~l in vrvw-*r~, hov":=vPr:, that at this time the
21 '
Pgglia :.'vt{1I'.~§. " 5- .r"= "r"; :""=.l "I.g e*iv<:"t F.92:n92s v-hllo t. H1-"; srnne time it does
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- 26 _ogganlzntlon.
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31
32
33
311Urlygirirs
I. !- misty 0-'I_li§.1cz":92t§'.m
Tmxrfcxmd among the $i.lllT.!1 gwnple is said to hold that the Mafia
liberation several centuries ago, aimed at _
fo1:r.»i.~l 1"nL~r'= of r": la-:lr*n¢i of Sicily. Those.3'5
bggan as :1 $1-rtrot E1OClGly of
37 _
392rthr<>r'.lin<* the oppr osmlvo
lly h:1-.'"- p».:"l2.iied if, .'~v*rring" that the Mafia hold this: !![31lllOT1'F§tll-..lI?
,»,m;,_;9-_00-42303-274, p. 1; 62-81093-sox, p. 3;
100-42303-297!or benzazrrr .1. 5Of!'I?l}' of or3 9
villo
11
15%,
2. A Fecret E-octet! of A vnnszors
F.-'m-c= :=';="v'v=.*s nompt t'" l!¬lC0 the ?92Tf.TlI1 to origins in the Beat! P8011,HM1&5
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lb
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18
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itswhores. About 1, 00'? B. C. , the Phoenicians settled in the western part of
310
the-H-lslanr at T_I1nOrmu5 now Plr;*rmo_!. The Carthagininn founded towns in
12
th%§"ea n0'-1 mnu-n as Trnmni. of t "'92'HP-rrno. Tm the eaot and southeast
1 crtozygs, the Greeks founded F3yrnr-u*"'-, Catnnia, and the city now known as
Megslna. !
- 1~.. 9
39 1"-.i't¢r iho first Punic 92-* 2r -1 B. C.! the Romans founded great V
21
I921'92 miiar§"§=d estates; ncx"o::s the Siciiim cr.v1921*it"yP.iH7§. It vn<= upon tiieoe landed
2U ,osgrtes and others foundc-'1' irtter "mt?-'1' tlorman rule that the Mafia was to
- 26
t3lQTSh¬tpP.
'28
gg 11- l_£1!1ii.$'.1 i '"*£?-5.1f"i.*§i"c*F. 5?§.-..:"iJL.>'_ci,'.%.' ?~_T'.1_¥'_<!.?.i.<_PE£
31
32
oogl-ijicai units, each with its cw n n"1mir»i."tratiVQ system, economic and cultural
35 4-35693-233-10, p. 53-1!
pérns, and prides and pro}u'Fir"r»:~:. Those p0iitir~r921 divisions were furtherItaitnn society urqr. l92i:t.m"i'tnii.y tiivideri into :1. number of diverse
_ 37 _Slvesggxt-nt:-ti by the r~'.-."r3rr:?, r=<>¢ir?tiP-:1. " ,==oti2-.ii011r;, u" 92*,f92n;1,<- that abounded in-
. I -1 i n 92 r 1 1. Izany; uoman unws zm vs-ore to 1"? 1<"u1;~~"*. ttwroiighcuar who pattern _
H2hi11i.392r_1,'. F-iany of tiv>."o $1-'=r"r-i ~;:'o921pr92i"<z'1 v"-ore snlcl to have revealed aspects
llliofzguluni oseistnc", proicvtiiro, an" [4_:t'¢.'I. Tho it-."~fin is Eiitid to reveal
thrgotter cl1;1m<'to1i"1tir*.~=, 92' zivh ton! to s»'i'.'e at i»-far-"~t partial support to the
*3 _
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23
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128
29
30
31
32
33
314
33
/
- M!
' V The "guardiane" were allegedly a set oi rogues and parasites who '
8ipglowed the custom oi their masters in giving hospitality to roaming brigande,
10:£r.w.1nstructe;.1 them to commit crimes against their enemies. The "guardians"
12
artex collectors, according to thin account, increased each year the amount
négheld for their peraozml use iro-11 the taxes they collected from the peasants.
' 17
18 These pOSBibl¬' nncestors oi the Matlosi as Maa adherents are
P 9cegiietl! are mid to have joined forces with "guardians" of neighboring estates
in¬¬;riminn1 vcnmres. In order to protect their interests they followed the
214 -
CtQ'I§0ll1 of their ffpzmish nwxsters, using n type 0! inquisition to dispose or!
~26 '
rtilous peasants. The nobles: are said to have oiten favored the use or! this .
as . !syggern . *
I. C0r11i1.=t F :"v "nF<11'£'¥3tneni. u 1_ ]_81: tZht11.f:r_0t92i1jI_v".}nB32
ii The majority 0? theories concerning the rise of the Mafia attribute its
3'5o1%$n to the untrustworthy eysicna of law enforcement which prevailed under the
_. !Bégrbon king; A. 1;. 1'12 5-men! '
g ! .I%i¢@r.=J9¥J11 the Fe-Ply 1¥li'1.¢@ie!;>' I. -
112
1: 3 A number of ccmpliccteti circumstances were involved in the contusion
I-Illa.r!g1a92=:lecsneee that prex-wile-i I1 Ficily in the late 18th end early 19th centuries.
Agnrt Of the "Kingdom OI the Two ="iril.icr3 including; th-'1 southern pm-an 01
"9
'50
'51
-52 ' 6 '
5351!
i50I~..£~t;l>.::
L1
__r-f"--.-1'
Wm-_. $1
. 92'_1. . 7-
1.t v
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¢ r__-,
fr-,1 1,1» '-
i
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12
13
11$
15
16
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20
21
322
23
.211
_ 2526
27
>'28
29
30
pogver and protect their interests they recruited bodies of armed followers,
I 9t 1..
rnartv of whom were bandits and professional outlaws. The "armed companies" -
11 _ lof Bourbon police are sni-cl to have accomplished little in the way of law
PIl§}léCBnlGlll other than in persiiadlnq these outlaws to plunder outside the
16 01;-qr; each commanded in exchange for local sanctuary. ! .
18
5" 9 ne familiar theory holds that the early Malia groups were formed
201!Frog the "-'1 rowed compru"92ics" theme-elves. Another avers that the early Mafia
12 -- .-vaéginade up oi the private police forces on the great landed estates. Still ""
2 _lncgger view favors the likelihood that Mafia elements were to be found in each i
27 >f;thEise groups. I
29
Q <5! .'3I11<* .§ier2i§.l92£-2Y_l,2Y.¢1 !§22_9n.1e_o,t;i.=_:1 ;'.F;'i.llI<l_
3% *1 he possibility that the private police forces on the landed estates
3'4
er35able to assume the control over local aflaire both criminal and legitimate
I'lat'§%a characteristic oi the l92"~fi-"=4, anal thus torn-rrl the first Mafia groups, i-s
nhced by sever .1'i factors. ilhe landed estates represented local patronage
I41 eyslqgns, with the chief patrooe helm: the eaoolllngil or in the event of a
143 . .
1sil4lrntlan'lholcler, the ia.ml '1""'~r himself. In this enmifetlrlai system, the
145ntldlgl estates became local i"'r- mi! points. T|lF:ir local patronage systems
lllgl per';0'1S in the vicinity to rloeir-P or find it exp-=li<*nt to place themselves
50
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.52
'53
511
Q5-3-
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12
13
114
1'5
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17
18
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20
21
-22
23
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27
F28
29
30
31
32
33
311
36
3637
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T./3 n:
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l -ve "protection racket, " Mvttzg u - -
I
9 . . . .. 3| t 1llrgets tho 11¬!F18?i1'lt?1 and other temnts within the area, and even the A A '-
- .L.L 1 i _
&¬1d0W'11E3.:?- t.Ivemsr.~l.vcs. Their dr'mnd¢3 were erztnrced in a. reign of 5 " -
%'_:é'|,0I', Mthough it did not acquiro its familiar name until the latter P311 "
16 I . F I.q!'q'L1e 19th. Century, this networi; oi ga._ngs is said by some gozzrceg to -;_l .i .;! ol W
I
I
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61 _ ~ , _ '71..» . -' _ _-_ '. _ L I i F: 1 1? l -cl. _>62 . --: _ * ~: '35,.-»_.c.
*=- L11.LJ.
19
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21
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i the Ilourhons, developed secret societies. The Carbonari, a secret society
1 gut liberation, is said to have spread its influence into Sicily in about 1818.
10
" fpvernl of the ct een0ci:1ti<.m." f;l<'-it were to be found in Sicily in great
12larniwerw". #:~r~: rm 1?": er-3."-':r.ti'.! ef of. 1.i.?.92*1£T"-.50 . Some elements oi the
1
%¬1I1f'.'§E3 iiwi, were to be !::1f~.',':1 .1rit<" ll-rv 351:-.ii:*. are ."*1l<l to lmve joined the
1
fg§riaong_r_i_, their allege-1 purposvr hn.v1.ng been to reef: whatever profit or-
* 9 /!
' gilun-1101' lire rt?1jrt1r*1$t'1*lC'3 w'>ul." '~?"~"-. The Fir~.i.li:1'1 spirit of independence
21
331'.r£' rife M :".;n1"92 * .~.T-',!]i.'R in " '* 0 nfmin 1'1 10"? F-1-.1 1.840 f§Zl.il1Bt the
23 :1! l
Ll . -§5Jurl>0n rejil-.10.
26
21 - *1- ;1;!2:.!;et='~':'1l1_*1¢1e:9,11.i.:aE..1ii:=!~w211<15 <>f-_1@c92#-'_@H2;/it Cc9!'t31L, _3?: j3e
- F11 F ?'-.¬%?1i¬.§**...¥T° War-<1._*12Q-e1%<>.@ '?8
39
30 in the :~1~~<:::~.e ni -r92.i£*i"|"" ey. tome cf public eniety and order,
31
3%-=pFJC1HlI_;' in. the L~"1i_o.i 3!-?tWC»'Ll1 t»~* Iinyolcenic irwasions of the latter part of
14ige 1801 Urntury, and the unic_iicei.h»-92 of Italy in 1800, i.e., about 1800-1860,
36]'gw.'er_ mu"! "'1!10rlt92_* t.1,'92'.-.?1¬"E"ZT.]]_V re"c I i those vrho could establish them IO!
3 _ .
}§ElTlf30]l.'9S by l=]_HiIOUf.f1", craft, nwi Ierce. It hes already been shown how
Q . cinch rural ;:n~.vcr f1'm1;!S r~peratei in the landed estates. The towns as* '
I43 .
Lmeli were plnquczi with lrzcni "brr.92I"<?rlmeds, " as a letter allegedly written in
'45$38 is sold te have revcnleci.
NB
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ogéiicily. Since 1869, Sicily his béen a part of Italy, though under the term!
;10oitthv Itaiim c0nsi i;n!ti0n of 1947 it is known as an autonomous region with
12 ' 1
Piwgermo an the capital.
1- Ihrzniergtnssogiti-£-*:11¢S@= T"¥f=*liL%>_!92. W §*"9_ Pi Epito_IQ_i__%i'!}_E:_lt'; 15
16
1 1715 _*?omo sources; favor the gradual emergence oi two related phenomena
; " 9
into-icliimi history vrhirh tnlznn tosrciiier PH? ref-rt-red to as the Mafia.
21
'22
23 .
The first pnenomrmon vcrw of ti--o parts: the popular sentiment oi " -»n 1°
26hgytiiity to tho law, Cit-!VGi0p*?d in Ffioiiy over many centuries at least in partiii £19-"tins-Q Tr":.Lii5?1iEt22n2_. £151.!
'28 .
n29! res:-sit oi mitu-ulv, and th" cztirw.-@ito'1:= results oi this sentiment in action.
92g%bstc1-"3 dictionary ins <.i~_iinre*l it is nnpoct as foilovsz
33 ,,"In Ficily, the popnior .<-»"ntim nt oi hrmtiiity t0 H18 law, leading
to refusal to bear 92*'itIit:s;'s in cane of crime, and hence to
frequent violent crimes, esp. against persons, as officers,
- '~'-ho have incurred ]'opui."r CiiE']'1103Sl.!I'¬. . . . "314
35
36
37
38 _
39
no
iiiI3}; ii" 19th '-",'~*ni:1r=.' :1 r"oruplic':t4 d twriitinn had developed in
Hy, its Corr hcirig this pr -ruilar "i|Uf?i92' lll of hostility to the law. The .
tgadition, i<i'm.'.n an omerta, * iiecmne virtually unwritten lav.» among numerous
gigiiians. Jirmrding to its tt:nCtS, the citizen ha-xi these obligations:
arom Sicilian 9_i92__, man. _i_;11l}g_[_i§ is still imovrn to Italians and Sicilians as a*gJflC pt similar to "honor zurnnzr ihic*.'c.';_ " a kinrl oi underworld solidarity. ,5 . ..
51 John Colaneri, Tr. Sect. 4-3-58!
52 i F' 92
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21
2223
214
25
26
27
'28
29
3031
32
33
31835
36
37
tpghe Mafia There can be little doubt, however, that a number of Sicilians
byltghelr 1 1"" a tivil1P=: and Pnn plraclvs did epitomiwe the omerta
trégmn "=i-1 tr it hiw*v*Pf 92pOr1¢'*r1f '1n1u*3~1 M a p¢~rvortPd code of
110%?-r and Tl iv lln! an* tnt U1==qr~ pm sons were eve-ntu'*l1y refvrred to as
"VI%glo=si, and th"lr proupingq aq thn Wzfia
9
20
21
22
23
214
25
26
27
'2829
30
31
32
33
31435
36
ii
12
13
11:
15
16
17
18
"'9
20
21
22
Iian people, which had been perennially bitter. Recourse to legalauthorlty
inozases oi persecution by prlvste enemies was thought to be a symptom of
_'_ 10
vienkncss, rllnmst oi cowardice. It was an exaggeration of the sentiment,
12
hi§§!ricaIiy mrirc or less common among Latin peoples, that to appeal to
1a%-gagalnst oiienses involving personal insult is unmanly, and that the duel
1'7lsléie proper means oi recovering lost honor. Aclherents oi the Maa, howeve
9
elgmded monyiold the scope oi offenses they considered to imply personal1 t
ingélt. Common theit, for example, was considered a sign of lack oi respect
*iog i4;;ating that the thief did not tear vengeance. The theft must be avenged o
bégersonal action, or by the vengeance of relatives or friends. Obedience-tothgrgperverted code of honor l£l lg!¬!92; er: onz_<§rt§ was said to have been another
hggpic 011'"! manly cl92s1'actct'i"!tc.' to the evolution of the word "Mafia"
3cgwiinued it came to connote heliavlor which is lawless, violent, brutal,
3'5
ali evil.
= 37 _
1eB°i= 15:.11?¥i .,I.l?lHE?-1T1¬?°??.!lFl.§"P." .'t'.1E'i&f_i=>f,' C38
§2
H It was in the ciimrte oi this cngerous set of values that a play
U2alhgsared in Ielermo in 1363 entitled: "I l92/isliusi delta Vicaria." Vicaria
ill:
the great prison oi Palermo; the F." i.iusl more common spelling
"'g"tiosi ! v.-ore prisoners, who do: in", the course of the drama demonstrated
'49
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51
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52
51¢-13-
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314
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31:35
36
37
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33G141A ,3
"}'¢-qr§¢_- it 15 pvirivnt that the Mnttae has :1 hold on every class of
=~~= 1'-tr. In tact, it i:= £="r"'1in the clergy in the form of sponging.
'I_ s-=1 rt-1.-"»1'_»--1. hg; $":*' ~'r~ii"~'~=1*= i92'~!.ir=ie un tor the form of voluntary
-" ?~.":."it'>. In the 21 ii ivw. T, h"<.'.'*us<.'= of th =1'or<-white Command
" Fish no one -"on 1'-ur:t~_ i»~u'*i of all :1. Ffcrvrmt or a dependent of
;='n"~*2 r*ut3l0r1*-T111 92~ ho hn'"vt 3.1""-t :1o:92n<;ioncri his ieudol 92.'11YS. Proof
of 13:11: is: .==-:~s92n in the prr~'"r-tion and asylum which the great
]2m,i0v"ners=a afford the thi~:=vc.~1 in the country and in the city. They
also give them the oppo1t"ni.ty to go through their possessions _1I
92ll.
12
131"-3
1'5
16
17
18"I9
29
21
22
23
28
25
26
4- 2;§1*.e@.=_..§!1i<;£1¥.Peteeleilieecfééwiierliccideiriee Mower.
; 9 The cosche engaged chieily in cattle rustling, extortion, and
_1o
beoaeionnl lti-:.in.¬!ppi*g ior ransom. Often an ally oi the coeca would offer to
1 2 _ _'
rgover 2-tolon cattle tor the owner, nnd ii such an offer was accepted, the
cgwgle would soon be found wander-tng about the countryside and the "friend"
17
92_vDB1ld be indemnified ior his "expense" to the extent of a third or a halt ti
. I9g! value of the cattle. I-Zurrier, oi course, was common, growing out oi
rggnlry between ikinfiosi or between groups of them.
214
_ '25 5- COIIK-F9119? E?itFL1fi,i9£1= 3i11°$.E£?,a§Pr°t39t1°i!_P~§¢3F.¬¢
_,'92f
92¢o2g " In regions where agriculture was intensive, a tribute system . 4
. '2 '
pggvailezl. Every lnndov.-ner or tenant paid to the cosca an annual tax higher
1 .t!g"2'1 the combined ivnposts of the st-"to, province, and commune. Refusal
33tcglpay wan punished by destruction of trees and vinee and the slaughter of
35
ii36.stock. Letters demanding the deposit of a sum of money at a designated
37 _pggce or its conr=,i§;n'nf..1t to :1 deem: men n1eesen_r;er were a method generally
1&0 .uggd by novices. . _
112
113 A cosco, through were or Ines veiled threats, would often induce
H11algmlowner to eritruet the namketi.e'§ of produce to one oi its members, or to
lcgtgce his eetnte to persons in their confidence. In the first case, small thefts
119
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52 - 26 -1|
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57
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135
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-39- lg
rt ', in
. 1
rlor is mini to hznre vested autlmrity over all Sicily, exiled to the coastal
i=u§:tnr.is sevnml hundred criminals against whom precise evidence was lacking.
= 9
~_1O 1'--W-r the e:1.=rr:!m tr? m.I'1 to have reorgani-zed and to have perfected
LL
1 ..til»; 1' tn-2t"h=~ P" ~f <11"-'*1"'"1Lt'~<~. -"n.ra3" -I t-"Iv t'--Mttzosi are said to have begun to
114 40p1'5;;tir:e t1":92.1' from wiafitis they Ali i 0 @931" to live. !
16ig Large numbers of the rm fiosi are Bald to have immigrated to
Azerlcm alt:1tlmr the T<1ll"*1 cr1rnpi92.ig;592 '92rz'92l.nst the I.lRfl.'t in 1877-1878, many
21 00-4230114317, encl, p. 7!
ogghom ;-~_'.~l=w if: tlow lhl-.~mr:. Tu !=i<- -r~'~nnectlon it In noted that Iollowlng
23 .
tffiil murder cf Chief of ;I."~ti.c:e l.'Y.tvi¢l ti. Flennessy of New Orleans, in 1890, -
25légtnlries revealed that one of the c:".ur1es oI the dozens of unsolved murders
lrggléw 1t?l<?m [111<1:e to l $511! tho i-'=":.~rtH.p;;92tl0n of whl-ch was said to have
30vu ht nl.I'"1t "r2nI.1r:r~;y'r" -1-rt-drr! " F1 rtlt-dz ed to lm?-1* been it struggle for1 El F;
32 . . . 1!E3'1}1CmL!.C,3' bet ween P~a.Ii.-1. Ltcltons, 0'19 wt them K11-own as the "btoppaghera. "
43
131%: latter {group may llave been Q].'?'T7F.?f1l'3 of the Mafia faction described
lgghe I8%'39':*. av; the "-Ttt1;*',_"1gtq92.i-"tall. "
39
110
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.-
£61
62ll.
1213
114
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16
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18
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20
21
22
23
2'4
29
30
31
32
33
31:
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otibcr inquiries by the Barons Franchetti and Sydney Sonnino were seen in
pe%r¬pecti1=c by a later writer v-ho made these comments: Rather than being
a i'%I%lV ?i'liiO"lEii~i_'Jl?¬ 01 g{a.ni?.£1tlOn, vith a fired code of ruies and a recognized
130%? of officers; n secret society; e loose ireernasonry such as that which
caégaind anarchists of all countries together in sympathies if not in form; or.
I 9 '
'1 Iggiticni 1f7i_'-',llf?, the lhiafin miglit instcad be reie"rrc»r.i to as It Social _
21
ph=2'i1omcnon, .1 proriur-t of instinct among :1 people who had, under the brutal
23"iagrgatism of the Bourlz-ons, anti the exi.orti0ns and oppressions of the Bourbon
oolgge, lost all respect for law and all idea of an impartial and impersonal
-'28 .
iuqgce bctv.-eon i and man. Those forces "made each man an Ishmael
30 -
irrfhg his ¬e'ii'1v's= and 8prr'.'"1 rm co."-cntini spirit of anorchy. " The "moral"
32
10%? that developer! "turned upside him all the accepted notions of honor
mggnorality. " Though neither an open organization nor a secret society
g 37 A
in 3'82 orcllnrnjv scone of the terms, rnrl tho-ugh it had no contra! authority, -
391o4{>vernn~ei|i, nntl no lave, yet "tho ¬.§lOl.!{!-"i of Mniiosi, who were to be
org? in every torn and viiinoc nnrlcr local chiefs were more or less
ll ll
<9!!l53°t.?.d. ' !i-.?- 2Ii_ °tiEP1'15?."Ji!?.iIi!.£T§*;'!?§£9?*"'."°..". !.9.£!.'.*l!E.? 9 .1 §_<=*1<>n.,
11 6
by open honris. " It is thi.=: unique form of oi"9:11ni2'iii0n which prevails
. J|n
'O Il'i .53'
51
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. . I,.. ~i_» '5;:: R $51- 92 *1 |.i..1 - ,» 51 _ _ .1-'1 .HE 189t!'S: MORE ARRFISTS OT MAFIOSI; _MQRE§ EMIGBA'I'ION1S_0F , .! '" W W "':T"_ ' " '"' _ ' *7 **W
12
A13 ArJ""~f.-'=i:11»'?f.?Z.
111
gt; In '"/vpttn bvfr, 1891'?-, ;1!.92r;:1t 15! Erirtfiorli »'--*§.1rr.- arrested at Catania, ' _,_
',.sr BSt%g92y. Antonio Cutrcrn. chicf oi puiice in Palermo in the 1890'5,c0nducted 1 1- "
-*9 6,47! -_ .8.t'?2Qé{t*Il92i"11 r."~rn~:>-'Hg.'n :u*.":i.n';'. WP "~i"1. 1
21 ;
B22 "9211tirfrf1tiv1192.~1 -
23 * 1, z UV Thr? chief rresutt ut the zattfwtt. on the Nzltia in the 1890's 18 said t0 '""-
M25 ._ 0U42."§rG3-31", p. 7! - "hag-f,> -been that I92'!2..i0s1 again <:1rig,rwtv<1 2-woad. Instances of the arrival of
'28lb13§c::l in ttw T1<~.92*.' Yurk-TIM -I-rr=~ -- Im1nsylva11ia farm during the 1890's 1
30 00-42303-282, p; 4; 62-"1514'1- Sub 37, Ser. 111, pp. 2'11-2'12!ar31c:u'13' 3.?! " In 1'0 112'.-:1 4-.~"¢ih'?".. I
32
433
S'T1"92Ni.92 H1! AC'ffTOtN'1fS *"I' '!tt] NII1tiITE1~tNI"II CLJNTURY MAFIA -1-In
J J
36
37
. 92.M8 J.-.1" ti" *%..?.*:.*t~'-'i_iii - 1 '
'39 .g ~t itllrwv 1.- in:-1" Y 1" , '1 =r~: 9292hu'I- <1-':1c1'1ptl0lt0fU'1e Mafia at
thggtxtxtn of the pIC;'1"'lt Jf!1'lt=,- '1'», -rt " Hcly tn";-*1. by ut-lcla1!.= and others
tn15rc~!1ts*-"t in pinpointing thc nI1hu":_ ~11-1 :.>§;m":1.tion'.= of the Marta, has indicated
I46
t1,hnhQ *.':m;; ms not to ha- ¢~o=v=id~»- 1.-1. a sect, a Putt, nor yet an association
118hégng 'F.1:I.r'rfr:th:=:1:?I mics, 1 wru!:tti1.~n';,~;-1 .*:y1:2~.'-"R. It vns to him an instinctive
51 1
52
'53
514
»
|35
56
57
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12
13
114
1'5
16
17
18
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20
21
22
23
214
2
331
32
33
3
3'5
. ._J- . '1
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- --l tram..,»_ _ ' 1.; if*-rtt The whole fabric of the Mafia rested on murder, wrote Paton, the .
"'0_ 10timary of ':,_t_i1¢ _kI;l£.t' being that the Ft$t"¥.SSiT1 was always iurktng near and prepared
12tli let his pm _ *
134 t
$2 I.:'=.*on referred to the rsiia as the associating of eviity disposed 1
ogeons who without formal organization consorted together for furtherance
.' 1i 9
o2Qomme:1 interes'.s. Vhen it servefi their purporco they acted togethertn _
I21cggcert in rieiinnce of law and orr_!"=. 1.. hon their interests changed and
egg-shed they qu21r1"r"l<? i &n'm'.1pE therrmelves, and by their venciettae threw the ""'
.- .
community into disorder white they murdered or committed outrages withouthi
i I|I3% the _'"I92r*.7-fit< 1ff_fjf_f____Tlf_iifl}fti£1l, taking it 2 r-nta from the works of i:?8 - A 4!
l-90! hlmlrtmoe.
30 _
sggerai writer; on the early -afia in Sicily, proceeds no further in attempts
if-
ttigtefinc the aeswoeiative tie than to say: "The nwrvbero of the organization . _
; 37 - 5! " -- ..~wage not very n'.unPro"s but bound y lose ties of fellowship. . . . " - '
irancis Marion Ffrawtorri, another observer of the Mafia at the turn -
Ozihe cent1._1ry, pointer] out that t92-iz'92.f.i.ra adherents were not bound in their
aggociatitmzt with each other by pz"r.1"5.*»~:92 of sccr:"r.'.5' nor oaths of obedience,
by intcre:-rt aw! necessity on the one hand, an" ti»-0 strong Sicilian sense
ogghono on the other. " The purp~.~.<1e of associating with others of like
51 . ..
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60 . _ . .61'? - -~~ ~~ ~@~* w L_ ~, he;
5 ' » - I - vi-P ~R*6? t e ' i; x 1¢-
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12
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avg! creator! the rvrt nf "moral £1999-1ti'3m" on which the Mafia relied for its '
F9ex? lencrif ! /* rsirvllw simtion 92*.='>.c in br- found in Sicilil_§}{i _j_I_Z_{§~_1l§{!1_§{°mm}!l*1Fl@{{ , 9 ._ __.. 7 _ir.....___,i,___m.-_._r
ii
lnl-Qmcrlrc, 'r-' "*'r"" -W1 ? iv iii 1"~"==~"* of rntxny cl-"-'-~' 1".-"cr'= concerning the
_c.13_-_,-a¢Fén1 Fri-W11 '""'-Y-"* v*1i"-'1 0' 3~1':921f!!'""' l~-1::;=':u~.';:: T:-"a<icr.-'= in H1039 communities * .
asifaweir .=.":rvir*c': 1-err? sought not only by the criminal element, but also by
18pgrgrma not i~'~!ic"eri to b" nwzoclnl-"'l Tlih the .1n<l~rx-mrlri in any way.!
20
I 31 '{?~'* *""1~-"~ 'l1,."~Tn"~_ " $1" "1!iln=.{ lo Cx.'9292'"[1',~:'>*, might be 51 lawyer, a
22
.3 92 P u - .11" E-§~i~r~;~ -'1i*" '~~'nir 1 | qr v"<"n r l'r= provinrnl council, or a deputy, even = ~ .=- - , 92"'-I I:-'7! ._. L .. _ . . . "
= 1
p ,1 3ac:
1": Qghinet nzinirtcr, rising to moral control 0! the whole society "simpiz bl I - '-=--~
4 -~".¢.=92; 2?
hiutcstlcn owl pre'.c!nin'92.ut will, innl nr-vcr by any .-sort of election or_-?9___.__. ______ _______ ._u._ _. A I _._.u.__--.,.n _____.-,h.._.._.___.____....._...
m§=°l1in<-r*;, vi" ll"! - Wis. ha? rzcn". ' ow: i -clorrr rllinlning Such posts, however,_._3l.._,Y - . r V --V.-J», _ ----------. -- -----
lh%§Vi.'92.fin 1rr~="r -W3 "i{iir1"1?il}Y l '~ .1 ri92_cl1 n;:§1a_!, I>-czuusc it would be
PI'3§U 'ElIlY |T*"P".".-SiD'l" {O T'i"1{f? T1 f?l='iTl"Z1C[ i0! HHY IJUDUC $'O.l'K, OI IO CB.!!Y ll
35 0! Vougvilhcmi MI1 i.':l':rrP=1ti0r92. 1
3P39 2. ':"r~~ 1 "mi '"u~:1i.~.
no
3% Tlvr Irv-'11 Tape --I'*Flrr92Z'?t: '":»==r1l to secure as his partisans his gang!
U3 . '
nlnnnongnlnr '1 frnnw 011-1n Q15 -11- |- ;_ -,1 q, I|l'J92ll u|1'92.-P
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25
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12rowel. n."t1=* lly to :1 chief patrons, generally in Lalormo, who were
_.LJ_ ' gt ~1.t§r:°' tt*.o0:.',..~..
I'92 l
5.2! =
' ' 4, 65!8lr§tin1:1tn1._=,- =~~ -*~+-:i:1*.¢:'l mu] in. turn .""nv.r9tin1¬¥S deferred to one head.
irzt. £:!1o hzw tn!~;en the latter view into consideration
l1i*3rtU!.=' - " ' tirft "rt; ~' rvi 1--2 :92,' 23>--Y t_l1'"-'1 Her! I92 Min n~.»1Ivr--I some 5011 Qf
£22
1
Pfgermo. "I 1-o. qoltrce imii
:"9
1=2u<:.~te 111" P--~ -rm-or t
21
F22.
23
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26
8
'?B£1291
33
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36:37
38
39
11
12
13
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15
16
17
18
9
20
21
22
23
211
25
26
27
'28
Allihougtl more is no lmtmtihte possibility of wholly verifying
t'§s classic story at this time, it s-"erves as a clmracterlstic illustration of
9U11OMa[i'1 r'o;-:1t1tir.m for inuence H 111911 places, and [or horrible
;J..L
¢_'_-1.2;¢;mr~, ;» ;-qt -1! L119 I»92;Y_"I1 !_ 1;." " wits H1-it ha. -1 PIT- "tivnl3 SllenCBd
13'
p%g*nti:tl ~'<.*'=a92'-t for nw-1y ye:n:'=.!
1 6 _ - . . ._
B17 I"'.£T"'.?:7E?f _ElI7ili u.Pl__[_r..Z 9f_..?_lL1'
1 8
Tiw '1r3 '_:n="§=92.¢; @[ the 180%» m~.~= mI!tI'1UmI t".ip;r2tlO11 from Sicily 9
2° S100-12:10:»-295, [L 2! _ 1lF§E3O!_I11?tt""'l :*t-rm-rt, no -11,11}! to -"+1-*1-1~;1. T-1 the 1'1r.~'t decade of the present
<~E§tv_ry, I-i~§!_1 ~11 1;=.1w.tg*_:.o.nts 1: -W in H='1<1..'.-.lVQ W;'.t't.'."1 to settle in the largeL
25 _' -.,-_92.-I--r92-nI3!~n-.1 n,92-Jn-n
l.J2b'.I.lJk»L!l-l92.J.92l LULILIJLD
27
[ j81Q:__|qtrt_"?q 01'!!-oz"! in 1 0-5 irwolvn-i zwpproxtmntely 1.00, 000 persons, while in
29 '20!
13% the rm-.1-r~ n:n"I'le=.il92,Y 1---<-.<:m~.1 1:12 "-110.31 . I
LA
12
13114
15
16
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26
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___ *"'7
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31219 .-:}92E?5_. M 1t-"Iii A¢1*Iv1'1"Yceeriieve9i>"iiI§eJ£!IE vi-91$:-=1Ar=s ?_iPIQ§lc¥i§?§E4§§Pc?>¬IBB Tii,tL'f:';5.§
1
i$18. get ii Actiqity , Qerg i,e,ted,d'yring_92'Jor1d Qerl
iiruring the pcrie-.i of the First World War, large numbers oil the
1
lgoungger F7-"7i"_!f..=i are sniri to have served in the ranks of the Italian Armed
151
160rces.
17 ilg Meanwhile, Maa activities continued in Sicily, sustained in large
28%: i the older i":='i0*i zinc! those who had deserted from the Armed Forces.92J -- I-' A 2; Y L
I22ggater prosecutions were to reveni that extortion, murder, and other crimes214 5! '3
Pgttributed to the Mzifiesi had persisted during the War years.2 t
3%-3 ¥_i??_?tY§Lf§.'iiT£liBJ§P;l9!!Ed =.92_§tr11<i=ieF1eure_ , <3
29 '
30The return home of Sicilian troops after the War brought back to 3
icily :1 numher of the _vow=_";er Tiffifieei, and would-be Maiiosi, new practiced 1
1 the arts of war.
Uurlnn their absence, it is said, the older Maosi and the desertera 3 .31
32
33
3ii
36
36
3;
ghad esint!ii<:lie:I :1 IT1Un1'Fi3"fl_92' in N:-in oper:1ti.o:1s that they were unwilling to
eiinquish. i"ert1a.ps in part due i.o thie iacter, and in part to the probtltgility £16
141
112
9
10
11.
12
13
111
16
16
17
18
"9
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21
22
23
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25