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92
FEDERAL BUEAU OF INVESTIGATION
SUPREME COURT
PART 13 OF 14
CROSS REFERENCES
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0 BACKS LEWIS
Ii HIGH GOURT PLEA
1: .
Brief on, Eve oi Contempt Case
T Ar;-omen; Denounces Action
§ Taken eintst Coel Union.- 4 LI ,eoede1tc'1_c2i:ewu'!=_.>ne-. wAsI_IINcrr0N. Jen. 1: -On
thedeve Kofthe argument Ln the B11-
prime Court. on the conteropt eon-
" fiction for John L. Lewis end the
United Mine Workers of America,
" ieeuene filed today l._bi-iet v.-mi the
Sugreme challenging the
Prepared by Lee Preeemln. C10
the brief submitted by the organ-
ization ee e lriend 01' the court,"
etreeeed several cues to prove
that the entire hilttory of the Nor-;
rle- Le Gun:-die. Anti-Injunction]
Act or 1932 be:-red injunction'pro-
ceedlnge e.ge.inet_ unions by the
Government e.|_wel.l ee thoee start-1
ted by employee-e.I.
The G0vemmentl view hee been
that it could, in,-its sovereign
cepecit ,seel: en oin en ect b Y 110 II if
_ e union which would meln rre-Tier criticized on the ground: that
1' pereble i.nju.ryto the country.E, The entire record In this cue? bi" Wm" 1" ml"? MP6"! ll
92'_j in perveded with whet can only beicelled e celioue dleregerd or theF procedural end constitutional right:
- of the delendlntl." the hi.-let es-
lerted. . .
_ Oouetntlonel "hence" Ieen
"Proceeding: eel the type lure
etitutionel gueetlonl. The court be-low deeme content tougloee everthe problems preeen by the-Oonetitution on the belie or it-I
°"" °"° E="il'?f...i"°e§ ? L 'tever cone u. p ice one
were preeentin the orderwebeing mieconltrued eince the
lied no tntentibn M {Wing the in.*'"*.;*:"=...,"..""..1:'i'°"i=~"......~ l or er iJtdge '1. Manzoldeborouih E
. tli Federal District Court, ecoord-
' to the brietpsiould have oom-general couneel end his enietente,-A "-5 d"°1°P°'=1 1- "P1119111" in theli " ' ---__ i._,.:' 2:-""-"
e 1 . I
r Te brief quoted Iimneroue ci e-iuone by Justice Felix nemerurer;ot. the Supreme Court to lhtrwview; on injunctions, notably pie!co-eutlxocehip of The Labor io-
junction end e paper written by
him in 1039 entitled "Lew and
PoIl:tiel." _wee ed that Mr. Lewis weeInked lovlger court to "act"es ee ereeer" end to doum which he my deem tetei to]
thebutbmeeotqugmgb
tion which he ie charged with
ding end protecting."
t O3: 015; 5" lZ..°?f"¬"° .§' o one a 1| h d
ear in e democretic society we do03 dltnow whet !t~ie,; the briefe '» The brief traced oi. iue oi! the,
' the Congress ot induetriel 01-gen-' 1 n°t1°!1 1-" 115°! diipl-It" °1!-1?893 to 1932. The Non-is-Le.
I um-die Act wee adopted by Con"-
. es: in the letter year. = Government: conbentionl. EIDu.ring the thirty-nine yen: pe-ltiod it was maintained that thew
"use oi injunctions in labor die-}putee.
F Injtmetive Petterne i
' The brief liited tom-teen upect.e'
of the "pattern" including "exEarte" ection without notice oi!
9315118. PPOOI by ettidlvit Ind._"erbitrery gunlehment Then the rie! said that virtual-92
ly every unwhoieeoroe eepect or
the injunctive process deecribedlebove was duplicated in the in-etent proceeding. l X
Judge Goldeborough wu tor-.
hie conduct oi the 1.1111 betreyed
en exeggereted counterpart or the
.;$$ E°¢u1l;;"¥l° ii t .i.i;. e e cthe eccretiou of the ingznction evil
leesumed e pattern to which the
£15-ytovn egidwtlggrru-LeGuudie'. were " .
It I-I our view," the brie: eel>"tI:-It government ectivlty in.n m
we W-......*~=...:::* -mmwee an echerecter es to ineke lnescepeblelthe conclusion that these notewere intended to apply to the gov-
mt end tthetwhigh ehueen: urlldic on veto theee etetutee wee claw:which the Attorney-General, 5Executive. bed epomored all
popularized. M J _ _
ill.
PG d Ml. L8W1I . V1018» Illee eel ottice. :32. ta I
. 23 KW52%I
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This is e clipping from
page é Of thé
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upreme Court Up olds U. .
In Coal Dispute o ith Lewis;
'IF"I. |I"
Law' Hves lf
60% Share of
$710,000 in Fines
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High Points in Coal Ruling
By U. S. Supreme Court '
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Snreme 'C0urtFg_aT_iects
"By Ward From Ruling
' B Ed rd . h_ ....z.....'.:...§.,*".=.§'. so -s nme Court declinedagain y ray B Eteriere with
a lower coin-t daisies that co-arts
can neither review nor enforce
war Labor Board orders. 1
Without comment, the unalurned down an aPPBa1 émonb
omery Ward & Co. om a ruling,
E e District of pommhia com-:=
1:0! Appeals. The latter court held
; that WLB actions are administra-
§ e and "at most. simply advisory
the President.
e WLB, in case its orders
e disregarded. turns ease; over
to the President for action.
- The mail order rm contended.
ithe wms exceeded its Statutory}
ipowers In issuing orders involving
-union maintenance, dues check-
o and grievance machinery for-1
C10 employes at four Ward stores 92
;in Detroit, and one each in92
Jamaica, N. Y.. and Denver.Pius Case Also naieciec A
The Supreme Court flfitliiiiii.
at this term had rejected an appeal
by a group of trucking emnpanies
m a similiar decision by the
tor the second time, the;Quart yesterday declined to review
whether the National Labor Ite-
Nations Act applies to a local
'E. Blatt Co., Atlantic City dep
.ment store. raised that issue_.inh ' -|_-II-'-'-
THIIASHannealllll iron: a lower court de-
cision that the company was guilty
II. no-if..- *' iekr prectkes in amine
a notice advisinl lltoloyea that
they did not have to join a union.
elf. Althea] Allin loleet-ed
In other actions yesterday, the
court:
H9611 to review Federal Power
Commisaion orders directing tour
companies to reduce their inter-
state wholesale rates on natural
gas. The cues involve the Cole;
rado Interstate Gas, the Canadiaii
River Gas. and Panhandle Easte 1Pipeline companies. 92 rl
Consented to look into an In-
terltste Commerce Commission or-
1191' <1i"¢U-BE an increase of about
83 1-3 oer cent in intrastate rail-
road passenger coach fares in Ala-
bama. Kentucky, Tennesset and
North Carolina. The IOC con-
tended that the lower intrastate
in-ea discriminated against inter-
state travelers paying higher rates.
Rejected, for the second time, an
appeal oi Mrs. Am: I1. P. Kent of- _ ____' _A____.__
1v ..-' I
v - ..;.-.;__
5 ._.,. , -.'.';y _ _ _ ___}- fa H-'i _ _
P "H NiehoIs___, _
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NI: f-.qpp_________
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1? taIA 92 '
t°@f. 92fwuhlniton tor court muwenon¢ 92z__ .»
urt of Appeals. _ {in the case or! her son, Tyler Kent,
who was convicted and imprisoned
in Great Britain on a charge ofa case which posed the question gelatin: the British Oieial War
ets Act. Kent was tormerly a
code clerk in the American Em-? retail department store." The in London.-
IHGTON POST
Tueaday, liov. 14, 1944
_4"_?_ . 8/ s»-4_ __, V _ . "c.=w>*"'
l~f.,7-.'~77/:4
A nu uw s -
81} NOV 17 1944
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1 92. .. _ ..lwouragmg and-eemmsan. anu-Q , - _- ""';' --u" ~:~a',=§Q__
WIHAII
Get O Scot I-re i 7
By ART SHIELDS ' .. -
was interrupted by the death
Negro propaganda and other forms
oi Hiilerism will be felt everywhere.
Months have passed since former
Attorney General Francis Biddle
said, in response to a call ior action
iirom C10 President Philip Murray,
that eiiorts were being made to iind
a judge to conduct a new trial.
Biddle, who had shown little en-
thiisiasm about the case, was already
n flan wow nu! whnn hp BDID I"hpe.o-.. -u92|92. on-; nu --4, qq, aclwy ynayqy
i-be new Attorney Ge.nera.i,_ Tomi
Clark, 511102. u _ ' .
=DIL!.ll92lG nus! _ 7
Meanwhile some iormer 1
WASHINGTON.There are disturbing indications that
the 26 defendants in the efghirmonth Nazi plot trial, that
of Justice Edward C. Eicherlast November may not be retrie,|;},~ *;/ * 1 W ~ ~*The eiiect oi such Iailure in m- ° ° G°m ' 51° -
The wemw who disiribum 92%
wild aEcusations_ does not "stand
alone. She has worked closely with
the Chicago Trihnneland reaction-;
Bi? members oi Odhgress, and her
links with the German i92rnerican'
Bind and various native fascists
came out at the recent trial.
JOE mwnanms l . ',
Joe Mcwiiiiams, ion-her Puehrer;
I the Christian Mobiiizers oi New
ork. has been collecting iunds iniassurances. No public suggestion "'1'"! - 5- 5°"-
aoiaspeedynewtrlalhascomeirom; .. ' . , bert ;.R.exr_gg_g » merican Ha-
Llonnlist Party, a pro-iasci§t_froi'-IT."
aeli, eno§_:Y-singw§a_e__Wi]iiams activi
ities, was recently piiblished.
And former German Ameri
Bundisis are still operating amonA H i--......._.._.................._~*'|'-'1 ~_~"-""1'f~ .;c ~ . 5" 'I»;":- ---.;,.-i-~ ,z-P". ~ i
J
v-q .J. e V.92 " _92 -4
v _. r A ~. F I
rjie t
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92
n
it
iish people.
This quote from the last issue oi _
N Balk-in, hich she ds=nun 1--v av-u,<._.----v -v- ---
Bundist activity and tor the trial
delay. The court: reversal oi the
oomri on 01 Fuel-irer Wilhelm Ger
ha unae who was also a led»
' oi the ~
92 eiemiantl are _wo1-king? again inji
cir old, eroove; The German Americans in new York,; ki g, author oi the Qiiicaeo and other i- The United Bu eme Court' a anlnn rnannnnih ]i'i2I.'-Tl-I? B1!eiwork, for instance, is campaign
lug ior e shit pl-.~iI.ee ix I39-_r11_m.ny,
while she crusades against the Jew-
'92>-ma-n"dinia'y"nm*<:"<§'émnrt~; placed mp,
the record backed up the testimon
of iormer Blind leaders, suchKurt Luedecke, um the Blind ha |
bggu gt up here at Hitler: orders
tor the purpose oi Naziiyine Amer- ~
iea as well as oi aoiteninz Ameri-
cans toward Germany. _
Natl instructions to the Bundists
e 92l l
with anti-Semitic and anti-Oom-in
1. , 'Qi.3'*'ew w sen
tiirough the mails from Chicago
speaks tor itself: . - ll
Now that Germany F aoeupi
and deiatedf Iaya the Billing
screed, tremendo atrocity aet-
IIB. allegedly In Germany, are
being tutored in the press on a92
|
92g-
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Bnndists has obviously been a body
_ w-to the iorces within the De-gpirtment of Justiee. Who want I
new trial, though none 0! them will
. comment. l 1 ~ .
Reportersnotedati-heh'i.l-1l.astmunlgt propaganda. Natiife fascists",
were to he their tools in thiscam-ii
Pain-
The Supreme Court: reversal 92
the Bundista conviction on tech-:
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SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
No. 651.-Ocroni:n TERM, 1938.
Frank Hague, Individiialiy and asMayor of Jersey City, ct a1., &c.,i On Writ of Certiorari to
Petitioners, 1 the United States Cir-
vs. i cuit Court of Appeals
Committee for Industrial Organiza- for the Third Circuit.
tion, ct al.
[June 5, 1939.]
Mr. Justice BUTLER:
The jildguleiii of the court in this case is that the decree is modi»
ed and as modied airiiicd. Mr. Justice Fnnnnrunrtzn and Mr.
Justice DOUGLAS took no part in the c0n.~side1ation or decision of
the case. Mr. Justice Itouuirs has an opinion in which Mr. Justice
BLACK concurs, and Mr. Justice STONE an opinion in which Mr-
JUSTICE Reno concurs. The Cnncr Justice concurs in an opinion.
Mr. J ustice 192IcRnr.~:o1.ns and Mr. Justice BUTLER dissent for rea-
sons stated in opinions by them respectively.
Mr. Justice Ronenrs delivered an opinion in which Mr. Justice
BLACK concurred.
We granted certiorari as the case presents important questions
in respect of the asserted privilege and immunity of citizens of the
United States to advocate action pursuant to a federal statute, by
distribution of printed matter and oral discussion in peaecahle
assenibly; and the jurisdiction of federal courts of suits to restrain
the abridgrncnt of such privilege and immunity.
The respondents, individual citizens, unincorporated labor organ-
izations composed of such citizens, and a membership corporation,
brought suit in the United States District Court against the pe-
titioners, tbc Mayor, the Director of Public Safety, and the Chief
Of Police of Jersey City, New Jersey, and chi. Board of Commis-
Sioners, the governing body of the city.
l
2 "Elfin: vs. Committee for l"nd'u.rtri'u.l Orgunizutign,
The hill llcges that acting under a city urdiiiaiice forbidding the
lensing of any hall, without. a permit from the "hie-f of Police, for 3
Pllllli Ilwclirilz ut wliicli ii spcakcr shall iidvor-ute obstriietion of the
Govt-riiment of the Uuitcd States or a state, or a eliange of govgrn.
mrnt by other than lawful nu-ans, the petitioners, and fl] 92if sub.
Orllillatcs, have dciiied rcspondents the right to hold lawful meet-
mil l" 'l°"l92l' Gil! 911 "W irround that they are Comuiiinists or
C"mm""l§l "ffli?/li0i1_8; that pursniint to an unlawful plan, the
|.I0lliilll'1t"I'8 lllll-P caused the eviction from the niunicipalitv of |-tel-.
sous they C0llHi l !lId undesirable because of their labor orgiiniziiiion
activities, and have announced that they will continue so to do.
ll f""lllll' Bllftlcs that acting under an 0I'dlItRiic|3 which fm-bids any
Person to "distribute or cause to be distributed or strewn about any
"l"T""t °'f P bl" Flam 1115 "@9292P&pcm, paper. periodical, hook, mag-
"'°- """: l "- card °1' Plfllllet , the petitioners have discrimi-
"f11°<_l Mlfll-it the respondents by pr-ohibitirur and intei-[pg-ing with
diiitrilnition of leaets and pamphlets by the Pegpgndents while pm,:.'l:ll;.lIl£]n?'il1Pl':! to distribute similr printer] matter; that. pursiignt
]l!l92' " 'lI§ :l IT'S Ol'ltlIfIzle'ns Dd tile Illnltt-id htaitesl the petlrloncrmtpl f- d. I n i-, an tiose acting with them, to be r_ "" '-3t"lll1l""_FI Printed matter in the streets, and have::l:1c:'@I:;:nd their as.-mister, to be carried beyond tilt! limitsboard fcri: bogtrdnotl pilmlea thfrem, and have colnpolled them tofor _ Y JP" ml _l?!' P18-If York; have, with riolence and_ 4'1. irilerfr-red uith the distribution of pamphlets discussing the
1'"!-lllltlnflr 1l~ll "-i limit-1' the National Labor Relations Act; have un-
ill -Il1ll_92" N illIf:|tt'|l |,'itI"§0TIS coming into the city and seized printedniatti-r in thr-ir possession; have arrested and prosociitcd respond-
°"l8' ll ll'"" 3"l"1.-' With them, for attempting to distribute such
PT"|T< l mutter; and have threatened that if respondents attempt to
hold lmhli-' "l"3"ll"l!?* in the city to dist-iiss rig;-lits m'l'oi-dr-il by the
N l""_ l lillll-*9! R _l<lli 'l1 .'92ct, they would be arrested; and iinlesg;Tl"' _ l l- ill" l""lltlo|ir'rs will continue in their iiiilaivfnl conduct.
"' l"ll _r "'ll""" illlies that 1"~*l'"ndciits have rvpeateelly niiplied
I"? P¢1l'Illt-I t0 hohl public nicefiiigs in the city for the stated pur-
pose, us ill|llil'l" l i|_v iI .il]lIl 'P,i ultlioiigrli they do not admit the
H1Tl'£_r?r:3:|id°l'.g0I11I3i!lio|!err of gorge! City Du ordain;_- _ er ic pnaangc 0 t in ordinance, no bl dpublic assembly in or upon the public streets, l'|igl'|w:|_Ig, pui,]?cup3k: ',? pE:b| ;,:Hague vs. Committee for Industrial Orgariization. 3
validity of the ordinance; but in execution of a common plan and
piirpose, the petitioners have consi.=i1critly refused to issue any per-
mits for iiicrliiigs to he held by, or S]'J H1StlI tl b_92', respondents, and
have tliiis prevented the holding of such meetings; that the re-
5]IOIItl *l'ltH did not, and do not, propose to advocate the destruction
or overtlirow of the g092t'!'t1ITlt!llt of the United States, or that of
New Jersey, but that their sole purpose is to cxplaiii to working-
men the piirpwes of the National Labor Relations Act, the benets
to be derived from it, and the aid which the Committee for In-
dustrial lrganizatioii would furnish workingmcn to that end; and
all the activities in ivliich they seek to engage in Jersey City were,
and are, to be performed peacefully, without intimidation, fraud,
violence, or other unlawful methods.
The bill i-liar-grs that the suit is to redress the deprivation. under
color of state law, statute and ordinance, of rights privileges and
immunities sr-cured by the Constitution of the United States and of
rights Sl" 'I]I by laws of the United States providing for equal
rights of citizens of the United States" . . . . It charges that
the pr-titionPrs' conduct is in violation of their [respondents]
ri|;'h1s and pri92'ilege~z as giiarantecd by the Constitution of the
United States." lt alleges that the petitioners conduct has been
in pursuance of an unlawful conspiracy . . . to injure op-
press threats-n and intimidate citizcns of the United States, includ-
ing the individual plaintiffs herein, . . . in the free exercise
and 9|-|jn_92']i] =nf, f the riglits-i and privileizes secured to them by the
Yonstitution and laws of the United St:1tcs. . . . .
The hill charges that the ordinances are unconstitutional and
void, or arc being enforced against respondents in an unconstitu-
tional and discriminatory way; and that the petitioners, as oiciall
of the city. piirporting: to act. under the ordinances. have deprived
buildings of Jersey ty shall take place or be conducted until ii permit Ihlll
bo obtained from the Director of Public Safety. _"2. The Director of Public Safety in hereby authonzrd and !mp0Wel0d_|'-0grant permits for parades and public w!P"92blY- "P" lPPll°="°" "1559 l-° ll- ll
at least three day; prior to the proposed parade or pu|.1l_ic. Mmbll _"3. The Director of Public Safety in hereby authorized to ri-fuse to llllaid permit whrn, after investigation at all of the fzii-is rind rircuinntancupertinent to said application, he believes it to be proper to "lls th llunw
the-roof; provided. however, that acid pen.-iit shell only be "filler! fol tll
purpose of preventing riots, disturbances or disorderly aasernhlage. _ _ J. Any porson or persons violating any of the proviiuoiupt this orth-naoca shnli upon conviction before a police magistrate of tho Cit] f Jet"!City be punished by a ne not excaedi '9 l 1 d_"d d_°ll °' lmpnmnunlin the Hudson County jail for a period not mvedwii wet! Mn or hem»
92tl_
4 Hague vs. Committee for Industrial Organization,
. a _ - = ITrespon cute of the pr|iile,_es of free speech and pencealile assembly
5 c""i i° U""Ii 11$ vltizens of the United States lw the 1em,,,1,.,,,,,hA _ . . I . I _ _ _-Ill 'I'llilTl l'll. It pra_92s an iiqunitinii .'|1||'|st ,.m,,,,,,,,,m.[, of p_,|_
tioners conduct_
The bill alleges that the cause is of a civil nature arisin underinc Commmion and laws "T the U it°d Stairs. 92vheri*in tlieiimount
"1 °"""'°"t" !' QXWPFT $31100. 9X<il15i92'e of interest and enstv and is8 suit in 9l"ii-J "J T'!dI1SR the rlizprivation tinder color of ci~i,1p 1-W,»t - __" _ '_ _ _ _ ' Iiguultiiitcbandl ordiiiniire. of ii_hts. privileges .-mil iniinunities sc-B t d Z t IO Constitution of the United States, and of right;98","; Y we W5 of the Umtl E"t3i $ l'"'ovirlim: for equal right-'5
of citizens of tlie United States and of all persons within the Ur.isdiction of the United States. J
h'I"I[he answer denies generullv, or qualies, the nllqimtiuns qf theil Jllt- i0¬'S riot deny that the individual respnnileilts are citizens of9 Umlcdv RIPS; denies that the amount in eoiitroversy as toP:¢_il1]Jiaintifl' and against each defendant" exceetls $3_ltU[!_ [ixtglusive
° 1" _"1"l5i tlnd POSTS; find Bilesres that the siipposed grounds of fed-
eral -i'"'sd"'ti°" an i'i"°i°l'*. no facts twin" i'lil "'l i t~tI'm it"I!i to
h° ' that any Substantial federal question is involved.
After trial upon the merits the District Com-g entered ndings
Of fact and conclusions of law and B decree in favor of respondents.
In brief, the court found that the purposes of respondents, other
than the American Civil Liberties Union, were the jrnanization ofuhorpliinized workers into labor unions. causing such unions to ricer.
ms I" normal and i"?fli fllnctinns of labor nrgranizstiniis, such as
c°H 't '9 b31'l!l1il'lil'l}Z With respect to the bcttcrnicnt of 9292'3,rv =g 1mm-5
of work and other terms and conditions of employment, and that
Pllrposcs were liiwful; that the petitioners, acting in their° ?"1L;_°3P"'31i1"5i half! adopted and enforced the deliberate policy ofexit: n n: arid removing from Jersey City tlio agents of the respond.
ms 5 'm9"f9""d with iilll Fltlilt Of passage upon the streets
nd Rrcss to the parks of the eitv: that these ends have been accom-
plished b_v force and violence despite the fact that the personsBl'@<_'tPri were acting in an orderly and peaceful manner; that ex-°_ |5°n> "f"'°Val, P9P_B0I1!ll restraint and interference, by force andvie ence, is nccomplished without authority of law and wjthgut
Pl'°T"I'i|F brlugiiig the persons taken into ciistindy before a ju-
dicial ofheer for hearing.
= 25 r. Supp. 121. i i 7 i i. .
i tr i¢ I | I 92./ i
/*92 i ,4 i s' . it " ;< I 1:"
'--*- we» in 1'
Hagtu vs. Committee for Industrial Organization. 5
The court further found that the petitioners, as ofeials, acting
in reliance on the ordinance dealing with the subject, have
adopted and enforced a deliberate policy of preventing the re-
spondents, and their associates, from distributing circulars, lcaet,
or handbills in Jersey City; that this has been done by policemen
acting forcibly and violently; that the petitioners propose to con-
tinue to enforce the policy of Such prevention; that the circular!
and liandbills, distribution of which has been prevented, were not
otfensive to public morals, and did not advocate unlawful conduct,
but were germane to the purposes alleged in the bill, and that their
distributioii was being carried out in ii. way consistent with public
order and without niolcstation of individuals or misuse or littering
of the streets Similar ndings were made with respect to the pre-
vention of the distribution of placards.
The ndings are that the petitioners, as oicials, have adopted
and enforced a. deliberate policy of forbidding the respondents and
their associates from communicating their views respecting the Na-
tional Lnbor Relations Act to the citizens of Jersey City by hold-
ing nmirings or assemblies in the open air and at public places;
that there is no competent proof that the proposed speakers have
ever spoken at an assembly where a breach of the peace occurred
or at which any utterances were made which violated the canons of
proper discussion or gave occasion for disorder consequent upon
what. was said; that there is no competent proof that the parks of
Jersey City are dedicated to any general purpose other tllarl U16
recreation of the public and that thr iB ¢0mP9t nt Pm that the
municipal autliorities have griffd P@1mit3"li° V3150-13 Persons the
than the respondents to speak at meetings in the streets of the cit?-
'Ihe court found that the rights of the respondents, and each of
them, interfered with and frustrated by the petitioners, had ii.
value, as tn each respondent, in excess of $3900, Qlelllive of
interest and costs; that the petitioners enforcement of their ]J0li¢!'
against. the respondents caused the latter irrersrble 5-ilB¢; 1111*-
the respondents have been threatened with manifold H-Id 1!P¢1ll-ed
persecution, and manifold and repeated invasions of their rillhl-55
and that they have done nothing to disentitle them to equitable
relief.
The L-out-t, concluded that it. had jurisdiction under See. 24!
3! and .4! of the Judicial Code? that the petitioners oicial
pqlicy and new were in violation of the Fourteenth Amendrnentrtlnd
n zs U. s. 0. §i1!, 2! mud H!-
Tw ill" | g i
92.,,4.» _.
5 Hague vs. Committee for Industrial OrQa7t{zat1'pn_
that the respniitlcntu had ecgohliglipil _-; <
Constitution of the Ynited Ftatcs mid unde
and R. S. 5508, ns .-intended.
The Cirvilit curt oi" ilnprnls concurred in the ndings of fact;
held the District onrt had jurisdiction under tie:-lion ..~l l! and
4! Of ill? Jllflil Code; nirnlifiml flu? elrergp in fpgpet nf Or : of
its provisions, anrl. as modied, allirmed it.
By their specications of error. the petitioners limit the issues
in this court to three matters. Tliey contend that the court below
erred in holding that the District Court had j1IriR<_lil'tinr| owi-
all or some of the ctluses of action stated in the hill, Soc
+ ii...olion molt-r the
079, ll. Fl. .1980,
n holding that the street
meeting ordinanc s unconstitutional on its face, and that it has
been unconstitutionally administered. Thirdly, they claim that
the decree must be set aside because it exceeds the court s power
and is impracticable of enforcement or of compliance.
First. E92'et'}' question arising under the Constitution may, if
properly raised in a state court, come ultimately to t-his court for
decision. Until 1875, Save for the limited jurisdiction conferred
by the Civil Rizhts Acts, infra, federal courts lmd no original juris-
diction of actions or suits merely because the matter in controversy
arose under the Constitution or laws of the United States; and
the jurisdiction then and since conlerreil upon United Sum-3 0,311;-1,9
has been narrowly limited.
Section 24 of the Judicial Code confers original jtirisdiction
upon District Courts of the United States. Subsection ! gives
jurisdiction of "suits of a civil nature, at common law or in
6'-11515, - - - Where the matter in contrcixersy exceeds, excite
sivc of interest and costs, the sum or value of $3,000" and arisog
under the Constitution or laws of the United States.
The wrongs of which respondents complain are tortinus inva_
lions of alleged civil rights hy persons acting under color of -state
Iuthnrity. It is true that if the various pl:-1i|1tisliai"l i1l"l'll!f_"lll. actions
it law for the redress of such wrongs lhc amount necessary to
jurisdiction under Election 2-H1! would have been determined by
the Burn claimed in good faith. But it does not follow that in n
I8 U. S. C. §§ 43 nd 47!, 18 U. S. C. §51.
Hague 1:. C01192It]llHl"¬ for Industrial Organization, 101 F. d! 774.
6 Be Act of March 3, 1S?5, .-. 12?, 1% Riot. 470.
7Wi'|cy tt. Rinklur. 179 U. H. 5R; Fiwatforrl v. Templeton, 185 U. B. -[R7,
Compare St. Paul Mercury Indemnity C0. I7. Red Gab Co., 303 U. B. 253, 235.nnrllv fl-39¢ n VDIQJIIJ, -.- _ -_llil-
l
. -F "I :<¢r_!*!3:_,
Hague vs. Commiltrc for Indrcstrial Organization.
Ill to 1-<-strain tlirentcncd invasions of such rights u more MRI - _
mcnt oi the ;unount. in coi1tro92'er.92v crmfef .ill|'itP¢1l'9"- In 51
|,,.,,.mI1,t m,,11~,- g1§h_-i<_~r1ltJll ll -'1 traverse of the allegation M
f_i'|e zuiioniit. in ermtrm'|~r.~'_92', or R motion i0 Ill-*'Ttll» $ l1"'l-W1 P011
Hll i¬lll't92 ol .~au<~h zmlollut. Wills For '=tll *il'rlt1lli92l ]l<l0l U11 ll"? Pall
the ]||'iii|1 ill of l':1et-2j.u<ti1'92*i||~lite I-,l|I1 _'ll1,~'l0lI that the suit invol
the lie:-v.~;s:11'v sum. The rt:-u1'|l iv-" lN iii"? Ol a }' 5l"3""l"F§
Hm ..92lm. or the a5<;p|'[|! § 1-|;_r1n.~;. tn the respondents individut
and the ='.1i'"'e92'ti<Hi tltt. in till-Tl. ll""' 1'3" the ""'l l5ll59 Valli . -_. , .llllfl92'llll92ll-lg! sim-e the p1ninti'.~i 1n.1.92' not ;l'!I1"t!11l9 ill?" 111??
in orilcr to ziltaitl the ltllltllllll |ll'li-iF<92l"' it ill ? .l1 'l5dl ll° -
. .r..,: . tli-it ii... i1._r92-i.~i "i92l['t i;in,.:¢-=1 ll1'l"l.H[llt_'llfll1 under Sect =|92|i92-|92|92[i' 92192|I92- ll9292 ~ ~ '- - -v
Ull]J- . .Section 2-HI-ll Grant-I ju|'i.<riirtion of suits at law or In 1-Q1
292lltl10lJl7tll by law to lac broimlll by 3"! Perm ti! redress
dw,-5.,~m;0,, umlpr color of am law, statute, ordinance, recI ' . . .tion, custonl, or u.sn:"- "f K11! 5"l?ltP, °f ""§' "'§ht_~ 1" lei-!°' or
niunitv secured b92' the Constitution of the Unltcd States» '-"-I ' - . ., - -any I-jwhi gecurctl bv nnv law of the l-niterl Mates provident:.. r~ I _ _aqua] rirrlll of citizens of the United 'bll*$, 91 "5 all PP" _ _ _ _ . t - 992| H115 the 3,1,-Nlieliiiii of the l.-l1]ll l htates.
Th. , .mi;,n,.r§; 1;,-tint that the rights of which the respondga, ti,eI,. haw been i1,.=T,ri-.-er} are not within those descrilieiisitlxsection []492 The courts below have held that citizen-~ Of
Il'uite<l "-ltwtes il° 5' l9 such Tlllls ht il Tll¬ of their citizens] t .< . . - . _tint me pqurtepnih Amemlment secures these rights againstl~;,:qion bv a state and authorizes legislation by COREJPPSQ 1°
force the Amentlrncnt. _
Prim. m gm Civil Nor there was confusion and debate at
the relation between United States citizenship and state citi
Sh, B,._v0,-K1 d|_< |'||it9. citizenship of the United Sines nous
,.;=,m1 Th.» Constitution in various clauses, reclld it
-ti_ll1;;1'1itt'1'.._ ienernI Motors Acceptance Co-.-31., 298 U. S. 178; Ml!
!s ] _ 2 Associated 1"r¬S8,399 ll 5- :Z" - _Klii.s=|i<-1:5 Ht liltllis it"! U. s. 379; Pint" 92'- Pmtl» 2* U- S 5 "
55¢-,1; 1-. Frazier, 253 Il. S. 243. _ _ _. . - ' turn, ungrlin The settIl'Il1 II derived from R. S. 563- R§¢il°" 12- 'l"':ht min Mon 3 of it-= M r-='1'=- - ' ° ",*£i.i'ii "h?5 ll. .<5.lr 2333;;by Flection l9of_t'hr Civil l'l|2h't5_I,92It;§ ;h- .2: of-Aiarif 20, 1871, 17 Sm fen-ed to lll bzetzon I of the CW1 K - -..~ . . 1- 0..-...__ -1 .....i -i. in-r ll Qeetinn 1.1- rsep ,-'92!'l_ i, m-viii-ii: .. ..---. ---
8 Hague vs. Committee for Indicstrial Organization.
nowhere dened it. Many thought state citizenship, and that
only, created United States citizeiisiiip.
After the adoption of the Tliirteeiith Aniendiiient. a hill, which
became the rst t.'i92'il Rights Act," was introduced in the 39th
Congress, the major purpose of which was to secure to the recently
freed negroes all the civil riglits -scoured to white men. This act
declared that all persons horn in the United States, and not sub»
jeet to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, were cit.
izen-'1 of the United States and should have the same rights in
BWIT state to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, and
give evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey
real and personal property, and to cngoy the full and equal bene-
l °f all laws and P92'°@£6dl|1Q$ T01 the Security of persons and
property to the same extent as ivlliic citizens. None other than
citizens of the United States were witliin the provisions of the Act.
It provided that "any person who, under color of any law, statute,
ordinance, regulation, or custom, shall subject, or cause to be sub-
jected, any inhabitant of any State . . . to the deprivation of
any right secured or protected by this act should be guilty of s
misdeniranor. It also conferred on district courts jurisdiction of
civil actions by persons deprived of rights secured to there by its
terms.
By reason of doubts as to the power to enact the legislation, and
because the policy thereby evidenced might be reversed by a sub-
sequent Congress, there was introduced at the same session an
additional amendment to the Constitution which became the Four-
teenth.
The rst sentence of the Amendment settled the old controversy
5.5 to citizenship by providing that All persons born or natu-
ralized in the United States, and subject. to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein
they reside." "lhenceforvi'ard citizenship of the United States
became primary and citizenship of a state secondary.
The rst section of the Amendment further provides: No State
shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or
inimunities of citizens of the United Statt-3;" . . .
I1 See Scott o. Sandford, 19 How. 393.
is Ate of April 9, iaoe, c. 31, 14 Stat. 21.
H Selective Draft Cases, 245 U. 5. 366, 389.' 92/ ii» isQ
_- -,'/" "tM
is .at 1.
Hague vs. Committee for Indiutrial. 0I"'92'Mf1'0- 9
The second Civil Rights Act. was passed by the 41st Congrm
1!._n purpose was to ruforee the provisions of the Fourteenth
Amendment, pursuant to the authority granted FOHETBSS by lih
fth sown of the amendment By Sermon 18 it reenscted the
Civil Rights Act of 1866. _ N _A third Civil Rights Act, adopted April 20, 1571, provided
That any person who, under color of any law, statute, ordinance,
regulation, custom, 01' 118886 "E BUY 5i3l»9, Bhflllsublwt» 01'
.tU he suhjegtgd, any person witliin the jurisdiction of the United
States to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities
secured by the Constitution of the United States, shall, any such
law, statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage of the state to
tho contrary notwithstanding, he liable to the party injured in my
action at law, suit ill equity. 91' Oth" Pmper Proceeding for re
dress; _ _ _" This with changes of the arrangement of clauses
which were not intended to alter the scope of the provision became
R_ S. 1979, now Title B, § Q of the United States Code.
As has been said, prior to the adoption of the Fourteenth Amend-
ment, the;-E hhd been no constitutional denition of citizenshiP Of U19
United States, or of the rights, Prileges. and lmmimilim secured
r:.-...i_.. -_ .._._:_.._:_.~ .l|!92III92§'II 92I'92'I "l"'l|s nhwnqn nv-ivilnrvsa uni-I im_[|_1|_']['uJ or .-,||rru;_-,inl.-, no.1.-»~-m. 1--L y ---- --~ |---H -r.--~' "I-4 i
Inunjtigg wag used in Article H, Section 2 of the Constitution,
which decrees that "The Citizens of each Eats shall he entitled to
all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
At one time it was thought that this section recognized a group
of rights which, according to the jurisprudence of the day, were
c|a55,=_d as ham;-5,1 rights ; and that the purpose of the section
was to create rights of citizens of the United Slim by El-1a"- i1B-
int: the citizens of ever? Si-ate the recognition nf this gm ? of
rights by every other State. Such was the view oi Justice Wash-
ington." _ _Whiie this dgggription of the civil rights of the eitmens of the
States has been quoted with aPP1'°"51~ it has come to be the
Settled view that Article IV, Section 2, does not import that a citi-
M May 31, 1310, 16iStnt. 140. ii... act was amended by an Act or Febmary
28, 1871, 16 Stat. 433.
1611 Stat. 13, Q 1.11 01-r-Id o, Cnryell, 4 Was. C. C. 371, 6 Fed. Gas. No.1;-12305 no U BIt Th 9,1 h .H C nos, 16 Wail. 38 76; Manic v. OW. - -5311, 58;, 59ll1u;R .$iiiiadiai:mNo:them By. Co. o.'Egg0'n, 252 U. S. 553, 560.
2
5i I
10 Hague vs. Committee for Imiimtriril Organization.
hen of one state carries with him into nnother fundamental privi-
leges and immunities which come to him necessarily hy the mere
le! of his £'t'.i2'. t't$~iti{- in the state rst Ti1[i'|i.irIi1L'<i, hut, on the
contrary, that in any state every citizen of any other state is to
have the same prii-itcges and immunities which the citizens of
that state enjoy. The section, in etfcct, prevents a state from dis-
criminating against citizens of other states in favor of its mi-ii."
The question nmr presented is wliothcr freedom to ]i.i:§; 92|']1i]]:|f,Q
infrniatioll cnnrcriiinc the provisions of the National T:E1lJ !I Itr-la.
tions Act. to nssemtile [llI'i!1l1|}' for I'll-itflllttlt of the .92ci_ mu! of the
pportiinities mill ail92'anta,=_'cs orrecl by it, is :1 ]'Irivil '5_'e or im-
munity of 9. citizen of the United States seciiri-ii against: State
Bhl'idt._"moI1t° 5.1 Section 1 of the Fourteenth .-92mcml.mr-nt; and
whether R. 3- W79 and Ficction 24 l4J oi the Jiirlir-in! T0110 i1tTm-
redress in a federal court for such ahriilgmont. This is the narrow
question presented by the rocoril, and we conne our decision to it,
Without con.¢=idlration of hroailrr issiics which the parties 1['l"f_' . The
hill, the iinsvrer and the nding:-s fully present. the f]lItStlnn, The
bill alleges, and the ndings siisitain the allegation, that. the rc-
spondents had no other purpose than to inform citizens of Jersey
City hf: sncech, and hjr the iriitt-T-ii word, respecting matters crow-
1'"!-? out of national |PL'islntinn. the constitutionality of which this
court has sustained.
Although it has been held that the Fourteenth Amendment cre-
ated no rights in citizens of the United Fitates, but merely secured
existing rigrhts against state iihi-id§Imcnt,2 it is clear that the right
peaceably to zissemhte and to disciiss these topics, and to communi-
cate respecting them, whether orally or in writing, is a privilege
inherent in citizenship of the United States which the Amendment
protects.
In the Slrmgfiter-Home Crises it. was said, 16 Wall. 79: The
risht to peaceably assemble and petition for redress of yrrievanceq,
1"Do1rnhnm r. Alex.-indrin, 10 Wall. 173; Chambers 1». B. & O. R. Co., 2070- Ft 149: I»8Tm1rctte v. Mthlanter, 248 U. s, 465; Chair-r 1». Birmingham atH. W, Ry, Co, 249 U. H. 522; Shaffer v. Carter. 252 U. $1. 37; Unitc-rl Fltnteu
I. Whicler, 254 U. H. 291; Douglas 1'. N. Y., N. H. it H. R, Cm, 279 U. S. 3?T;Whiteid 1:. Ohio, 297 U. B. 431.
W As to what constitute: ntnto action within the meaning of the amendment,
ole Virginin 1'. Riven, 100 U. S. 313: Ex pnrte Virginia, 100 U. R, 339, 347;Home Tel. Co. 1:. Lon Angelca, 227 U. R. 278; Mooney 1;. Holobnn 29% U. S. . I nu ll f1-:lI- 90'} 'I'I' W Ill AERio-3, 112, L...c!1 .. ..... .,. 1 , ,..u...-1'Ihe Stniighter-Home Cmscw, l Wnlt. 36, 77; Minor 1:. Hnppersr-tt, 21Walt. 162; E: pnrte Virgirli. 100 U. S. 339; In re Kcnirnler, 136 U. 3. 436,443.
- ~ -t. ";'='-l*=*t- .
Hague vs. Committee for Industrial 0t'!T'1"tZ¢3 9"- 11
thli i;ri92'iii'"Q of the writ of liobcrn: ror,uu.w, are rights of the citizen
guarantecel by the Federal Constitution.
i In L'm'irri' Sta-as v_ 'riiif-shniilt, U2 U. S. 542, 552-553, the court
said :
t--nu, right of the people peaceably to assemble for the purpose
of p .m30 '|ng |;on;_rrpi.<s for a redress of grievances, or for any thing
else cn!ni4<'t=*d with the pU9292'Pl'-*5 0! till Illltlif 0f the natlonal gm"r-rnmr-nt, is an iittrihiito of national citizenship, and, as such, undert]|n I-irntection nf. and clinrnnteed ti!, Thf T-"1193 ~"T3t99- Th? "tT'.
him of St. t92~'t92lf92T!92@I1i., rcpiihlican in form. lil92'l* * 5 '1 ght '1 i-hi
iiiit of tiRFLiti2tllt§ to HIPPE T'5'ac ablY for c'31' hati°n in rmpmt toiiiihlic ntlnirs and to rlctition for 3. redress of ¬llt92'31'1@E3- If it had
1,0,, p,]|,...,.,1 in glmqh-q921nt.n that the ohjcet of the defendants wasin ,,.;.,,,:t a mm-1 inw for such a purpose, the case would have been .iti|,,n 1} , §1']' t[ and within the scope of the sovereigrltf °f the
United States." _
Np expression of B. contrary view has ever been voiced by this
court. .
The National Lalior Relations Act declares the policy of th¬
{lnftnd giapps to be 10 rernnve obstructions to commerce by 8l'l_<i0t1l'-
aging ,.,,]|,.,.H,.,. bargaining protecting full fret-don: of association
and se1f_m_ga,,;zat, ,n of -m-km-R, end, through their representa-
tives, negrotintintr as to condition-1 of F"1I"i°."m"nt- _
titi7,,,.,.hip of the [lni1 - States would he little better than
R name is it did mt carry with it the right to discus: notional legie.
Minn and the h _m,,__q udvantage, and opportunities to accrue to. . ' - ' i 't'citizens therefrom. All of the respolldent Pfsfflbfi §°1_"_' had this ginfvle pd and aim. The Dlstrlct bmlrt had Jurlsdlcun
under Section l4§H!- _ , .Natural persons. and they 810116, "T9 Entled t° I? prniegeé
and immunities whigh Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment
secures for citizens of the United State-s."" 0111! the individua-I' 1 ' ' his suit.respondents may, therefore. fY92'"t9-1" i _ _Srmnd. Wlint has bcc F811! d "l""5i""t93 Hm!" F he light of the
fa,-1; fmmd ]|ri92'ii f' °t and immunities of the irlttlvldlllll l'?§P'1T92d1'"t'~'
., Q-Hm ; ;,{ the I] i,g¢-d, States. were intrincii DY We P@ti-92l-° E§E- R _ . , . . .by iiirtnc of their ofeitil l"~ lil°l1?- "M" Mm t: mldinances of JG];
sev itv unless as petitioners contend, the cltys ownership 0
.v..._:_'=-':§_'.'.'I.:.'_.... A .. n.......' 11;? U spsni; Holt 1'. Tndibfll Manufl='
t. -T VH6. ilifull-i'.":3 rillff Aasocintion 1'. Gfvbgi 39* U S" mm 0. I . ~ . » _359;¬Selovcr, Baton & Co. 11. Walsh» 236 U- S 112'
92_/'
-.1
12 Hague vs. Commiee for Indtistriht OrgQn{ggf;'on_
streets and ]ItllliS i.~a as tilt-iolute as oni"s ownersliip of his [1_.=.. . . ome.wiui consequent power altogether to exclude git - f 'thermfr '3 l1'5*i, ll'°l1t='l1 lllc citv holds the siihgiis irrimiriiiiii lflse . - orpublic use, the absolute tlenial of ilu-gr use to the respondents .valid exercise of the police power. ls a
The ndmgs ll fad 1'"g ll"B ll"! lifter assumption In s . H .port of the former the petitioners rely upon Dam}; v Ma_,._mc;,:_
actls, 167 U. S. 4-3. There it appgarqd that pumuamito euabl.legislation, the city of Boston adopted an ordinance pi-ohibitiii:
5 -7°"? fmm SP"!-lil"£', discharging re arms, culling gwds 0,.111111!!!-milling any booth for public amusement on any of the Ptihlic
B1'°1-mds of the city except under a permit from the iii, -or Da,.,,,
spoke on iioeton Common without a permit uni .-1] 't i -I -W the MIN! 1'0! One. He was charged 'll.l1l& 92ll0Ilt::lO:lpi!!fyiZ
° ll ° "d "°"°d ° quash the mmplaint inter cilia on the J uground that the ordinance abridged his privileges and iminunjtjm
H8 1 citizen of the United States and denied him due pro-c,e=;~3 of
law because it '5-'5 a1'bi"'1Y and unreasonable. His eunieritjqnwere overruled and he was convicted The jiidment was nfsrmed by the Supreme Court of Miissachiisetts and by this court
The lccismn s9°m5 l" be Hroundcd on the holding of the Qt,-tiecourt that the Common "we.-ii absolutely under the control oi ii-,9
legislature , and that it was thus conclusively determined therewas no right in the plainti in error to use the common exceptln _5;ch_2°de Md sub-l*°t t° sud Yet-Zlllatious as the legislature
m 1 W °m may l 1"° 119991911 PYUPBP T0 Prescribe. The Court
added that the Fourteenth Amendment did not destroy the power
of the states to enact police rcgiilatjong as to 3 subject within
their control or enable citizens to use public property in deance
Of the constitution and laws of the State.
The ordinance there in question apparently had a different pui-
pose from that of the one here challenged, for it was not directed
solely at the exercise of the right of spggch and assembiy, but was
addressed as well to other activities, not in the nature of civil
rights, which doubtless might be regulated or prohibited as respect;
their -nJ.°Ym°"l in Parks. In the instant ciiee the ordinance dam
only with the exercise of the right of assembly for the purpose of
communicating views entertained by speakers, and is not a general
measure to promote the public convenience in the use of the streets
or pai'k3_
Su' .-. r '
I
. ..'ilr __ . _,,'1.. F l ,_ ,_,,._,,..-- _ _ .h ' ' 1:! l 15.
. t =-ct ' "#=I1*ii$'.+*»'t.'-
Hggug vs, Committee for Industrial Organization. .
we have no Occasion to dgtorming whether, on the facts d
01059;], ip I!m'is Cris!" was rightly dceidcil, hut we cannot agi
that it rules the instant case. Wlierei-er the title of streets ii.
W,,.k5 may rust, Hwy ti;-,92-e inimeuioriolly been held in trust for t
use of The [mhlic and, time out of mind. llvf l1l<" *5"! [M Y"posps nf mW,n,h]y_ [- H-n]'n ]']l i92lll'|g tlirmglits belwecri citizens. 1
diqciissiilg piihlie q921t"§ll0l!S. Such use of the streets and pu-
pliir-t-.=i lins, from aiiciciit times, been 8 Part 0! lhe Privilegfl
niiiiiities=.i~ig:li1, and liberties of citizens. The pr'i92"ilege of a citii
oi lite llnitcrl Slates to use the streets and parks for ctlmrimmcm
c92l' views on national qiieatioiis i9292<92Z~' UP !'¢ £-92l=92l"~*l in ll? _t°'°st
;1|[; it i; not nlllilllllt, but I'Pll92ll92t_, and must be exercicd Ill Blllil
din,-mm in H10 qr-ueriil comfort and convenience, and in consonai
with peace and ood order; but it must not, in the guise of reg
tion, be abridged or denied.9292e think the court ht-low was Tlllt ill holding ll ! Drain;o q ,,t,.d in Now 1 vnid upon its face. It does not ma e comconvenience in the use of streets J! I19-l'k'5 the standard OF; Om
action, It enables the Direcfr 05 Safety t9 "fuse almrml on
mere opinion that such refiisal will prevent rll-ii dist-lrbancei I loses igordmly assembia,-_.,.__~ It can thus, as the record 15¢ . ,maria the instrument of arbitrary S11Dl"FT5- ion 0f fr efpremlal
views on national tiilairs for the prohibition of all sP'tal ¥ W1,1m1h1¢-¢1i_92- prevent such eventualities. But iincontrtiilltedfof-ii. . 0S m,r,.§_ain at the privilege cannot be made a suit 111 B _. . - . hduty in maint-1111 order in connection uith the exercise of t cm:. - 1 'The bill reeitril that policemen, acting! under P l1t'°1 "'5
tions had searched various Ilcrsoflii l"l'l" ll"t! ill" " 5P° de ts' Y ' -h t ri-anhad seized innocent eirculais arirl 1J8B'll'llll*-t- ill ml W _ _probable cause. lt Frayed lnllletlvc Tell again ripeftizitoi 92_0|! ]1||3_ The I!lSll'l. ?lL CUl1Tt made D ndlngs O. - lief cerniut: such seiirellca and seizures and granted co 1'9- - _ d t-it enlyf92§npf92f_ in fhem_ The Circuit Court of APP9al 1 n _.. ,.__ hthe terms of the decree but found that unrctifrhble 5931' 99
E the F0seizures had oceilrrl and that the prohibmonstli so as toAmeiidment had been taken over by _3l'" Folgteeg
tect citizens of the United $lB-19$ at-la1 $l' 511° M Wm .. - nos not rimtrlThe decree as afinietl 0} ll? lull h"I° - d .11 osserl to ll . - .' r50:-i,r !lir'S or seiziircs. In each of its pI_'2921- QTVI-° W
2:, LMTH P Grimm _",pm_ gm. the -9|-lutriictiun sf ]lql.l0JD1lll11.'lg'g!6 bjSupreme Court of New Jersey in Thomas 9- HWY, 1-*1 - ' ' '
14 Hague vs. Committee for Indrurfrial Organization.
ferencc with liberty of the person, or to the eon-spirncy to deport,
exclude, and interfere bodily with the respondents in pursuit of
their peacenble activities, the decree contains n snving clause of
which tho Tnlinu'in,£' is typical: except. in so far as such personal
restraint is in accordance with any right of search and seizure."
In the light of this reservation we think there was no occasion for
the Circuit curt of Appeals to discuss the question whctlu-r exemp-
tion from the searches and seizures proscribed by the Fourth
Amendment is afforded by the privileges and immunities clause of
the Fourteenth, and we have no occasion to consider or decide any
such question.
Third. It remains to consider the objections to the decree. . Sec-
tion A deals with liberty of the person and prohibits the petitioners
from excludim; or removing the respondents or persons acting
with them from Jersey City, exercising personal restraint over
them without. 9292'ar1&l'1t or conning: them without lawful arrest and
production of them for prompt judicial hearing, saving lawful
search and seizure; or interfering with their frce access to the
streets, parks, or public places of the city. The argument is that
this section of the decree is so vague in its terms as to be impractical
of enforcement or obedience. We agree with the court below that
the objection is not well founded.
Section B deals with liberty of the mind. Paragraph 1 enjoins
the petitioners from interfering with the right of the respondents,
their agents and those acting with them, to communicate their
views as individuals to others on the streets in an orderly and
peeceable manner. It reserves to the petitioners full lilicrty to
enforce law and order by lawful search and seizure or by arrest and
production before s judicial ofcer. We think this paragraph 1111-
assailahle.
Paragraphs 2 and 3 enjoin interference with the distribution of
circulars, handbills and placards. The decree attempts to formu-
late the conditions under which respondents and their syrn pnthizers
may distribute such literature free of interference. The ordinance
absolutely |'!|'f!hll1itllEl.L such distribution is void under our decision
in Lomll v. t'7r|',n, supra, and petitioners so concede. We think
the decree goes ton far. All respondents are entitled to is a decree
declarinc the ordinance void and enjoining the petitioners from en
forcing it.. 92/ it t
y.__. _. .= 4 1 at .
- ' -. , ,5,
i .- @92t'1'Itt.-emit.
Hague vs. Committee for Industrial Orgunizution. 15
- - t , Althoillth U1 Paragraph 4 has to do Wlth P1151" meg mgs . . th' 'd the decree enJ='-M18 E Pacourt below held the ordinance vol , _ _ __ . tor 1t.titioners as to the manner l1'l which they Shall admlims nan_ _ . . hat the petitioners shall not p ace _ FThere 18 an lnltial command t __ . d t ll'l respect of l1°1d"Ji3Previous rest.rttmt" IIPG" the Spun en. S - db the ordi-' ovldcd they 31717? 5° 3 'p mt as require Y tm Im8? gs: p _ ration of the ggnditigni lJ.ll i.8fum-]ce_ This 15 foliowcd by 3'1 Em-""9_ _ d or denial we think this is wrong.which 8 Permit may be grmte '_ . - entitled to a dB¢1@¢ 5°As the orchnnnce ls vld. the " p°ndEms are th eti-_ . . t ' t its enforcement bf B PdBCil].11lI|g and an lmunctwn agmns . - 'without E Permit andtioncrs. T595 51"? free to hold meenngs - h "arts_ f th ordinance. '1 B 6°wlthout regard to the terms 0 B vm -_ . e, 111. effect. 3°95-cannot rewrite the ordinance, B8 the dmre . . - 1 mu.11 gave the indnridtl PThe bill should be dismissed B5 i° 3_ _ 4 if the decree shouldtiffs, and Section B, P'"a=-"' phs 2' ii an 0 hould be_ . - In other respects the decree 5be modied as indicated.
affirmed.
Q
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
No. 65l.OC'l0BER Trim, 1938.
Frank Hague, Individually and as]
l92-layur of Jersey City, et 81., &c.,P9[i[i1![92Q1'S, i On Writ of Certiorari to
1;3_ [I19 Gil-
Committee for Industrial Organize» cuit Court of Appeals
mm, Steel Workers Organizing for the Third Circuit.
ummittee of the Committee for In-
=ti-ial Urganizetien, et al. .
[June 5, 1939.]
Mr. J ustice STONE.
I do not doubt that the decree below, modied as has been pro-
posed, is rightly airmecl, but I am unable to follow the path by
which some of ly brethren have attained that end, and I think the
matter is of suicient importance to merit discusgion in some detail.
It has heli Qxplicitly and repeatedly affirmed by this fiourt, with-
out a dissenting voice, that freedom of speeph and of assembly
for any lawful purpose are rights of personal liberty secured to all
persona, without regard to citizenship, by the duo protest clause of
the Fnurtee-nth Amenilment. tiow V. New York, 268 U. S. 652;
ll"hitnry v. f'riiif/Jrriia, 274 U. S. 337; Fisii Y. Kansas, 274 U. S.
380; Srromberg v. ,a!1form'a. 283 U, S. 359; New v. Minnesota,
'28.? U. S. 69?; frat-_1rrrr1 v. Arn/-mi:-rrn Prat: 80., 297 U. S. 233;
File Janna v. Oregon, 299 U. S, 353; Hernrion v. Lmvry, 301 U. S.
2-I2; Lovell v. FJ"1'n, Flii U. -i-i-i_ it has never been hei
that either is a pri92'iie,':n or immunity peculiar to citizenship of the
Unit:-<1 States, to which alone the privileges and immunities clause
1'ef 'rs_ Rlrraightr-r-Ihiuse am-:, 16 Wall. 36; Duncan V. Hissou,
I-52 L. S. 3?? 382; Twining v. Nrw Jersey, 211 U. S. 78, 97; Maz-
wr-ll v, ltrighmn 250 U. S. 525, 538; Hamilton v. Regrnts, 293 U. Si
245. 261, and neither can be brought within the protection of that
clause withnut enlarging the eategrnry of privilegze-S and immunities
of llniterl States citizenship as it has hitherto been dened.
l
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i
l
>13 Hogur VS. Culrliliittrr for .lt'lr.l'ir.92'trial Organization,
As will presently appear, the right to maintain a suit in equity
to restrain state otccrs, acting under a st-ate law, from infringing
the rights of freedom of speech and of assembly guaranteed by the
due process clause, is given by Att of Congress to every person
within the jurisdiction of the United States whether a citizen or not,
and such a suit may be maintained in the district 0011]-L withoug
allegation or proof that the jurisdictional amount required by
§2-4! of the Judicial Code is involved. Hence there is no ocea-
sion. for jurisdictional purposes or any other, to cnsider wlmtliep
freedom of speech and of assembly are immunities secured hy the
privileges and imrnunitie clause of the 1*ourteeoth Ainonrlmr-nt to
citizens of the United Sltates, or to revive the contention. rejr-etod
by this Court in the Sloirghtrr-Ilomir '0-res, supra. that the privi-
leges and immunities of lTniterl Fitates citizenship, protected by
that clause. extend beyond those 9292'lllL'l'| arise or grow out of the rela-
tionship of l'nited States citizens lo the national government.
Till! pwiege or immunity averted in the Rlaught-er~House eases was thofreedom to pursue a common business or calling, alleged lo lmvo been infringedby a stale monopoly statute. lt should not he forgotten that the Court, in
dmiding the case, did not deny t-he contention of the dissenting justices thatI-he asserted freedom was in lnrt: infriluzerl b_92' the stole tow. 1t rested itsdecision rather on the ground that the trrununity claimed was not one bi-longingto persons by virtue of their citizenship It. is quite clear , the Court de-clared p. 74}, "that. there is :1 eitir-en»: lip of t-he United Slates. and a citizen-ship of a F-ltate. Irhieh are distinct from eneh other, and which depend ondifferent characteristirs in the individual." And it held that the protection ofthe privileges and immunities elonsr Ilid not extend to those furu1:imm1t:iI rights attached to stole citizenship Whirh are peculiarly the creation mid um-cern of gtate goeernnmnta and which Mr. Justice Washington, in Coreld 1:.
Coryell, 4 Wash. 7. C. 371, ti Fed. Cos. No. 3l2-'10, miatakenly thought to beguaranteed by Artlrlr IV, $2 of the Ponstitiition. The privileges and im-munities of citizenn of the United Qtaten. it was pointed out, are conned tothat limited clans of interests growing out of the relationship between thecitizen and the notional governinw-at created by the Constitution and federal
laws. - laughter-Holler Cases, 16 Wall. 36, 79; sec. Twining o. New .l¢>rsc_v, 211
U. S. F8, 97, 98.That. limitation upon the operation of the privileges and immunities ciauoehis not been related h_'r any later lletiaiulla of this Court. In re Kommler, 136U. S. 436, illl; MeIhel'192on r. Blacker, H6 U. H. 1, 33; Giozzzi 1'. Tiernan, 143U. Ft. G57, 6151: Duncan in Mismmri. J52 LT. R. 377, 352. Upon that grooo op-peala to this Court to 9292tr-rid the elnine heyond the limitation have uniformlybeen rt-_j¢-1-ti;-d. nor! e92'r't! those llasic pi-l92-ilegeu and imrnunitiew aerureil againstfederal infringement by the rst eight. am:-rulini-nts have uniformly been heldnot to be prutectud from otute notion by the privileges mu-1 iniiiiunitieo rlnusie.9292'nll-xi-r 1-. Hniivinet, 92 U. F». 90; llurtodn r'. l':92lif0Hl1, 110 U. F. 5ll-; Presser1. Illinois, 116 U. H. 252; O'Neill r. Vermont, 1-H U. N. 323; Max -ell o. Dow,
176 U. ta. 531; West o Louisiana. 194 U. S. LESS; Twining 0. New Jersey,r-'|';-"rs; Polka :-. Coaamtieut. 302 U. Z219.The reason for this narrow ronatruction of the clause and the consistentlyexhibited reluctance of this Court. to enlarge its scope has been well understoodsince the decision of the Slaughter-Houses Cases. If its restraint upon stateJ
ll
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I
lti ' "
. I .*1"T 0..I-"5.
- !"'92..il
' 1
i
1; ig r, :1ir ~ Y
»
Hague vs. Committee for Industal Organization. 19
That such is the limited application of the privileges and immuni-
ties clause seems now to he eoneed by my brethren. B-at it is 'd
that the freedom of respondents with which the petitioners have in-
terfered is the "freedom to rlisseminute information concerning the
provisions of the National Labor Relations Act, to assemble peace-
ably for discussion of the Act, and of the opportunities and advan-
tages offered by it", and that these are privileges and immunities of
citizens of the United States secured against state ahridgment by the
prigileges and imrnunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It.
has been said that the right of citizens to assemble for the purpose
of petitioning C- :n{:reF-3 for the redress of grievances in a privilege
of '[_nitrd Qtates citizenship protected by the privilege and im-
mtlnities clause. United Slates V. Cruikshank, 92 U. 3. 542, 552-
553. 92Ve may assume for present purposes, although the step is n
long and by no moans certain one, see Murznrll. v. Dow, 176 U. S.
581 ; Twining v. New .lerseg;, supra-, that the right to aslmhle to dis-
Cll.1Sll1f' ad92'antog_res of the National LohorI1»elat.ions Act lllikewiae n
priviiege secured by the privileges and immunities clause to citizens
of the United States. but not to others. while freedom to as-
nhle for the purpose of discussing a similar state statute would
not be within the privileges and immunities clause. But the dif-
eulty with this assumption is, as the record and briefs show. that it
is an afterthought rst. emerging in this ease after it was submitted
to us for decision, and like most afterthoughtii in iitigated matters
it is without adequate support in the rceorg 7
action were to he extended more than in necdful to protect. relationships ho-tween the eitizon and the nutional_ government, and if 1t were to be deemed
to extend to those fundamental rights of person and property attached tocitizenship by the common lsiw and enactments of the states when tlw_Amend-tr!-t-nt won ndnplell, sueh as were described in oreld ri. Coryell, -lprd-_1:t jflild
enim-,1, Cmigi-eaoional and judicial control of state action and_mult|ply_re-stric-lion.-92 upon it whose nature, though ilifcult to anticipate with preelllon,would be of snlticicm gravity to cam-c serious BIiPY92l_""'"""" 9° ll" "Emmiinrlepemlerlee of loeni government. Thol was the issue fought out in the
r4l;|i|gli{i-r-llimse Tosca. with the decision against eolartttment.Of the fty or more oases which have been brought to this Court lilnn theadoption of tho Fourteenth Amcndno-nt in which state etatutes have hem
ossoiled an "violating the privileges and immunities clause, in only a single case
Wm, H q'=|t |[92 h|'92|d 1;; infringn it privilege or immunity peculiar to eltllenshipuf U , U,.,,,,.d ,u;",t,.3_ 1 that |1|1|92, U]i;uti- 1-, llarvcy. 296 U. S. 404, it WMthnuglit nu-ri--isn'r_92' to support. the de 'i.sin|i hy pointing to the llpfl: TPTBTPRBB
in the l:u|glit1-r-llou.-iv Lfnsro. -92=l|'"'f1- 79- T1"_il'92 Tlllllt ll! PM! h'¢ell' him ml to stale. austaiued as a right. of nntinuzil citizenatiip in Lrandall o. 192-erada, 5
v'92':|il. ii?-, lwfi=.-i- the Zl1lD}"lil92!! of the An92FndInII'll. _ . .-rim Pam; it-in be f 92|l|92il rolleeted 1!'| Footnote 2 of the dissenting opinionin C,,|,,n,,, ,,_ 1;,,,,.,.,,, 395 p_ 1-:_ 404, 445. To these should be added Holden v.H-m.,h. lg!! U R ftti; Ferry r. Spokane P, &' S. R. Co, 255 U. 95. 314: NEWY,,,,,',,, ,,},_ ',,,i,,t ,._ Zimmerninn, 27;: U. S. 63; Whiteld 1'. Ohio, :97 U. S.43,, 1,_,,_,,d1,,,.,, ,._ S,,m.,, 302 o. s. 211; P111 , 1:. Connecticut-, 302 U. B. 319-
#20 Hague vs. 'ommitl'rr for Inrlirstrioi Organtzation,
The respondents in their bill of complaint specically named and
quoted .92rticlc I92'__ §2, now conceded to be inapplicable, and thi-
dne process and equal protection clauses of thc Fourteenth Amend
meut as the provisions of the Constitution which secure to them the
rights of free speech and assembly. They omitted the privileges
and immunities clause of the Fourtcentli .92mcnriment. from their
qnotation. Tlicy made no specic llF,L'l1i'l0l1 that any of those whose
freedom had been interfered with by petitioners was a citizen of the
Fnited States, The general allegation that the acts of petitioners
complained of violate the rights of citizens of the United Fiitnte.-4,
including the individual plaintiffs here", and other allegations of
like tenor, were denied by petitioners answer. There is no nding
by either court below that any of respondents or any of those
whose freedom of speech and assembly has been infrinperl arc
citizens of the United States, and we are referred tn no part of
the evidence in which their citizenship is mr-ntionerl or from which it
can be inferred.
Both courts below found, and the evidence supports the ndings,
that the purpose of respondents, other than the Civil Liberties
Union, in holding meetings in Jersey City, was to organize labor
unions in various industries in order to secure to workers the bene-
ts of collective bargaining with respect to betterment of wages,
hours of work and other terms and conditions of employment.
Whether the proposed unions were to be organized in industries
which might be subject to the National Labor Relations Act or to
the jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board does not. ap-
pear. Neither court below has made any nding that the meetings
were called to discuss, or that they ever did in fact discuss, the
National Labor Relations Act. The ndings do not support the
conclusion that the proposed meetings involved any such rt-latinn~
ship between the national government and respondents or any of
them, assuming they are citizens of the United States, as to show
that the asserted right or privilege was that of a citizen of the
United States, and I cannot say that an adequate basis has been
laid for supporting a theorywhich reapondenm t.ln-i-nseli-es evi-
dently did not entertainthat any of their privileges as citizens
of the l'nitc-d States, guaranteed by the Fourteenth Ameinlincnt,
were alaridaed. as distinizuished Irnrn the privilr-gas maarantei-rl to
all persons hy the rlue process clause. True, the ndings refer to
the supprr-s<ir1n hy petitioners of exhibits, one of which turns out to
ho a hanrlhill advising workers they have the legal right, under thet
1
Hague vs. Committee for Industrial Organization. 21
Wagner Act, to choose their own labor union to represent them in
collective bargaining. But the injunction, which the Court now
rightly sustains, is not restricted to the protection of the right, said
to pertain to United States citizenship, to disseminate information
about the Wagner Act. On the contrary it extends and applies in
gin; broadest. terms to interferences with respondents in holding
any lawful meeting and disseminating any lawful information by
circular, leaet, handbill and placard. IE, as my brethren think,
re.-.pondcnts_ are entitled to maintain in this suit only the rights
secured to them by the privileges and immunities clause of the
Fourteenth An1enr1menthere the right to disseminate informs»
tion about the National Labor Relations Actit is plain that the
decree is too broad. Instead of enjoining, as it doe. inleffefencl
with all meetings for all purposes and the lawful dissemination of
alt information, it should have conned its restraint to inlrfflle
with the dissemination of information about the National Labor
Relations Act, through meetings or otherwise. The court below
rightly omitted any such limitation from the decree, evidently be-
cause, as it declared, petitioners acts infringed the due procesa
clause, which guarantees to all persona freedom of speech and of
assembly for any lawful purpose.No more grave and important issue can be brought to thil! Court
than that of freedom of speech and assembly, which the due process
clause guarantees to all persons regardless of their citizenship but
which the privileges and immunities clause aecures onlf 10 Gilli?-BBB»
and then only to the limited extent that their relathnship to the
national government is affected. I am unable to rest decision
here on the assertion, which 1 think the record fails to support,
that respondents must depend upon their limited privileges as
citizens of the United States in order to sustain their cause, or upon
so palpable an avoidance of the real issue in the case, which re-
spondents have raised by their pleadings and sustained by their
procl'_ That isgne is whether the present procedif =35 in 1111311
tained under §24 l4! of the Judicial Code as a suit for the pro-
tection of rights and privileges guaranteed by the due P1'°¢t-59
clause. I think respondents right to maintain it does not depend
on their citizenship and cannot rightly be made to turn OB U19
existence or non-existence of a purpose to diiewmile lflflllllml
about the National Labor Relations Act. It is cnouh that P95-
___.__-
if?-t
I
22 Hngrllr Vs. I"umJ|{t'fre for Irmr .<|'ricr! !rgam'.:n>h'an_
tioners have pl' 92't"l ".i Il'$1lOl'l ltlll.l from holding: me 'llIt{.!S and dis-
seminating inlorniatil-it wlielher for the organization of labor unions
or for an 3" other tan-fut purpose.
If it be the part of Wisdorn to avoid unnecessary rlreisir-ii of enn-
Rtitutioual questions. it would seem to be eo_uall!' so to avoid the
unnecessary creation of novel constitutional doctrine, inadeqtmti-Iv
supported h_92' the record, in order to attain nu end easily and cer-
tainly reached by Eolinwing the beaten paths of constitutional rlr--
cision. '
The right to maintain the present stilt iii conferred upon the in-
dividual respondents by the due proems eiause and Acts tn|'
Congress, regardless of their citizenship and of the amount in
controverspt Section 1 of the Civil Rights .i92ot of April 20,
1871, 1T Stat. 13, provided that "any person who, under eolnr
of any law, statute, ordinance . , . of any State, shall sult-
ject, or cause to be subjected, any person within the juristlie-
tion of the United States to the deprivation of any rights, privi-
leges, or imrnunitics secured by the Constitution of the United
States, shall . . . be liable to the party injured in any at-tinn
at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress". And
it. directed that such proceedings should he prosecuted in the
several district or circuit courts of the United States. The ritzht of
action given by this section was later specically limited to any
citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction
thereof , and was extended to include rights, privileges and im-
munities secured by the laws of the United States as well as by the
Constitution. As thus modied the provision 92'rs..s continued as
§19T9 of the Revised Statutes and now constitutes §43 of Title B
of the United States Code. It will be observed that the cause of
action, given by the section in its original as well as its nal form.
extends broadly to deprivation by state action of the ritrltts, privi-
leges and immunities secured to persons by the Constitution. It
thus includes the Fourteenth Amendment and such privileges and
immunities as are secured by the clue proce-at and equal protection
clauses, as well as by the privileizos and immunities clause of that
Amendment. lt will also be observed that they are those rights
secured to p l'S-'tnS, whether citizens of the United States or not, to
whom the Amendment in terms extends the benet of the due pro-
cess and equal protection clauses.l -. . .
ill I
Jhir,-ire vs. .'omrnil!re for Industrial Organization. 23
Fu|lo9292'iu,': the decision oi the Slaitghtrr-[Imus Cases and before
the later expansion by judicial decision of the content of the due
process and equal protection clauses, there was little scope for the
rJ}'n!"lll'.llJI] of this statute under the Fourteenth Amendment. lhe
ohset92':llln of the Court in t'."nitrnl Sfntrs 92'. Cruikshank, 92 U. S.
542, 551, that the ricltt of assembly was not secured a{.!ain.st state
action by the Constitution, must L attributed to the decision in the
.92Irr|»;;l:rri'-Ilriitw frt.~'r.~' llmt only p1'ivilen'e.s and immunities peculiar
to l':lllP_ l~§li1Tf.~§ eiti;'.euslii]i were <¬ 'lll l. by the pt*i92'iIege.~1 and im-
munities clause, and to the turtlier that that at that time it had
not been decided that the right was one protected by the due proeeas
clause. The nr,';u|nent that the phrase in the statute secured by
the Constitution" refers to rights created , rather than "pro-
tected" by it, is not persua-tsive. The preamble of the Constitution,
proclaiming the establishnient of the Constitution in order to se-
cure the Blessings of Liberty", uses the word secure in the sense
of "protect" or make certain . That the phrase was or-rd in this
sense in the statute now under consideration was recognized in
Carter v. Greenltow, 114 U. S. 317, 322, where it was held as a mat-
ter of pleailing that the particular cause of action set up in the
plaintiff's pleading was in contract anti was not to redress depri-
vation of the right secured to him by that clause of the Consti-
tution" [the eoiitraet clause], to which he had chosen not to
resort". See, as to other rights protected by the Constitution and
hence secured by it, brought. within the proviions of it. S. §55 l8,
Logan v. I'm'tm' Staffs. 1-H ll. '3. .263; In re Qiqnrles and Butler,
155 l. Fi. 5552; l'11i'trrl Stairs v. .lIosh-y, 233 U. S. 333.
Since freedom of speech and freedom of assembly are rights se-
cured to persons by the due process clause, all of the individual
respondents are plainly autliorized by §1 of the Civil Rights Act
of 1871 to maintain the present suit in equity to restrain infringe-
ment of their rights. As to the American Civil Liberties Union,
which is a corporation, it cannot be said to be deprived of the civil
rights of freeclom of speech and of assembly, for the liberty guar-
anteed by the due process clause is the iibertjr of natural, not arti-
cial, persons. Nortliwcstcrn Lift Insurance fa. v. Riggs, 203 U. S.
2-til, 2:35; ll'r.92~trrn Turf .-l.ts'n v. G'rrrnl>erg. 204 U. S. 359, 363.
The question remains whether there was jurisdiction in the dis-
trict court to entertain the suit althougzh the matter in controversy
cannot he shotrn to exceed $3.000 in value because the asserted
l. 92/
i' 1%'.W" I I
24 Hague vs. ommillre for Imtusfrial Organization.
rights, freedom of speech and freedom of assembly, are of such a
nature as not to be susceptible of valuation in money. The ques-
tion is the same whether the right or privilege asserted is secured
by the privileges and immunities clause or any other. V-hen the
Civil Rights Act of 1871 directed that suits for violation of §1 of
that Act should he prosecuted in the district and circuit courts, the
only requirement of e jurisdictional a.rn0u.nt in suits brouglit in the
federal courts was that imposed by § 11 of the Judiciary Act of
1789, which conferred jurisdiction on the circuit courts of suits
where "the matter in dispute" exceeded $500 and the United
States was a Platnti, or an alien was a party, or the suit was
between citizens of different states; and it was then plain that the
requirement of I jurisdictional amount did not extend to the causm
of action authorized by the Civil Rights Act of 18?1. By the Act
of March 3, 1875, c. 137, 18 Stat. 470, the jurisdiction of the circuit
courts was extended to suits at common law or in equity arising
under the Constitution or laws of the United States" in which the
matter in dispute exceeded $500. By the Act of March 3, 1911,
c. 231, 36 Stat. 108?, the circuit courts were abolished and their
jurisdiction was transferred to the district courts, and by successive
enactments the jurisdictional amount applicable to certain classes
of suits was raised to $3,000. The provisions applicable to such
suits, thus modied, appear as §2-4! of the Judicial Code, 28
U. S. O. §-11!.
Meanwhile, the provisions conferring jurisdiction on district and
circuit courts over suits brought under ~§ 1 of the Civil Rights Act
of 1871 were continued as R. S. §§ 563 and 629, and now appear as
§2-{4! of the Judicial Code, 28 U. S. C. §414!. The Act of
March 3, 1911, so Sm. 1081', 1091, amended § 24! of the Judicial
Code so as to direct that The foregoing provision as to the sum or
value of the matter in controversy shall not be construed to apply
to any of the cases mentioned in the succeeding paragraphs of this
section"? Thus, since 1875, the jurisdictional acts have contained
two parallel provisions, one conferring jurisdiction on the federal
courts. district or circuit, to entertain suits "arising under the Con-
stitution or laws of the United Staten" in which the amount in
3 This pruril-inn made no eimnge in existing law but was inserted for the
purpose of removing ail doubt upon the point. Bee H. R. Rap. No. 783, Put1, 6181: Cong., 2d 30811., p. 15; Een. Rep. No. 38!, Part I, tot Cnng., 2d Helm,:1 1!. Cf. Miller-Msgss Co. 11. Carpenter, 34 Fed. 433; Anise 2|. Hg", 35F611. 129.' 5
1 1 F
Iiamir vs, Conimittre for Industrial Organization. 25
controversy exceed:-92 a specied value; the other, now §24-4! of
the Judicial Code, conferring jurisdiction on those courts of suits
aiithoriited by the Civil liiuhts Act of 1571, regartllces of the amount
in coritmversy.
Since all of the suits thus authorized are suits arising under a
statute of the United States to redress deprivation of rights, privi-
leges and immunities secured by the Constitution, all are literally
suits arising under the Constitution or laws of the United
States". But it does not follow that in every such suit the plain-
ti is required by § 24! of the Judicial Code to allege and prove
tharthc constitutional immunity which he seeks to vindicate has a
value in excess of $3.000. There are many rights and immunities
secured by the. Constitution, of which freedom 0f $P¢6¢l1 and 35-
5931]-jly are cgngpigullg examples, which are not capable Of IHOIJEF
valuation, and in many instances, like the present, no suit. in equity
could he maintained for their protection if prooi of the jurisdic-
tional amount were prerequisite. Fe can hardly suppose that Con-
gress, having in the broad terms of the Civil Rights Act of 1371
vested in all persons within the jurisdiction of the United St-B1188 It
right of action in equity for the deprivation of constitutional im-
munities, cognizable only in the federal courts, intended bY_ the
Act of 1875 to destroy those rights of action by withholding from
the courts of the l'nitod States jurisdiction I0 Bntefliin them-
Thag such '33 not the purpose of the Act of 1875 in extending
the jurisdiction of federal court-'1 to MIIISBS t: 8915011 31'-55398 under
the Constitiitinn or laws of the United States involving a specied
jurisdictional amount, is evident from thB,I10H1'l921B11¢B "P°"_til°statute books of §244! siile by side with §24! of the Jufhvlnl
Code, as amended by the Act of 1075. Since tilt! Y0 P"°"151°"15
stand and must be read together, it is obvious that neither is to be
interpreted as abolishing the other, epeially when it is m°m'
be;-gt-1 that the 1911 amendment of §24] provided that the re-
quirement of a jul-igdicliill amount should not be colliffl ti!
apply to cases mentioned in §944l- T105 must b9 km '5
legislative recognition that there are suits authorized by §1 of
the Act of 1511 which could he bmunht nder §244! after. we
W511 as before, the amendment of 1575 without compliance Witl-1
any requirement of jurisdictional amount, and that these at 1655?-
must be deemed to inoludg suits in which the subject matter is one
incapable of valuation. Otherwise we should be forced to reach
1 ._-_-.. 1 _. _:__ _ -___ ___ :7 _ _ - ___~r---Y
>
I26 Ilogur vs. Conimitfeg for Industrial Organization.
the absurd conclusion that § 2~i4! is meaningless and that a large
proportion of the suits authorized by the Civil Rights Act cannot
be maintained in any court, although jurisdiction of them, with
no requirement of jurisdictional amount, was carefully preserved
by §2-H14! of the Judicial Code and by the 1911 amendment of
§2-{!. By treating § 2-H14! as conferring: federal jurisdiction of
suits brought under the Act of 1371 in which the right asserted IS
inherently incapable of pecuniary valuation, we harmonize the two
parallel pI'O92'iSi0n3,0f the Judicial Code, construe neither as super-
nous, and give to each a scope in conformity with its history and
nmnifeer purpose.
The practical construction which has been given by this Court
to the two jurisdictional provisions estahlishm that the jurisdic-
tion conferred by §24-1! has been preserved to the extent in-
dicated. In Holt v. Indiana Mfg. Co._. 176 U. S. G8, suit was brought
to relirain alleged unconstitutional taxation of patent rights. The
Court held that the uit was one arising under the Constitution or
laws ot the United States within the meaning of §24 l.! of the
Judi-rial Code and that the United States Circuit Court in which
the unit had been begun was without jurisdiction because the chal-
lenged tax was less than the jurisdictional amount. The Court
remarked that the present § 24 4! applied only to suits alleging de-
privation of civil rights". On the other hand, in Trilox V. Reich,
239 ll. $. 33, aHg 219 Fed. 273, this Court sustained the juris-
diction of a district court to entertain the suit 0E an alien to restrain
enforcement of a state statute alleged to be an infringement of the
equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment hccalme it dis-
criminated against aliens in their right to seek and retain employ-
ment. The jurisdiction of a district court was similarly sustained
in Crone v. Johnson, 242 U. S. 339, on the authority of Tru/Ir v.
Reich, supra. The suit was brought in a district court to restrain
enforcement of a state statute alleged to deny equal protection in
suppressing the freedom to pursue a particular trade or calling.
For the purposes of the present ease it is important to notc that
the constitutional right or immunity alleged in those two cases
was one of personal freedom, invoked in thc Roinh case by one not
a citizen of the United States. In both casea the right asserted
arose under the equal protection, not the privileges and immunities
elallae; in both the grist of the cause of action was not damage or
injury to property, but unconstitutional infringement of a rightlfague 92'R_ fqnmmtiftrr for fnr|'u_qfr'1'uF !rgam'zation. 27
of personal liberty not susceptible of valuation in money. The
jurisrliriinn was nustaineri despite the omission of any allegation or
proof of jurisdictional amount, pointedly brought to the attention
oi this Cuufl.
The conclusion seems inescapable that the right conferred by the
Act of 1871 tn maintain a Suit in equity in the federal courts '0 Pm
teet the suitor a!_":iin.<:t at deprivation of rights or immunities secured
by the _'onRtitu1ion. 11.1»: been pn-.-u-r92'v<l. and that wlir-never the
|-ig|1t.m- jmmmmy is 1111!} of personal liberty, not dependent for its
e_Ki$tr11 Q upon the i1:l'rir92grn|<nt of 592roP 1'Tj-' flglllli. Th??? l .lllFi~ "
diction in the ilitrict court under § '3"l'l14l "f H1 Judicial Cal? U
entertain il without proof that the ammmt in rontr0vers_v exceeds
$3,000. As the right is scollred to -"l!' l"'~l9°l1H ll." ll ! 6"" Provo
clause, and as the statute permits the suit to be brought 53' U511!
person" as well as by a citizen, it is certain that resort to the privi-
leges and immunities elmme wuulcl not support the decree which we
now sustain and would involve constitutional experimentation as
gratuitoluz as it ig nnu-arrnnteel. We cannot be sure that its conse-
quences would not be unfort.unnt1=.
Mr, Chief Justice Hrroeras, concurring:
inn, g-0'-tpiwf tn the merits I agree with the opinion ot Mr. Jus-
tice ROBIZRTS and in the airlnunce of the _i11dl!T1lP!1t 3-B modied-
With reaper-t. in the point as to jurisdictiob I agree with what i-B
said in the qpininn of Mr. Justice Rounrs as to the right to dis-
cum the .92'at1ounl liahnr Rclilliumi Act helu 3- P1'l"l1¢t!9 9f 5 cm
1,-n nf um United States, but l am not satised that the record
B,_],,q,,_-,;,.!_,v _q,,,,p,,n5 11,9 1-@5111-|<; of jm-isrliction upon that ground.
AS In [hm n|;,||'[|92f_ l ¢-¢me|u- in the npininu of .92lr. Justice STONE.
Mr. J notice MoRi=:YNoLos.
I am of opinion that the llP1'PP "f lh Circuit l°"" "f APPPI92l5'
s},,,,,|d hp I-E. .,-and and the cause remanded tn the District Court
with instructions to dismiss the bill. In the circiunstauces diaclosotl.
I r-out-lode that the Iiim-it-t om-t slumhl have l' lllF ll to interfere
ZS Hague vs. tom|n-ice for Imiustriat Organization.by injunction with the essential r-gzhts of the municipality to controlits own parks and streets. Wise management of such intimate local alfairs, generally at least, is beyond the conipctency oi federal courts, and essays in that direction should be avoided. i There was ample opportunity for respondents to asstirt their it ' ' courts of the state em-claims through an orderly procerdtng in ' ' ' t r in-I her laws with nal review herepowered autlioritatively to in c 1
in respect of federal questions..8/V l
. Mr. Justice Bin-mm. 92 . 92 .
l 1 am of opinion that the challenged ordinance is not void on iface; that in principle it does not differ from the Boston ordinance,as applied and upheld by this Court, speaking through Mr. Justice White, in Davis V. Massachusetts, 161 U. S. 43, alrming theSupreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, speaking through Mr. Justice Holmes, in Commonwealth v. Davis, 162 Mass. 510, and thatthe deffee of the Circuit Court of Appeals shouldhr reversed.
l
l
,
J4lI
92.'a»92 4-
JElTi.,UTST,
Are Needied
By High Court]
Frankfurter Throws |
' Documents lo Floor i
'. I! FIANE IIOLEMAN
1 With black-robed Juatloee pep-
perin; queetiona at both aids, theo '. "C--w-'=" /B'aP1"====92?y2=_i1W'=°"°'l=="1F" __ 3 ' ;-.- . -¥ liour tenae houra fdli. Willie
__-_ 1- i __.
r-2; reg-;_.'-'1.-. Kn. _-- r- r ._-92»""1- iii;-re»
-F-4 ._-,:,_ -,_,- '~'>' -.*92. .1:,- -.,_ _--92 --~ -; .~'=-r*H~_- u ' 'r-=' _
-_ 0 3! '1 --
1'14
ya ..- "- 4::-_ _
4_ --.'--e;-'?¥_*"-1'-'-. - - - '
"r "-7 -- we -' 1
i-__,_'_'
*- e 1*? "or.-.+ '_ __ . -,3-t
-. ,.._.-f e .--- --.-QM } ,3, -...- if "' '
..-. _ _-_ ? ' ' 54- e_
, .___. _ -7.1"
""*"'" .. _wyera ior John _ trewte and
e Government am: the eon-
pt oonviction and 3,5l0,0
me growing out .oi the eoit
atrike.
The oourt adlourned with
word an to when it will hand
down its decision. -_3_ _§_.Attorney Gene Eark, clad in
black cutaway ooa for the mo-
rnmntoua trial. a-high may deter-
mine the Government's lull power
over labor unionii. charsed that
learn and his United line Work-
re Union IAFLI "do not yet aeem
realize" that their recent coal
trike "tell little ahort oi oauein
national diaarter" and was
insult to the United Btatee i
aeli." Moreover, Iewir and
United Mine Workers are eon-
.tinuinl their "defiance" oi the
eourta, pmeibly a aide reference
to the threat or a erirmllna new
opkina Iteveraal .
ii WellyA__K. opkine, chief oou -
for beavia, retorted with a d
rnand that the high tribunal
rerae the lower mutt: ludlmen
beoauae Trial Judge '1. Alana Cl-oldsborouah iumoelfeivu ind 1n'TeoE'temDt Wlther, de-
niedhewieaiilrrontheoontenipt
nharle and alatted the heaviest
Iineinhiatorrouthetinionand
ita leader.
The dramatic hilhlilht oi the
hearinl in the lofty lam-PM!
pink-ma courtroom came In
_ h__i92 dye]. another Lew
wyer, eaoerpla from
oial 9 and a illi
- - _!'.""-°"'¢'"-Wtn; the of iolunotiona in
labor .
!'ranki'urter, aittlnl behind the
high wooden bench with the eight
other Juatiool. uahed. tum
looaod a inrrale of quaatima
dealing with the detaiia ii lawa
under which President. Truman
aelaed the I100 minslaat Ilay 21.
Illa at Payolueaaiyaia
-_Ai1 the iudlea. eaoept Jurtioe
lliuphf. ahot 01-loationa at the
iian-era. Jurtioe Black dua into
Itha exact detaiia oi Government
operation oi the rninea. aiier
Hopkins nlaimed U. I. dwnarlhip
waa a "fiction."
At one point, Juatioe Jaekaon
demanded that Aaa nt.Vi92l-im'-ney_Ger_aerai {olg 1" onnett
Turn to Bye I. Do .4!rlig Court Fires -
iuiz Barrage in
oal Strike Case
{Continued Iron Iilrri Pope! |
uit "psycho-analyzing Connem-
inen. after Bonnett had dwelt at
_1e-bath on oonzrueional debates
-Jirecedinir paeeaoe or the Norrie-
,I;Gunrdia and Smith-Connally
is in response to questions bynkiurter. i
_ At this point Iranltflirter, intlbparenl. annoyance. grabbed aIwad oi dotiimente. ewiveledraround on his bilh back chairand opped them onto the oorwith a thud.
A page boy name along
Faoooped them up.; Black demanded w other'way. the ailver-haired eral ~
counsel, thought th tiorrieG1l_ardi.a Act. which iniunoone in labor disputes, plies to ,
he Government. it T0 any dispute between any
mpioyes and employer," Padwaynswered.
"Suppose you're wrong and the i
-act doe: not apply to Government
Jemplnyes," Justice Dougiaa inter--rupted. Would that make any'dii'i'erence in this cane?" .
Wouldn't Ilalte any Dilierenoa 1I Padway aaid it would not be-.eauae the miners are not atrictly-Government employee. - i
.i Chiei Justice Vinson asked ii;iltndway challenged the -{desire right. to aeile the min
under hie war powers. "No,"
lack asked. "No," Yadway de-
iared emphatically.' Douglas demanded to know
what iunctioti the Government
was performing by seizing. The' only function oi Government by
taking p0oee5li0ii la to prosecuteunion oiciala and workera rm-
-interterini with work." Padwayanswered. -
"I would like. at the outset o
thin case. to make it clear that thieeue here la not a_ dinputetween Government ind -labor.
Clark declared. The Gorernmendoe: not aak this oouri. to eat.ab-
lieh any principle which would-interiere vim the recoanimi. right: oi labor." -i Then he drew a vivid word PIC-re oi the industrial ooliamhioh faced the nation dur
e i'I-day atrike by 400.00.M.W. membera aiter [Aw"terminated" hie oontraot wi Wow "ft: Q mi-c 11 A " rn onna._"f' ;"" I 7, " an mm nut Hum ,1 end the ris-Iiuardlnjact.
Nfecretary of Interior Krill ll-IiiNovember I1. 15 Then he related how the Go'r--ernment lot a temporary reet.rain-im order train Cioldaborouyh.. it'll ilnored the order.
[Inuit to U. I. Ulaalli -
"in my humble opinion." Clarklaid fervently. to hold a UnitedStates oourt. in oontemvt ia aninault to the United ltatea itielitit oornpromiaea all law and invitea .e
Iionkinl. ermine the defense.-eharaed that Golboroulh erredwhen be reililed to tall the tie,lendantl which kind"oI contempt,
they were eharied with. untillDecember 4-the day he liappeda $8,000,000 tine on the unionand $10,000 on lawia peraonally.tor b'oth oivilantl criminal eon-
lawia. ailing alnca the time oi Bio ilrat trial. Ila en route tolltami to beak in the aunahineuntil the AIL eaocutive councilTolaon
Nichol!
Carson
.</Hendon
Quinn Tamm_
r§- e
JAN nrrsir
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Texf 0- The Maiorify Decision 1
U holding M/agnerw Labor Law
RI-lllom M1 1n thr JIIMI Innllughlln Mn! Onrplilnun if Chill JlplluIII vnl II I-be III1<921~uy Ipun--n| upnnlnrq nu IIIIIM an-.r
rue I-IIIIIMI.IcllrnmIn I pnooandmg undvr the I-III.lnnI]blur :1-|I92lum In OI :I|a. am NI-lilnl lglwr lllllbtl Itlr Iullndl.bI1 the pouuunn Juan I lnughllnIn-10:11-p.hId vIIlIlIa l!|IIr1 InQ3111; in unfllr him II:-llwu|Il0¢"1'92I whnrwc I'M IlucnmngIII-I lmuiuua I: the III -r 1.-Inrylain In I00. Inland Inn un-'A-Ihnaukd Axclnllnn or Iran,I-l II! '!92I1 Iorim of Ann-r1nI Ihwr orjlmllnn I110 unlnlr |I.lIor!'!!L|':'! all-_z:ed 222 9:2 .21: r.."!pm-Iunn I'll apcrmmulaq I|ImI1Isnnbrn or tho unwn ram rind Inbi-I Ind nrnm-I 1111 II1Ih1r1nen1, Indin wbg Ina mlzn-md.Iu.n| lu Im-IIIIIII In Ink-1 In lnldfcrl ram thrlrId-I-miumltlon The IlIrr1.IunI1.ar|-Ind Iolruh Irllon Illqvd I-II lhnlllihlrlv 0! M11-Iln qlplnyn.The NI1m1'1I| l..Il:nr Rclluom Bum,-m.I1n111I U1: thl.l'[f.1:hlrnd up aur-::=:=-on :.. --1.-..n i -I=I"'1 fie;-aInch Glltmlhllhn Ind wrrclnn. IOnrr rrtz-malemem 11> ID It um em-nlbrll namro. w mu: [clad inn:III» In pIy Ind ll: but lnr In upnollcu Lhlt the mrponllon Iuuld18* dllrhlnr or d.w:nm.u»Iw Ip.|n.nnemhen or {MI dulrtbg la II.-mm|BQBDHI. or lb: llbnr Illllh AI lb:nurpornuon hull w comply. the lhlrvdDllunneu um Cln-1.111 Own or Ap-HI h ihw I.lII 1:1-in lb oolnImbd lhr In-run-I mumq u-1 lhe1:1-6c:lIy byund Ur rip: Q! Pgq-|nrl I3 P 12111, ! Ir I!'l.|lLl'dnnmni.
lhvh Mun» II W»-ImTl mlil Culkrulg.1112 Ichrme or Lb! nItlunI| man:rrlInam I1.-1-Imm 1I Ina Inn] to.1: uuulrd m hl]|+-Ill! DI brlrllyIll!-H! The am I'C92|0!'l !!!-I !1;r1h.llna|n|.1 run liqxcl In Ln: injury toLcnmmm» Iuulllnl I:-um 1.1» nmmhr rl'l1plD_92rFI =1 the r||hl 0! IIRQIUIQAwe Uffllr Ind from lhe rrfuIIl ulrmpk-urn I-n In-rpl Lhr promdun cliE0l|lu-I In-|-In-lu-lg Burn |'|.lIII Gl'rI,IrIllur1 l.hIl It II Lhr paltry at11110 l.n|u-It Bum in ellmlnllr thanrIaIu n: nun-unmn Ln we gm ol=1 tnitrwrrv The In trvn Mnn1I_'92_- _'.'?F: 1: % 112:!-.;dl..: 1.1;: 1:1-m;i'l!DIl'lfI'lI'!lf" l.|l Il!1-c111'92| mmmrrrn ".51-rllrm 2 ll utes 1-he Nulnml Ll-lhor R:lI1>onI loud and prun-rib 11.1!ar|-Imnunn I-r92'l.|or.92.I :1-s :1 I=1.Iilorln the nghl It employ:-I la -11-'o11ImIInc-n Ind 10 III:-Inn ennu-l|92-vly lmuugh rIr|1'rII-nullvn 1:1 U-mrair. chnmlng km-uon 1.11 Qem-I llnfllf lIlI:1r '92llll'PI" Irrllnnl 1|II}: Ion-1 ruh-I II w mm rwprIIcn92.I-iion of nnphyi iur zz ivufpmc of¬D'L]I'P'l92'I hr|'I1n|n[ BPCHOB I. TMhm-H1 11 Imnmrrrq no |7lf'92tnl ur I1-lrbr ur1lI|r labor pnclkn lH.'92-mg l01I.92YfL! Ind lhc Icl wrutnbvnlb: pruwdurr Io LhIl Ind The bondlI Iulhnnlrd In pIn1.lnn Qullnll-Idooua U1 Irun lhr rnlcnzlncnl 11r.ll.Iurdrr T11! ndlnfl Ill lhr HIM In Lb! fll If lupparird by l921lB£f,I?! lo hr romlumrll Illhn party on Ipphmllan la Lhzwart Ihull ll92.Il Iddlllnnnl rdencrll IIIIIHII Ind L'hIl Lhrre I!!! III-zxnhlv |'I'0u.lI11.l III! lb! Illllirl lb Id-Iucr Iuch rfllllhrr Ln lh: IIeIn1||-Ihrlorr {ho bnnrd. the wurl hi} orderl.hI Idd|uonIl Iwlnenn w he himAn] prnon Igfrmru by I llll ordn-Ik MUG II} ill-III IIWIII ll
*7
X11911 10XIIPI D mIl-llnn ill. Inllrlrrrnor Illhnruunuu-am uIIgrm.|1nIHJII '92lLhl|l%l92-rnl luv-ll III IIIIII}! I§If.rud In l.lIl¢l'Iin ltlh. Illlln 1[nmuiy mme wIi, pvwuwn ow 1-nluunn la ll'lI' no-Inn or :lr:uI1.IlIm:IIllll II Mil Inulld. Ill! Illnllnnlrr IfIll: In or lu Ipnllcallun lo mm pn-Innl or rircum-Inru ail hul II Il-lncud In-nun II. Th: pnu-III:pr1:|I'lI.lnnI lhlth Aft lllvolild Ill I-IIIllilfllll I-U1 Ir oolllldrrrd mow lnOelml ln Ulr oaurn of l-he IJll'lIlll'l-IIIII CII1-III UIIIM
IQIII Pllcllrll H Th: II-naaun 1n um mun:f|p.I.|nII1d uu I1I1u1I 'l'||I lnnr ll-I-|lInn I'll]: uw Inna an vmhd:hI1'IP rho bud Ihntupm hllldIII mm-p|I1n1 lnlnl uh |-Iwlllrnl.Ill0I'1192I u-1 llI Inlnn ll: IlIII1l-I'I-lng llu nnnloyl II qului-Inn III"M1-Id ualIlr IIIII p|92c1.1 III:-un|nmuunn Inlhun 01: IIIIBII Ii If
llldum I 1lrII1d 1l|.InI'll_|I Ihlpord lo l1.I Ilrchoupg m cm.
lhnl Ill IuhI I-an-II-I I-In:-Ah -J--- -- ---... .-...-. ,.---I, .-1Iu1m lw 1» PPdFFI| iovvrnmrnl mg .3» u-92|1 l|'|! §fllV|§ll1'92l oi the ltl;92llllll-P B-rlum 2 "1 Arllrlr lll I03mo mm lh lr92'rl1UI Immdln-nu allLhr Ourumuuon or me Unwed lulu iI'M l'I1-u II lo U1: nalurr IndInge I rho lalulnrn If Ur Junta llllllhll B1011 Oorp luv! innby lhl Llhrr lnlrd In. m Ima-y In I-n:1I1 In lb! alrwrmDun or l.hlI 1.1mlr11vrrI7. Lhry IN Illln dllnuw The labor land hllmum: Tm rm-pm-Imn I I1-III:-Il-ll'1Ol'r Ulr IIUI III Pl'hII!'l92lI'lI Ill!hm ILI prlnrlpnl IQ:-I II. FllhblnrjlmI1 II Inn}:-6 In mr buI1nIId Innu-|lll1lI'92.ll[ Lmn lh Ila-I ln lhll.I11uI1n! LI; Hlulourgh ms! 9.119!Allqulpjh. 1-I 1: Illlll-ll-ll!-l-lr Ina}dlllrlhlln I Irldrly dlvenlllrd llnt Mllrvl Ind pl; lmn, lIln| Lhl Inllztlli|Irl'I|- lwduwr Inn-I1 In up United;Bum W111: 1|I Iuhldun-lI Inn1Imb1'r921 lI I onmpkuly lhunkd!nl4.'|"pnIt, urnlng Ind upenung II,ual Ind llmnwm Dmwruu. LI:Ind r11-rr U'lIllDUl'Lll|Ul'l II4-llluu lfil.rrm1nI| rI1]mII lnrllrd Il ll-I mIn- iulgcl-11-L-1_; 91»; ll our: -:2 mailminu In lllrhlnn Ind lllnneIo1.I llUPIFILEI Iour lI!I I1.IImIh1pI an ch:Uil kin. DIG Ln lhe l.nn||I:I-u-lwn of on ln 11.: heuarln I: anytuul mlm-I In Peunlylvlnll ll oper.Ill! IJIIIILI lhd II-III II;-In I-I1" ¢l"'!1I'1l cool lo ILI fltbll ll0'11! HIM!-um mu:-um an vIrln1-1| i911111 ln FII'.lnIyl.92'InlQ 13¢ Wg W5|'1n1I. ll DITII lhr llonnnp.he|.|I mn-|.l*|IlIlIIlluI'I>IIilg1-IIIIIIIM.
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EH9. Elm; Caaclanall iii Hii-P!1lI-in lhe Int 1l'o plI:=I by mamnl ll-I own blriu Ind mmwmlmull-ll.IIII92Dhl
In I.-am :l.|lI.-an C11!-.NrI1' Ye:I_II1in Hen Oiitna J! wprnla IlruclurclIln-L lI.brlul.|n| IhopI u-| 335:;-|,|@I111-1 Lhe unrhoullng ul rm:-nuhedl1'92lY-Pfllll Irm 1'1-um In warpThrough um at ||-I Irhclly III'l'|ld Jub-I|c1Ir1I-I ll II-n.|. Inna Ind 9DfIIIeI_I111?" wIrI!92euIu Ind !'ll92ll rm um;dumoulmn I1 rqulprnrfll Ina lup-plm for d.r|lllng Ind wenlmg alll ll-I mllls Ind 101 plpe llneI. re-lnrrm Ind vummnr Imlom ll Ianlllll nmcu 1n 20 clun an the UnltedEula Ind I wholly owned IubI|dlIr]|I1-m-n lI devotes urlllllvcly no In.lr1l1ul1n.| Ill pmdurt ln 0InI4I. Ap-tollllall/Ply 15 prr c-Inl II ll.I prud-url lI Iihlppru out of 1"In::Ig|vI.mI.
illl-Cnnlllnrd. ||l[I||IInwmu I-ll.
5ummIr1.z|n| lhnr operlllona. theLlbnr lam runtludrd I-hit UM Imrllan Plluburgh Ind Allqulppn mlhl
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wnl-I-Inrd. hilhly 1n'4I"'9292ed Indy.'.l"hry dz-II Ln Lb; rII~ Iutarl-III IronI-'rh1I'I11. lllnaunto. Wan Vlrlinln.Pmuyhmni la pn mlugh ll'92Il'lI.'|and by mum mnuvollrl by the II-III>nQIn1.- lhq I-rlnllorm the lil-lrrhhmdlennumplcmvlll InIl.l mm I! Uw Nnucm 1.h|'ou|h lmIll mccmmun which Ill: Iqnnllhu Illhohlrd " .1'» mm oul nu I4-nv11.uI Iuoo Illh Imm on. H.000 mu IIIII out.$010 u qllrn llllllwr. llliurn nun-1-1|'I:9292u-I Into. 148.000 anIIInu1Ictu|-I Ilnl lh IIMII :1-I-1:l.lt|92Ibul1 Ih wdurl. I-plnknl buIII-mi lnmn nIp|IyIII |.I11I ulquapgqnnl, winch II baled in I IIl'l.lI|llI|Il|'of llxul BNO wanna
II-111-111-111 wan u "than In.Ill! M.lq1.uppI pllnl. lll Ihlnh HII lI-IhIrIed men Irrr cuplwrl. csnlzpncauaplm lIelll1.lII for 1.hI Iruiurugzcl ll.nlIhId Ind Irml-.n1I3zI1l llw IndItal wodurll bun III Iggy-
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PI-wig. Hun -r wunmlb lvrun 1'-'Ibrl-ltd!The Ilnrne vr the Iutmnl labor;rin.tIom lrI-Ihlrh 1| ion hnl I0I lntrd In l'I|Iln-my in hr»!!!nun-a I'M II-rII ll-runn nu forthIndian III-I: Iqq-1 I-0 I-hr Injury InOlqmewr NlullIn| Irum I-he lmmI h tulnluyrn 0: the mm cl pmptoyul
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QII purl; of the Nutter: through thg9:10 III W101 cn III to Du rent-lumpII rluarr plrly on ln1!I|c'-IUD!-I In I-hrllourt mun Hut nlaitlnml rmiunre.ll Imu-rtal Ind Hut tum -m n--I an-nu |-mu.-m lnr up Iuliurr In u~ Idun uurn rvtdn-Ice In the hnrtnpbrforr up I-um the noun my mm!Im mmuoml rrldtnrc lo hr lllrn I'1. prrunn lqrrlrveq hr n ltul Ofdrr
-Ihoard hu hrmd payers or InvnulgnI-bu. 81':-I-Inn H. I.t-llrrtrrrnnr camllnmhrn cl {hr hand or IL: lqrnu In|Ll1¢ permrtnqnrr III I.hr1r duura u pun-unm a I MBl lho HI-rd Ia; hhm I Irvin InHa I-rug-mlrd l'092.trt4 nu. the lumppron-rdurr I-I In I-hr 1:-Ir ul ll! npph-.Iclllun by HI: bani Ior Lhr m.Iurcr-Imna ni Il.| alder Brlnn I0 The
I r y I-In ma ttnpruoumrn -Inu; I2. Roi-hm; In I-hr lcl ll I0 hrImam-use Io um:-Ien mm the rum_loII-rtkr la-nun I8. Thu! u I lep-anhlllty tlnlur tn liar rrrl lhl 1!
mm er rm-um: re: |fowl-n1 B1-rtmn 15 Thv prncularprovmoru Ihlfh In Involved tn HIP||92,|Llnl cur nul hr rarmurrr-d mm-r I-ndent: lh {hr mourn n! lhl dinruuiun.I-ru Plums UnfairIhLnhr run;
11» won-cu:-v in up Inn-Ant H-Irfnllnld I-hi lhtullr Th! I-lhurm-<1 Irnr. the hum In vrrrhnrn T1» hoard I-brrrupm IIHR!Ila eumphtnt 1|-unit I-hr l'IlII="¢"92-»qllq-m| thl-I nu lcuun an tI.InrhnII-|n| tn. rmnlurn In qllll-con Innin-Illtrd I-lhllll llhur I-nnlnln lIIlIl"l1-I-IIewrunm-u I'llJ'IIn the mnnlnr Ill IR-Lln-: I nth-t:l.|92'mcI|-..| 1|! uu*l1lI,lr92dIrtlon I. Iuhdlvtunru ll» and 11'!or Lb! l. I4I11I:-|92knI_ lllhrlflhlnprum 191- lhr Pl-IFHIQ nl' ab!rr=In|IIn the xun-4:1-|.m| al I-hr hunt II"ll; Inner lnmt-men: Idl-|l|-lid I-hrchm-|r| but lllllrd "II-I "PI W"mm: humus or Inrnrnry or Hah-tbn MI'92IJnnrI0rothrrl'0dIB-
cxtrgndrrnnntlncrlhbklollulunIn-tnbrrnhtp or lnltrilin M Inlllzmqtltr llrlrnlr Ibndrnt dull;d u eat-uulul-Iqnl ulldlly 0::?."- ml. and kc lune-H111: llI-Bl Inlunt an Ia or hiringIQ!!! l9%IHi haul upAnd idrncrIbo hard I-Ddlqolumt thanHI mmhlltnt forOf ,|92l|'Ildl¢l-lll Ind. on Cl-nlllat um Ihounn Ipnndrnl In le-wrdnmw I'.Ilh In nun-I01 lppu-pram:I1U'IdI'!I Iron: l'lll'|-ll kl!-utllnn
Ivldrnrr unnn Ihr Inrnu lfld It Inlion mute ll-I ndlnp Ind urtwOut-III-Imp tn» rI.|IIn¢ of Ur hum,lb: rhwnrnt lrruu III I-hat Du av;I In I-Ilty I nnhuaa M Ilmr Iv-IN-um. ma nu: of manna mm-unep um Ilm the In I=l!| have nowlllllm In U» rilltnuv-III: rm-lhm lllh IL: prnnurllorl rmnlnrrrlumm-url-rIn; Iltenr wrll-hm HaI-Alx-r Inn! concluded tlut I-he vwhan hlutrurlh and MIHIIIMI IIIl|h1
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In tr» I-um; Thr hue Neclrrtl "I "WI"-I "IMIII Iwvl" ll ~11van mt-rhnnum 92-hm-I the Nlpmdrnthu rllllor-ul4O'" lb CIIT!'92'1l|ll|I u-tIr192Iu 13.000 awnnun: n. MIIIIIII lnrn Illlb nil.um ml mum Il|!92rlI.u|Ir u.mi'IM-Inrn nunurut-Iurr I-uh 113.000 mrn_lMhnnuructure um: mu limo mrnioflmrsruwn lu nruuun Ilupxmdrnt has- HM" iflbnut 15,000 employrh In Iu Maqutpmplum. vhlrh Ix lOv:|Irt! In I Immunityuf uboul H.009 person.-
Ramadan: pmnu to rvuirnrr Du:l.hr AJIQIIIIIIII ulnar. In whkh Hie lu-rlurxrd mm wrre rrnplv;-rd non!-quaumplrtr In-llmq Iur Lhe nmqutllnnIll n-I-I-had I-lid lrml-Ilnlshrd ITO?! I51nlrrl Ilruaurtl Irurn nu I¢rIn.|.|:Llut m curl: mnun Pl'llJ1lf1.|I III Iby-wmurl mu punt Int the pr92Idu:-uun of coir, hlut Iurmcr In: lhrprwlurlmn qr pm non nnrn henrthrurngn-1 uni Bnlrmn <0n92'II'I.rrI InrIhr nruaurnnn or ll-rrl bimrrm-1.| mull-Ia U» rt-durnnn or um-I II-Iron Intogm-rm ahnrm um: 1 nutnhrr BI nInhmg m_I!I.92 urn L: ltrurlurut I'nII|.|Md mull I1: mutt uni lhr Iur Ilatuon mrrr lrr umrr h|||,dI.I1'|II-rurturn ln Iq92|IDI'I'Il'M nu-1|-QIlll dork; and an Inln mun! lipllr Intrm Rnpnndrntn wrrll-lamall-hue I9l'I-llrnrl-lI'I.Qd0IIIl'|lIUdllnn. llngq tho nl hptng U-Ip mn-rurllon of nu tnglrrulp Into pl] IrmInd I-hcll92'nm:| lulu; [hr mmufnrturrof Iran Inllhna II-In nllhea Imn Indlurllroauru lnlnhwl-ntuu-ulltrnwnllom I-ult In auhtmluilyChlllflhg lJ'u- rlrnrur uLIIIIy mt:uh» of I-hr uulrrlah I'I'I1u|ht unonunlrh I Input-rm Irw-| thr hl IIII! lh rt-trnt of lhr I'II'IIn-nu noIturh Um I1! Iuhlt- ~14-d Ind Irhlrhl'B'99h!l mm Qt.-rthru bPI'ldml llm ll-rrcll ulmllun In III! InrtI-MI lho llun on u-htrh In an-at-urrdtram nah: In ll-Innenou and lllrhlpn Ina I-rlnrpncd In ruuomrnuNull 1| I1-llr In nor! pale: lur Inaunt cl on a
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Q niniuinnn H-u,$H.nWA Onluln April 1: -bur.iw ol!!rr I '=rlrr| ind pin; urgin-nl omplwn I-nu In Inrl ln u::--rlnu-0 Omml Molar! af Cinil1 hm way mun in ind ya-ruInn pu-In tum
u wonutuon dlruloll rmplnyln;lbnul lfu. nmimrq 1-luau, Imu-gvrr ln hr lllf In ll! igm-mm:Divan 0|-nu-ii llntnn inn unUnu-d Aumumnllo Wonrru clllamaIn mun ha-uni-lIill quouu PnmmQ I1-I "mImnrM' the lmle muldD urlllré "ll i-r tin H um:-Ir pmIntrinurm A.lhlW'l¬92I1 ngllnan outI Onlinn
Ilrphurn. lllc Ckacril Mn!-nrl. hllnnan: u.-. an: urlul n Ilkrn nun-uv ll lab] Ii ll lhtluéf liulh'pimp|cn. Unll-rd Mllomubu: Worl-Ii onpmiel tmm Delrml. ||,pp.u92_rn l'hlf92l92lI'92I ThnmpnnQ6 Hhmn H-lln I'll-ldrn! 0| lb!I .92 i rm lpnl! hi" iinmayHIP! ll "llifl Illlcll Ihcl rllrnrl uuulac Onunu we nub n futI-my nu! <-l lhr 9 mwwpru cl our%r'al:=i r%lllll l.i'Irb 'lIlrvUigI'To cin -we Uul urn prntllelnl Inu: pn-|I1.n:-I rlmnuz hivm; lhe.. . .. ...._ v v..<. 92f' -|.|1 |-lhr Club indHepburn -ylng
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If lhu rnrlI"PFLln|'92 nr lrrlll. 1I92I'Il.mm onnillquint snu-pinhluly anyllolull. UV in In-uh! rail.-1111]! Ii.|.] bylhim ul the lunlu-uon upon I-M Pli-III-I wv I-mm alum an um nau-nlluunnil int. ii Inll Ii jugnl Lne uplmt rwrrvll-lm d the InkimlalmmkTho iumumy oi GI -
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IilldlI Thu IIIIUIQQnu connuuod uPrldrnl ind Itvniliho hllr chiflld 1-bit IlCP92ur'. m piuuu an BBQ u atHm n! Cnngrril mu mm la Iulhr:llr mir mr [hr In illould hr pn-,-um-1: :n hr mnltllulmnil u.nr.L| I11!'l'<"U'l-'8 ll rlrirly lllmra Hr undid
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Illllhindld I,I'1I Q of hllill II-pul-uu. Involving 10,75 Illki.Amolll I-hnl ll hind I'll int:cine, inI0lI1:|| l'|,lII twin. I'll!him iii: I-ll. ilnum ll;in-mud, ma min lllin uni
u-1 -ha W °"t""""°i *9. W "pqn mun nupm xmq nu Ill" M ""gonna: n wwmnd IHMII NJ $1-.;-pquancm mm P-III 9" "T""N]-|,| u nap II MIN II Wmam, pmawtnunj I 61 MU.'-Iuo1d|.n= nil! -W "°l°l-an In ultra-I I"°1-ml "°"*°"° n :0 luunilalfl "11"$: : $.13 u-II Q85 J0 I1"-nqtma-I 181" "1 9" "°"' "'my 01 |Im|du|i IQ 1|-I'll N1 Nil-all "1 "'"_1. " P"_."'Z'.l'f. .'
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'1-.- .........--| -. q .....-n r1I|n| on Ha;I'M-me-n1 um: mun wl Inn nllnmrl-:1uh» bur rh-Ql-[rd I-hm I-In IlwcmuC--un m mum; on I-no v92Mq|l.y llmu n|' Enr||-rhl hid Illl III INbI'Hv rulv nu: !hr hr lhnul-u Ir pn-mrnwd In hr Iuuuruuwlul will tbaMnlm-1 ll Hr?! uhmm Ila lilacW| uunx ll mu mu lb: nnl-luaumam frlltlnilo 1:: mu lo Illtruud
muwupmunl-hum-npmnucrvnnulul-Ion-I qulhm-ny "DI-lru-1n| Lhr orid lhlrpiI-hr I:-L the ptnlon Willa!u [run at llllhurlly InIBM M P|"Dn In ulna uhumhlr hvn-n Ill l.mI92Ih-Inpin:-Q ans ca-mlcnn '- u lmm" uu ilnlln emunwd."An I Emma: Bulbeuvu Hrlllnlqumn ll] lnmllrr. IQ!-rdll 6! lllthIron lnlarngl: w iilgn i-Is,I1 purpnru In nah ml; Hal lglo llrmrd In hurt: In Ohm-nu annwnmrrw ma. than IN:-1I.l92. ll IIIIIEl mun-92.m1 u eoullnphtlng thoIurclu cl control within wanin-lioml human"It la n iunmlr wlmlplr Lhll liI-tum .l.ru-y turd}: or tbltnnn la-uruuu or Ibrrlln cmnmrrn. tr Illrm an. m I1l.h.l.l! I-In Hlfh ulthnoongrruwnnl nnlru Ann I211»; lllllen-l an ml nurrrc llmum Irnun mu fro! nul of llhnr 1-litanyOummnmg thl-Ir ihwntlng nplzunggin am run of the Jam-u U I-Al-llhllll
iUG'p,lhrm-Mlhnuhlufhlikr0- ma nu rur cl the Pru-annnmHarry Iu.r:.| cunning Do. Inc. I-In1:-;.r runun-n and-rrc II ling ch:92n HI Um Conn-I bu flue:-lqlnu pm». ;m.-mu| "ha mm m rwmcl a mam.
Immul md |.nriu-1;-.| uw prmk-ge ulI-ll-lhi thnp rim Ihun mt Ivnnmg ha anume canl-m:m.|-.1 nin-unn- Thu rum an undub sh-flaIn um nu mu opium A gnvlu0'7"! |-I ¢lY"§ if RIP? In ml-HQ}hu olrn prnprrry by Inn; min-ummm In alum inn nlavfuumq
>=mnunn|nnu|uml-rwua IIlhutklhklalh h I um lamb_r:rru.|-r_~|nnru |.|k| than her! lb-idnmi.
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Court '
rnmlnu-e Prom hm hr!~-~ i-___i *-Ien llnru-n.|n lmallamq Iar mamma-lunl u M|.n.LlLrY w Nun-Qy Mn O11-iora P92m-nm um or Lhe rm-mrr Penn-ayinnll Om:-rnm 1116 Mn Jun-1fhmkn Wf'|P!ll'llS Inrmrr AlumniUmlrd lute; I-Hnrnq Gehrrl!Th! Jana and lnugmln mar upm-jm |-new-6 I nlng In thr lm Clrmm Cnu. nf Appaa, wmrh hm heldJ11: nrnvmn rd Hm rel empur-unn!u|m.|l-uud 1-It-ljatqu ummrre: Indlhmrm rm ml mum 1» um-yon by C<4'-Iran,- The Jvllu i Lauqhliln Cwp. Ir-imrmqulnlamnm um: lu-jnqa Inn! hid hon gullrr ur un-lur lbw linclku in bcnmlaulmllnlnu qnslopa I:-longanq lo 1 unlrmIlhld IN! lhl |lI92lJIl|I92l146 Al-Mhr rrrmlnl I-hr dcculnm bynrruu Ouuru BI Au-uni: In memay ll "urn III! hillbi-In-ma I-hr Ilncnu Inu uni lb! lubn-ma DamSIYU lrnm I-rll-Ilbi-92-I-hid bruactplhJul}:-a In U1: lchoehlrr Ill HICl'"' Cull Ch rllrn I11! Una than-mggu " G-ha ging-ru mu In I'?!rrrI92¢'92' lo lb: Inn-mtn» "hlmvrn to hr mnnulnnunni:1-:1».-:92~4~|1r ill!" Iv relnuwlrcmn: Th: lll u nu| gpplmq to qchUiI'I'| I|92Hll92& eoamun ya all"Ob92|nu.9292|- Irhll lg 0-lrrmmed u I4;lhrm I--nan-ru nu; |nrrly LIH1. Imulutuar HI rmplnyn-1 Iho rlllh Inn II'l"l' rlrly of prlnu III-QfprlliIN-rrhlnlair mg]-||lllfl|.|.l"!n| p- mun.Ln: lurk rl|ll'u92m 1||n'.. ll puulnlo me Mung of 1 blind nvrr nl|:I92!-P01 may In-Irly loul lnunry br-yumi ln!'l-hing hnumlnro doomed per-lllllnlblr
Dunn: the lrtumqn or the Elk,Qmil Ill II! Ckt lll hllIlia mun. lo hula I-nu Inn: Ill:I|.|k:|.um Hmulh mu: eecl nu nommernobe lndmect Illull-H: l.92 llnh minn-Hll X-Hlctlm in [he III Bar ofQllzunque I-In: they thunk! Dllrlybe nun." I-Ill bII| 0! Um]-|-nuGuunul tar I-holnl Inrpultlnn. how-"-r had u-nu-vm I-hrrnan nmuwlu llflnn nil:umunrncclnulllnlnnhulonI111; IN-nln Ihn nap: uf Innu-lnnl poinr
tllcl II I-nip MrAfter um-u.n; ill: ght or Um-pinyq E4 In-pin no]-loctlvnly I11!:their innlwnr Lu mm Hm! hmlvlrn III I'll! I-III Ibo llmlnlmprinciple In lurid-5; u nllnllr 0lhunmlnthallnnunhlhlnnuuat the lrrl sf llhw 0390!. an mm-lhla B11:-.|ern¢. ti Rn Qnrulel oIul h mm» 1 pnlaulnr Qmplbynmy h Illlld.Ml-hauqh nnmlli Inn: he Intru-suk Ln alunrm ihm UDIIIMI!Omlldrrulf lhu Curr Julia um'1|' lhr! hnr Inch 1 clan no mu,nanl-Ill Ii!-sum In bl-Irlhla mm-lcru lhll their lmtrol ll Inn!-IA! urnwlvpnnla in Iulnn "ll! cum-rerunpemm ur um, nu-.1 um Tm_"II'llr|lb blur but Ind rnund l:-11 lhvI11] larpnulhm lllhulh hum-I ||a_l92-9 [lump] llnla in Prnmahn-1|HOG lb! I92llruI|mul||»- r=|' Imel-Tluln Ilnlru In lhlpwm rn nmionnh Io In mun ma m lrmuqlrrllhlIn nuns nuum m Ilnul -m~---II the Bun-nl-r! 1'1: Iumrmr £'nuII-Qlnlnn lillld nun thlt lhrlr nnrl-|.nIn I-hr Inn an nu: 92n dup-|l- -OI lhr uursm
Jhir H1»lrvty u In 1:.lldunu-5. thanwhen ur thr
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ROUSE DELIYS ACTION92 -_i,
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Mmwv an-an I-11 nrranrlmlnamnu. Ournrm um. u 1:-up up at Inna n DlIm;uu,|.llll-"n11 Rvvrnlll. lhnh H :51.lnwtr Conn 5 1 Lu.-1 inum Juluuu lrnnnou urn Rmth:-nu.n;. hula In rw: lnr aii]: OM Ilnlq rrnpifzyv-u qr»Jbprl In dunl mmrna Lu nr.Hill! Wt! III!"A llurd riuon nun by Qxnnlnm um lmnlnsn orhn-kn mzmh-n r.'ue nuu.» n-l me an92-ht Gm:lay 0|rill 92h 'n Plrn. 1-mp.w92 Inna; rm.-~Ull In ihl II-l10|.|| ll-A
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AGNER cw PHELl!l LL FIVE c ,cwmc u. s.w1m: POWERS 0 ER uuson 1 1 M lobinson Tells Senate
MORE LIBERAL COMMERCE
INTERPRETATIONS SEENL1¥T£-:.P=-;Rl921MENT VICTORY
Legislation Valid in A. P. Case.
Bus Firm Ruling Only
eUIIBIHIIIOIIS One
lACKGOU.N'D IJII Nllllrll -ml mprlnr I-$1 pend:-|| hrrae SuperI-IIIPI ll "Ml Illnhue Mvltllll-I] or label rrlnlmul inn Smu-IIH II Sell!-I Wu-w =- 92'rI nu nu nnvemm-re cumm-|' Iauacluelln, allnrr nu-nu an uni: i-aka. peupu ugh! nnlbtve nu nun rlmr enpn DPII I yr'|Under lre n] Inch or IIl|Jl , :1: OIFM; mien-4 t-| unan-cnlelru on dance up nrl lulhlrlllei l '-nun: umnllmu :1Innlyuetncn II: gnu»: or nu kl | r0"1l'-II_r.gqQ|,||] | lruunhlinfra Ill Iuprll 01:11 on Ire aniline run.rfurt of nlgonli lumen ol_I:lIMr Jnbdr ac. u DH pqgp 1.3 92
BY JOHN H. CLIKE.Adopting a liberal interpretation of the mean-ing of interstate commeree. the Supreme Court todayupheld the validity of the Wagner labor relations act
lin its entirety.l 'l_hia unexpected nding of the court was an-nouneed in live eaaea, one being decided unanimouslyand the court dividing 5 to 4 in each of the others.t This action, lodging in the Federal Governmentbroad power to regulate employe-employer relation-ships irrespective of the fact that particular employeemight not he engaged directly in interstate com-fmerce, was expected to have a decisive effect on thepresent attempt by President Roosevelt to add sixlSupreme Court justices unless those over 10 retire- Opponents of the President's court plan hailed thldecision as eliminating every argument B.d92'8-B095 blMr. Roosevelt in support of his unde1'ta1R192'92I--um--| 9292nm-r la Dwfnln IJKW- I TF3! -92 -. l- York a|uh- r -if the art
mi II llilii -. .-ut-nuuue; en; J0ll-'92-I new 11 rd
__-4 - @.._ .~i 1 v'192.-e.L92_.r.l.92..|..
Legislation Valid in A. P. Case
Bus Firm Ruling Only
Unanimous One
IICKGIOUNDK
Lon; allele-val use-I I pong puCm I. an wing ve:Ii:i|:-at: Eu?!»:1 5! I-Illlumw Iqnn ii! In Ya-re ne llpegn-||||!|"u ¢,,,,::"Ilene ls, I81 l nltenplllillrrfhar inrmnw :N'i| Inn» fcllllifrvlo it "h"' "°"" """ "UMP I" iii iiiiieh oi lviiiim q u""°""'" Fl Ill! II! lee» lirlharille-r u Na:L::-.4" M; Mr"""'F"'~"" "II Iwmw or me hm m-mm»-em m ""' ""WI "Ir -Ilrrue can In ne ppm: cues. I D anion
rfezt of Iifwlll lei.-trim: on"IP1-in labor tic! Li on page A.-i
BY JOHN H. CLINE.
. 5di_Ipl-ing I hberal interpretation of the mean.5"! 0! ltertalt-e_ commerce, the Supreme Court today
Ppifeld [hf vllldltll Of U19 Wigner labor relations actin its entirety.
1 This unexpected nding of the court was an-
nounced in ve cues, one being decided unlnimriunly
Ind the court dividing 5 to 4 in each of the others.
This lfhon, 'lodEl'ng in the Federal Government;
broad power to regulate empioye-employer relation-
ships irrespective of the fsct that particular eriiployes
might not be engaged directly in interstate com-
;merce, was expected to have a decisive effect on the
present attempt by President Roosevelt to add six
Supreme Court justices unless those over 70 retire.
l Opponents of the President's court plan hailed the
decision as eliminating every argument advanced b!
Mr. Roosevelt in support of his undertakih»
iliininr Wlfntr to Tiinene poem» Teuieii.
leiistcr Werner. Democrat. or New Yen, euthu: oi the act.I'l.l.| mum menu Supreme Court ueemom wer I-he blur MW-'l=I oi the Nettoi-int lroedeuiii-1| co. et I deincl 1-omeh: rm addrmIll-1 Ill broedcut from Button WIIAL.
The epochs] ruling on tn: Wigner lei ert-ends the pore: u!inlreu to relullte ncttvttles which beret-otare had lrtn re-_ [lrded e.| |u-tctly lntrutabe in character
in we fpur ml!ur euee, Chief Justlce l'i92l|hr! iotned mm'-M-Lucille Juli-lull R-wens Iflndets 8|-um 1nd Cudcizc tn up-Fholdlnl the ICIIILIHCID. Justice: Butler lumerlmd, !lcReyno;d.|and Vui Deunter rellstered emphatic dissent:I The mun In unnsmuu only in uie mar nrwliv ei Lhe Ween-_-;¢:n...|VlI'I'-I-In 8 llulntl Owen co Nu que-nine at Lntmuu mmmnr nuhinlved In um -
1 0- lnwhie on cf i.m-i IIIII nu-
fhellismltieenthehlruubnetdbrldirideevnuverehroightH1 the Jenn A I-ililhun Inner cure. or Imam-yli-unis. twurth in-gee: in um
IlInr'r.92hePriIhlii11"n.922ierCe o|'ll.klil|92.n.me Friedmnn-Hsrrrlllrts
&I-htneedl-leh:neneeV;.endthe_Aeseu1iAPi-anThe Ines 0-eneuunn an inviiine the mgurunr eueeueiu-u-tmrg;
jgeahlntll-lhexlruandrlieunrtlir Ln nohiedl-hetnv
p_.1h|milnhe|d92JIlllot'tLUuiwum|n|e¢m:nI-n'Iuu
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u s moi: =1 the ruling Ute A.»-
nu¢ernuwuiii-reqiur-=ierm-
Ill-ewttabttilr Hurmwumn eIn Ywi lll moiim nbo -nes-pen. elem-sin; In e llllng o-_ 1.5 Ill-Hnl lawn llinume Ii-rehi at his u.-unha In Ih-III el;i| in-i-ii Ilvvnlwi Ow"-6lb this llaulluhug =-. --vunn natal-1-11: the um swim.
---1 --.-Q -an-in; in-. --Ilh in nu Ii&|_ at _lnl|1l92.|.|'t1:|III niljert tn Peels-ml rq-iunitnn
The rhl 0! mlllrllw mllllin Lt-er can-1 rm In-er. in-purl nl ll.llp92|I.e' Ill me neniiIii-duim strikeslies rill. the rum lull ll-ehniil nepulertunng in he en in-lI92_,|M iullnli |.nn l.t92e|-rim! notnbjeri eo we-usiim or nnrrmfen" ; atrenni nu in more io-nnl. the Khfily ii the din?! II>.dIll Ill memes-r at uu Inrl some oiBIWIII FWD d l'll"°."" I'll! no |p Ill-I-III but thlv fen-hg-lhlilielg lliulltnI him etrilee absen-
ll Ingr-
44750 Rev. 4-17»85l
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FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FOIPA DELETED PAGE INFORMATION SHEET
Pagetsl withheld entirely at this location in the le. One or more of the following statements, where
indicated, explain this deletion.
Deleted under exemption sl _ t_t_e with no segregable
material available for release to you.
Information pertained only to a third pa.rty with no reference to you or the subject of your request.
information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
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to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agency ies!.
Pagetsl Withheld for the following reas0n s!;f-I/we Cod/ta? /92-II-492I1-ref 1' '3'92/Q 1'-/:i92-1 uetee,-ea. yee. :<f_I§}}_-_& ,1+i_==M;.,_g 121%"/.;, ;»;~/rst er 3" e~- 1rinfomation: _ A T/L ifs A A _ J
Aayé /-,-, A -#g_/E->< at 4; I toF:C.; iQ_92/it/<>j,L.,<l.&A.£ R-a-e7 " »<14- IA-'i§Lf' £14.
The following number is to be used for reference regarding these pages:Crane»; - Q9-_t> 4* Q5 J ;-g__7g_5,z_ Uri
§i>ki'»IL»<-1/iv ;/O t/L_J"¬.»92.JL- ""'"
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V i- BI .
L_;__IVES'lTIGATl0N OF UN-AMERICAN TPROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES m THE "
UNITED STATES
HEARINGS
SPECIAL
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
,, SEVENTY-SIXTH CONGRESS
THIRD SESSION
ON
TO INVESTIGATE ! THE EXTENT, CHARACTER, AND OBJECTS
OF I"N_.-uII:n1cAI~z PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED
STATES. ! THE DIFFUSION WITHIN THE UNITED STATES OF
N SUBVERSIVE AND UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA THAT IS 1192'sTI
| GATE!! FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES on or A DOMESTIC ORIGIN
I AND ATTAQKS THE P}!I192.ClPLE 01+ THE FORM OF GOVERN MENT As. ;UABA192"TI:BD BY OUR CONSTITUTION, AND ! ALL
I OTHER QUESTIONS IN RELATION THERETO THAT w0L'LD AID
l CONGRESS IN ANY NECESSARY REMEDIAL
I LEGISLATION
__ ' VOLUME 12
A FEBRUARY 7, s, 10, MARCH 25,26, 29, APRIL 2, 3, 4, 1940
I AT WASHINGTON, D. c.
Printed for the use of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities
new
W
UNITED STATES
FOVFRNMICNT IRlNT!.92"G OFFICE
9493! 9292'AS['IlNG'I0N '. 1940OMMITTEE ON TIN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
~. H._Res. 282
11 I 7, , O, I!
é~/~ 7.<'s2. |
_. ...,,,_. 4.... ... _. .______ ___
0]-|AGAl92'1!A APTIVITIES '
Amt one 3 moment ago, did you not?
.1111 of the leaet brought out by 11113
1-iigtleii
. - ' ' . T1 1115 1» meet 1*:¢:z1t1H@.::Jeni Bem%!Sc' i1i1og£i'It? Q Statemeiit he People 01 u ' ". 1iinst Leaetie.'= 1 _-eliolarslli i-3-ample of gd H-;__-" r- rd I 1
rnunications I-£.1a]]{_Y ft! 1lllS92"1='-""21-' cm - - '- to inU._mgl.9e i Sharpiy with 3,011 as
_. _ .' ___.]92- 1551111111."1,1 é ::;2',2i:1;P1->:1a;ii1ii N0-3 0' with O11 011il'1'¬>']TOIl lQlll:~' taki lite"? I
- hein. _ . . -011 can read tthe letters the1P- I , .1, . ' ntleiiiui 9292 to~t-liolarl} PW11 1f the ge
.atio11-'. Q a - n . - -I-2; P1 t 0 Den Bo.92 Z3.l¬I1;11h:1ltl l11¬.;,t° ll§t11 11! 30: TQ,' -Q iatet 31'1" * 1 '
- ' ' ~ fol--. - '-.itio11 lb 111'?92- on this Ctiliiiiittlitt
_ . . 7 'on.l1"l1lI I lug '?.9l "l he q e.Ht_1 -- 1-11 itIt in 211111 this 9292'a1'~' the a11e92-P1 1 3 1-:12 ~. -i _ . 1 ' ]_w Y . - 15 the d1ir~9292tU },92:9292' 92 ti1l{in192tL1ll&_l:l:,92;liIl l HIS 1.31 .. l ..L |!lll'i92I l1> 1 Iiuiiuep duet; it ngitfW5 he M 111112111 LOIII -,
t>t1<lt92.'~' foll092YSZ _ C L
_ ii Har92'111'd 1. -_.11 for 1111' t"Il* apt hp mm. p'1-1-tire. " d gm-'l.m§ l'r:..f,.1-i.,, -1- in the 92'eI'§' I:|~1-1" 1l1" "d 1. l I-i. if 1-iheriiiiz of New Dull1 f 1' " -kiulsinw ll -§'|T1*.-.92i11ii "Nev; Ilwl..f this is 1-orri- -1. ttitlthil ii U L_Um1,k.1,.i111.»-111111». T11 ".*92p e.e 1t|t't-' "T 1". :1t~1-1-11111111 illllllll mm i i 1 in I11"1., 1, . i_. . .rtq]1]l92- not stilmlll g.92' I!t'i1l I111 - . 1 ". __ to gppiil; Il1"1"'Mm lmui lionii n111Ti1~._1111li;Mvv:_u_ pm- ~11!11:: :1 111-1.1 :iii11-in11* ' " "
||1e1it1§il $01-
|5 you 1£'C3ll
. _ .1"te1'-- of 1111'IltJ!1l the tnition-11 ll?-'592d l I
. - - teliielll't'!1! 1ll "T a. cnhclsm nf »i}}i?llSt$li1U1.i11l*_t Coniinitiiist Iieal-I"3> ll
'gum1aiS it um? l tli beeiinse tht- '.11is192'er at *1 ml]-B ling roiitleniall ""1'31-'9 llmi mid If-.i iei-ii Kliii 9 gumtliey 11-111 see that it ueais 1wb-L
UN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES
deal of rmiterizil, and that letter takes one little specic instanee, andIt is ti criticism in the some form that. 11 book review is 11 literary
criticisiii,11ntl it is not an instruction by any means.
Mr. l92L1'rri1Ews When on bring out voui next iece 1 l't . _ 1 _' p o ieratiire,or when you make siieeclrn-s, you will make a point to follow thecriticism contained in this letter. will you not? _Mr. ODE.1. I do not know; I lllll ans-11"ei' that right now
Mr. l92L1'r'rin:192's. Intil yon get some fiirtlier iinlieation of the wishesof the iiatioiial lieadq1iartei's. you will carry 011t. those iiistriietioiis,will _1'oi1_iiot? _
Mr. U'1!Ea. I do not l{l]t'!W. I eaiiliot say what I will say when Igo out; I do think that the. criticism is a eorreet one. My own per-~soiial opinion is that I think it is a correct oi1e,ift1iat is the question.Mr. M.~1'I'r1iia:192's. 31: therefore siiiee you look upon it its eorret-t, youdo adopt it as _1'o11r preseiit 92'ie11'poi1it?
Mr. !IJi:.1. It was my 92l¬9292']! !i]ll before
Mr. CUIIN. Will you offer the original leaet in evitleiive?
Ur. l'tI.1TTIiE921's. I l1tl92¬.
I will oiler the letter of Mari-li 5 in P92l .lE'1i P as exliihit No. 2.
The document above referred to was marked {Exhibit No. 2. !Mr. l92IA"l'I}II~.9292'i~. 9292'ho the secretary of the I-l_a1"1'e.i'¢_l Young Cot:iiniiiist I_.e1i;_r1ie? '
Mr. O'II£.1. I refuse to aiiswer that qiiestioii l!t tll1S I believe that1i_1' aiis9292'ei'iii;,: that question I will e92;po~e this ]1e1-son to eeoi 1 I . . . ,_ If ITIIL PEI".92£t'1Il] !l|1. He will be nnahle to get a Job antl "tliI11}I a ]tI1J1-slli only
lI I . |11a_92' ie will he alile to li1-e, and I think 11ii<le1i_tlie fonrteeiitli 1amen: -1111-i1t._t1i_itt is 111111 p1'<1 -ess, his only pi-opei't_v will he his St'll0lelt'r:-'lli1i111111 his Joli, antl he will lose that.
The ii.1Im.iA:~:. '_Ihe1i you tleeline to ansiverlM1-_. I.1':~:ci1. I think that that shoiiltl he S1]'l l~I }11 from tli 1 _ _ e reeort ,111 oi the 11"itiiess s stateineiit except the stziterrieiii that he reftises to
--F1-9292'eI',o11 t11e3_'ro111111 that it is £l1lI1't*l.' iniinaterial. Tlie 'l]'ll92"II ht111111 he has to refuse to t1l'1S9292'El is one, Ilitli his aiis9292er 11']l{_'_l1i lentlgtoiii-iiiiiiiiate hini: 111111 if he JlJjt:' lS on that groiiiitl 11'h_92'. of eotirse,'11:1t is all riglit. hut othei'11'ise he has 11hsol11te1_92' no li,t1llt to refuse.T111-. oi1is. I thinl-z that is an iiieorreet stateii"1eiit of the 1:111" hamlet]111111111 h_92' the Ii1ite1l States SQ|n§|||g giirt in the ease of Siiielairimiiiist the Fnitetl States and ot ier eases. I think that the objectioii11110 ¥92it1it=s~:1~: is I] lgV "*--_.
- -_.....-I
1 11e _ ta en. eMr. CASEY. 9292'hat is the SJi1c?a£i- t92't" ".92I1'. Conn. In that _t-a,=e_ the |-l|||]|-g|||% said that 11,1» 9292'i[]]9§;§.',el other l:1{_'lll_Fi to obiet-t_in a 11011 to tie one. the pri1'ile;1e agaiiist'11-iiieriiiiiiiatioii. It saitl that, for exaiiiple, the comiiiittee 111111 no '__'111_to delve into matters that were personal or private matters1it't'1]l1£ the 1_1-itne:-s. aiirl other cases held that the eoiiiiiiittee inav1111' ask questions, and the w1t1ie.=:s has the right to refuse to a1is11"ei-.1i'.~i]ti1l§~ 92'92'll1Cl1 are not niateriiil to the investiigatioii, questions that='1- not 1-elev11_11t to the investigatioii. questions that are not irithin the~'-lie of the in1"'esti,11at1on.
The t't!ii'i1nit1 * *_lF-1 11n1_it_etl by those decisions of the United States' in atlclition to the coiistitiitioiial provision agaiiist K -nit-rimiiiation.
;92}l .92' I f1l1]ll_1PI Ffy 11131-Tit is my belief that the witness has a full-11 to e.92:p.a:ii .iis reiusai to 1Tti'iS'92'92'Bt.
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Mr. LYNCH. I submit that none of the reasons advanced by Mr.
Cohn are applicable to this witness. In other words, this witness
does not say that the are not material, this witness does not say thatthey are personal to him, but he says that they are personal to some-
one else, and, of course, he has no right to attempt to protect some-body else.l92 r. COHN. VVe are oin to brin to the llnited States "ourt the question 0fg''iiI':':giiiET a niitness has a right to8.501" questions, in View of what the chairman has alread ' statedin the record, that he proposes to use any names of C_o_ni_munilst mem.
bers for a blacklist to see to it that those--
T he CHAIRMAN interposing!. That is stricken from the record;
that is incorrect and will be stricken.
Mr. COHN. That was the testimony when Mrwooes was exam-
ined. If my recollection is correct, the chairman then said that that
was his purpose, and I said under those circunistanccs that the wit-
ness has a right. to decline to answer.
The CHAIRMAN. That is stricken from the record; you are incor-
rect-.
Mr. COHN. I respectfully object.
The CHAIRMAN. The Chair will take under advisement the ques-
tion of whether a. witness can state the reasons for his declining to
answer. The Chair is not. familiar with the decisions with re.-pent
to that-, but for the time being we will take that under advisement.
The Chair now directs you to answer the question that was asked you.Do iyou decline to do so?
192 r. !I!F.-t. I do, for the reasons stated.
The CILHRMAN. You have already said that. You decline to
answer the question?
Mr. !l =:A'. I do. for the reasons stated.
Mr. CASEY. First, let. us lay a little groundwork. Do you know
who the secretary of the Young Communist League at Harvard is?
Mr. ODm.. Yes. ii
Mr." laser. And the next question, I believe, which you refused to
answer is: Who is he?
Mr. ODr.A. I refuse, for the stated reasons.
The Cnarnnrax. All riglit.
Mr. I92'IATTH]-IWS. Mr. O'Dea, is the secretary of the Younw Com-munist. League at Harvard secretly a member of the Young 6omnu|-
Le-awe?Mr. !'I!r;A. I do not know. _Mr. Martyn-gws. Has his name ever appeared on any publications
leaets, or in any other public manner as secretary _o the Young
Communist IJEB,f__Y1lP at Harvard?
Mr. !Dr;a. No, as far as I know; unless there is one there tlltl
have not seen.
_ Mr. Ma'r'rnr.ws. Are. the 50 to 60 members of the Young §ou1mu-
nist I.¢ tt,QllP at I-Iarvard secretly members of your organization?
Mr. TDEA. I do not know.
Mr. MAT'rl1r:9292's. If you do not know Eh:
we-Itni ;r~ 1-In; sumo-192n._n Jug c-lain]=»1;9292.5-g our iI 92I1r1n'92.ll aIvl' Ifj lfl. l'92lllI'92!927 92Jl &7lLRl92lllIn lll K-92l1192.L
present. time?Mr. l'IJea. Because. as I explained before, that-iu the rst p|."'let. me say just in pussiiig that I um not ultimately connected Ii V are secret me1ubPl'$~
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>~SEVENTY-FIFTH CONGRE
' QELFIONS IN RELATION THEBETU
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'l7__ _-: "--~--_:' 92. .---;___ ' Isum. -~___"---_ _ _ _ ' ' " ~ - - - . ______._ "--_-/'of such -__ ---- __ find dc. ---- ______ "'"--such testi92. T.3;-.5 it deems m _____ __:"'"--0! the chairman and shall m ......'-.'.f_' "The chairman of the committee o-- orto witnesses. Every person wh_o¢_§f1commi'!nthSauthorlty of said committee. Qjige to ans ;.default, or who, having appeliforized, shall. 9292the investigntioh 11¢-i;<>rn;;§ed gmtute ofY
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glg UN-AMERICAN PROPAGAXDA .tc'r1v1r1r:s -
., 2 Uollectioe bargaining, with right to organize and strike.--Abolish company
anions. spy-and stgolpigeon systems. Impose penalties on employers guilty of
discharging workers for political and union activities. Amend National Labor
Relations Act to compel einpio_7'eis to recognl?-e labor unions.!
8. Social inaurlmce.-For the unemployed, the aged, the disabled, and the
sick, based on the workers unemployment, old-age and social-insurance bill,
with compensation to all unemployed, and pensions for those 60 years or over,
equal to former earnings but not less than $15 per week; maternity and health
insurance for all expectant mothers and all injured workers or victims of
occupational diseases. Extend the drive tor the workers bill while support-
ing amendments to Social Security Act to cover all workers now excluded,
repeal present tax on wages, and to put the entire cost on the Government and
employers.
4. own liberties.--Repeal all Federal legislation infringing upon political
rights and freedom 0! assemblage, guarantee freedom of press and radio.
Outlaw the Black Legion, Ku Klux Klan, vigilante gangs, and other terrorist
organizations. Release all political prisoners. Eepeul all sedition, criminal
syudicnlist, and teachers oath legislation. Put teeth into the Federal anti-
lnjunction law to prevent ludses. sher1n's, and employers lrom breaking
strikes and curbing labor organization. Abolish poll taxes and all other anti-
delnocratlc interference with the right to vote. Full political rights for women.
5. Supreme Court.Rentlirm the constitutional power of Congress to pass all
labor and social legislation without interference from the Supreme Court
Amend the Constitution to deny the Supreme Court power to nullity social
and labor legislation.
6» Negro people.-Equal rights to jobs, the full right to organize, vote, serve
on juries. hold public orcc. Abolish segregation and discrimination. Establish
heavy penalties against oggers, kidnappers, with the death penalty tor lynch-
ers. Enforce. the thirteenth. fourteenth, and fteenth amendments to the Con-
stitution. {Eupport the rv"i1g'iie1*~Costigsn sntiljyiitehing bill, with appropriate
amendments.!
7. Unemployment relief.--Provide moneys to the States and municipalities
to maintain adequate relief standards. Expand the W, P, A, Increase the
W. P. A. vvnge by 20 percent; establish a $40 monthly minimum. Grant the
right of collective Lnargalning and trade-union rates to W. P. A. worlrers, Place
representatives of the unemployed on all W. P. A. policy boards.
8. Farm mo:-tgogea.~Erad farm evictions and foreclosures. Establish a long»
term moratorium on ah needy farmers debts. Relief tor needy and drought-
strickcn formers. Refinance farm loans at nominal interest with a fund of
$3,00 l.0 itl,000, raised by taxes on high incomes, inheritances, and corporate
wealth.
9. Coat of production.Gun1"anteed to the farmer, which would give him
a higher standard of lit-ins. All Gorernnicnt lioards to be under the demo
cratic control of farmers, labor and consumers. Support amended Thomas
Massingale bill.!
10. Tenant formers and shoreoroppers.-'1o be provided with land by the
Government, and long-term loans for seed, form implements, teed, etc, Make
every tenant a landowner with right to home, chattels, and guaranteed stand-
ard of living.
11. Soil conservation.-~Amend the Soil Conservation Act; prevent crop re
duction; put program under the supervision 01' farmers organizations.
12. Tumlion.-Sl92nrply graduated taxes on incomes, aver $5,000 H 3'94 -_ In-
crease tlle tax on corporate prots and surpluses. Tax all tax-exempt securitis
and large gifts and inlleritnnces. Repeal all consumers sales taxes.
13. '|T01'kl'np comlltimrs.--Abolish sweatshops. curb the speed-up and child
labor. furnish adequate protection for women, erect proper safeguards againli
industrial accidents and diseases. Support aDD!'0llI'inie amendments to ill!
Walsh~l}euly law and the Connery and 0'Muhoney bills.!14. Public works progrour.-~Appropriate $6.000, I00,0 lt! for a Federal publicworks program to provide jobs tor the unemployed, to clear the slums. fllrllllll
housins at low rentals. build schools. hospitals, provide health and recreatitml!
facilities. rural electrication, etc.
15. Bomks.Natl0nalize the entire banking system. Guarantee the alvin
of small depositors. Lower rates on loans to small business men. Democrnl
banking control through representatives of labor, consumers. farmers. at
small business men.
_ _,< :L__._. -s-.1 .1 - .-.%L:._.* . 31- ' . -
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i.1Q-OPAGANDA ACTIXITIESthe need ior diiierentiating between the Communist Party and the committee tor industrial Organization. Oommunists should not be deceived. he said. bythe fact that'the threat of some Gommittee tor Industrial Organization luders to make a red purge a couple ot months ago has been set aside. John L. Lewis is still John L. Lewis and only the movement oi the workers compels Lewis to adopt other tactics for the moment. Oommunists can and must sup- port Lewis now. but they can have no guaranty trom him or anyone else that they will not be mode the goats at some tuture time. Foster said that mony copies oi the Daily Worker now look like Committee tor lndustrial Organization publications and they can be read in vain tor any semblance of Communist leadership in the lahor struggles or directions as to mass struggles. Clarence Hathaway, editor of the Daily Worker. who came in late. disagreedwith Foster and defended the Daily Worker. William Weinstone discussed the situation in the Detroit area. particularly with reference to the strikes in the automopile industry and the situation in the State of Michigan, as an example of how the "people's trout is developing there. He said Governor Murphy is trying to put into ettect the peoples man- date given to President Roosevelt and the Democratic Party at the last elec- tion. Murphy is in such a position that he can dominate the progressive political movement in the State. Weinstone said that Murphy does not seemto he the same Murphy who, as Mayor oi Detroit, aided 's strike- hreaking policy in every way. Because or the situation i Mich . he said. the Communist Party is experiencing a good growth and it all places were like Detroit there would not he such alarm about the slow growth or, as insome places, the decline oi! the Communist Party. William F. Dunne, who is now stationed in Butte. Mont. stated that there is a deep schism in the Democratic Party of that State. He said that Senator Burton K. Wheeler was put in the Senate by the Silver Bow. Mont. leaders oi the Trades Council in cooperation with the triends oi former Socialist MayorDuncan of Butte Senator Wheeler's attacks on President Boosevelt ch support He said that he go ng* ' rogram. he said, have lost him mu . oi is that opposition inside the Democratic Party and put up a lull W ler crowd
s idaslate of candidates in the next election to defeat the hee . .Binkley. 0r'92ri'='92* Orleans who arrived late!, stated that the remnants of the Huey P. Long machine in Louisiana were being reached by the Communists in the cities oi New Orleans and Baton Rouge; that in the South the only hope tor the Communists to get in oice is through the Democratic machinery inas- much as Louisiana, like other Southern States, is a one-party State. It oneis not a Democrat, he does not amount to anything there. Others in attendance at the session of the central committee dealt with local conditions in their respective localities and attempted to show how tavorable the situation is in their districts tor putting into effect the policy er boring from
within the Democratic Parry. Charles Krumbein. Israel Arnter. and Max Bedacht and a number of leader! ot the needle trade unionsamong them Rose Wortis, Ben Gold. and Irvihl Potash-discussed the situation in New York. They all showed how it was net"essary to support Labor's Non-Partisan League and the American Labor Parll composed or right-wing Socialists!. who are all behind the reelection oi Mayo? ti that Senator Wagner will not be I
Tmmany candidate tor mayor. inasmuc a ., the Federal administration involved in a local New York election. Pat Toohey, or Philadelphia. and Nod Sparks. or Pittsburgh. talked at gri length. praising Governor Earle of Pennsylvania in much the some mam!!!that Weinstone praised Governor Murphy ot Michigan. The whole group attended a party on Saturday night. and many of thsl got very intoxicated and admitted that a lot oi what they stated was said to ii" lip service to the policy oi the American Communist Party-that it is uuqnl tionahly dictated to conform to the interests of Soviet Russia. They admitlli that llosei Stalin does not want to antagonize any of the great democracies II oend President Roosevelt, Premier Chauiemps oi France. or Great Britain- In the nal session of Sunday. Earl R. Browder summarized the discudl and praised tho comrades for beginning to put into effect the policy of theplr-s trout" in the United States. The central committee made only one and that was to start daily Communist papers in Chicago and San er will he known as the Mid-Westby January 1 next. The Chicago pan and the one in San Francisco as the Pacic Coast Edition. The centralLB Gusrdia They stated it is understooh s President Roosevelt does not vnli ;_
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Eened, however, that the individual was not the one that they were
unting for. __ The statement referred to IS as followsz!
Col!-iUrns'r
Nrw Yosx, April 23, 1931'.
The political buro of the contral committee of the Communist Party of the
United States called a special meeting in Cleveland for Saturday, April 1'7.
Due to the delay in the arrival of some oi! the leaders invited, the meeting
did not convene untii 9 a. m., Sunday, April 18. It was held in the Jewish
Labor Center, Fifty-fth and Scoville Streets, Cleveland." Among those present
were Jack Stachel,.li__Br_5__ysgn real n_g_ime_ Alpj!, Clarence Hammay, Elizabeth
Lawson, anH'_Harry_Bg1mond of the Daily Worker s'tai'i'!, from New York;
Wiiiiam Weinsione, district secretary for Michigan; John Viiiliamson, district
organizer for Ohio; Ned ngnks, district orguniner for Pittsburgh; John Steuben real name, hi k!, section organiier for Youngstown; June Croll, from
the womerfs epartment of the national oice in New York; Morris Childs,
district organizer tor Illinois; I. __Am1er and Gharles_K:|:nmbein, district or-
ganber and district secretary, respectively, for New York; and Jack Johnstone
and Rober__M_inor, members of the central executive committee of'fii'e"Com-
munist Party. There were several others present, who were not identied.Elizabeth Lawson whose real name is E11,?-eldock] was formerly a student
of the University ot Minnesota andrrecently was itor of the Southern Worker.
using the pen name of Jim Mallory"; June Croli, of the women's department
whose real name is Sonia Croll], was formerly the wife of Carl Reeve, son of
"Mother" Ella Reeve Bloor, but is now the wife oi! Langston Hughes, radical
Negro poet of Boston. Quite a number of others were invited but could not
be present because oi! the pressure of work in their respective communities.
In opening the session Stachel stated that the purpose of the meeti was toendeavor-to clarify a number of problems, among them: E! The political situation in the light of the iH%Ii§%e Court .ision on
the Warner Act; ! the prospect for further wo y e mmunlst Partyin the the A. F. of L.; and ! the party position today on the
Negro question. Despite the poor attendance, because of the short notice, it was
decided to discuss these matters and then direct the political buro to prepare a
letter to district and section committees on the results of the discussion. The
rst rep-'u'ts on the political situation were made by Stachel and Brown.
Stachcl stated that while the Supreme Court, by a ve to four vote, upheld the
Wagner Labor Relation Act, it is not possible to rely upon the whims of one
judge, and therefore the campaign to support President Roosevelt's proposals to
enlarge the Supreme Court must go on. It is necessary even to go further and
demand legislation curbing the power of the Court, even if enlarged, by remov-
ing from it the power to review social legislation when passed by a two-thirds
vote of both Houses oi Congress. He further said that it is necessary to cover
certain phases of the second point under discussion work in the C. I. 0. and
A. F. of L.! in connection with the Court! decision. It ts necessary to recognize
that reactionnries in Congress will beg-l1T_a~-barrage against the labor movement
by trying to Jnterpret certain sections of the Wagner Act as legalizing com-
pulsory arbitraiion. outlawing strikes, and railroading to prison without trill
those who refuse to abide by unsatisfactory decisions. Under the present pm-
tice-anyone violating provisions of the decisions of, tile Federal courts can D0
brought in for contempt and denied it jury trial. There is not much danl
of this happening at present, he said, but there are forces trying to amend it
act right now so that it will be a more eitectire weapon against labor.
The Communist Party job is to try to introduce amendments in Congress that
will strengthen the prolabor sections, and some of the leading comrades bl"
recently had conferences with Senator L mdeen, of Minnesota, on the posaibilli-Ioi such amemimr-nts. While Senator iiundw-n"wii's in the lower House ll
introduced the Unemployment and Bu.-in1"Securit_v Act that was written by
politics} buro ot the Communist Party and presented to him through
unemployment councils. It may be possible to get such amendments
by some such roundabout method at this time. Congressman Maury
i also amenable to inuence by groum close to the Communist Parti-
can be used to aid in putting over the program in the House of
Instead of discussing each report separately, it has at this point
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later said he could not use $3,000 of it for ball without the consent of the
party.
He was later deported.Under separate cover. I am mailing you a complimentary copy of a booklet
written by an officer of this department.
Yours truly,Capt. H. M. NI!-ES,
Acting Chief of Police.
iat is 'ust one instance That is an instance of a party member Tl 3 ..
q.ttr1-vino monev around loosely, in large amounts. l. ,5_ThenDI have here another letter from the chief of police of Wil-
mington, Del., in which he states:
Replying to your oommuriieation relative to Communist leader being ar-rested in this city, with bonus marchers to Washington. D. C., in 1932.I have to advise that Benjamin Gold who gave his address as 315 Second
Avenue, New fotii City, N. L, was arrested in this city December 2, 1932,charged with assault and battery on a police officer. He was ned $50 and?' ' l tl costs and sentenced to eerie 40 days. This Case was appealet to ie ewho upbeid the decision of the lower court. January 19, 193-1, e a oreM was imposed. Released February 22, 193-1.When arrested this man had in his possession 50 $10 travelers checks, mode
payable to Curl Winter. _Very truly yours, _ ' Geoiioiz BLACK,
Superiniendlt of Public Safety.
We have information on a rent number of instances like that-.I Want to submit still another nancial report. Here is a report
of the International Labor Defense for another year, showing that inthis particular year their total income was $80,127.63. We havemany similar reports, but I did not go to the expense Of Photoni-in them because it would have anioiiiitetl to considt-rah e.-
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and , I I |%he CHAIRMAN You did take into consideration, in computing the$10. 0.000. all these reports from these organizations tlieiiise192'esl£]I_'
M as to ex enditui-es?Mr. §ri:nLi:. 92Ve took the reports of the organizations that wcould et reports on, and we took the average and multi ilied it byhalf 0% that average, in order to allow for a very sniail expendi-
ture by some organizations. _In other woi-us, I could very ii-ell build up a gure higher thathat, I think, and prove it, but we wanted to be conservative '
this statement.We know that they take in a lot of money at their meetings. F0instance, at the meeting in Madison Square Garden last year, anthe one at the Hij:po..!ome lssl-.. year-they had two nieeti;we know what their advertised prices for these meetings were,they charge for all these meetings that they hold. They claimlater that they took in $26,000 at one meeting and $21,000 at another
That is just for two meetings.We have arrived at the $10,000,000 expenditure in a great mall
ways. There is no set way of proving the exact amount. __The CHAIRMAN. In reference to your statenient that 60 f ll
rule world coinrmmisin, what is that based on?Mr. STEELE. I have shown you by their own documents, the P8Manual, _tli_at the high authority in this country is the oentral
mitiee of the Communist Party.Mr. Hester. Composed of 60 members?
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442 UN-AMERICAN PRUPAG.-92l92'DA_ Al_TI921TIES
The Cnaumax. Is not that a fact?
Mr. Cnamuux. That is correct.
|"I'92L_ ..n:.,:..| ....m;,...+:.m .-.r 1-Ina Ianrnin iq Finrliti the nllliil LIIB Ulllblll uuuxuuuu U1. luv -.-92.¢-fa--1 -- _ 5 . U ~Fight. It is edited by Joseph Bash have given you a copy henof en earlier edition, 1936. I have the later ones, but you will in
interested in this particular one. _ _ _Might I refer hack to the March issue of 1937 and give youlthiione article? I do not know how authentic the article is, _'0_ut it l5
published in their own publication and is headed Revising tinBil] of Rights. That is the title of the article in the 0fIlC_l{ll pub
lication of the League Against _War and Fascism. I have given you
this much of a quotation from it:
This investigation may assume historical importance because it is serrlng lo
awaken the interest of the American people in a phase of the COIlSillI'llilu||that me "31! I0!-lches upon, those ten amendments guaranteei to an mm-as certain civil i-lgiits. It is tennis *9 millisss What cm:;i§,u,,udB knew, that behind the denial and abrogation of civil rights is ilr
mailed at of corporate might. It is also serving I15 3 tribute $0 the 81'0" !strength and solidarity of American labor, for It shows that labor has beenable to make important gains despite the army of labor spies and an-ii
breakers mustered by industry.The investigation was born in the Cosmos Club in Washington one February
evening in 1936. ' ' "- .
| The Cnammim. I did not quite catch the continuity of that. Whit
was that that was formed at the Cosmos~Clubi T _ _ _
Mr. Cniunmnx. This refers, to a_ benate committee, 1 belle!
known as the La Follette committee, investigating civil rights.
The investigation was born in the Cosmos Club in Washington one I Blil'l.llll'I
um!-ail» ins. Preset it "r..mss!!s_:§:@ .: ...?.E?.l.°'"*. .?..E? i¬...il'1L. Lewis Glgldner Jamison. or me lLIllBl'|.l.:i1.L| 92.Jl92'1|. A.J|LI92':192,l92:n oi.-U-....~-V--oDetner, of t e Women's International League Sfogcgeaceueiiid FreIe:c l1olr;*.§e1ii:;llRobert La Foilette, now chairman of the u mini ¬9 OlIl i dad 0 laLabor conducting the inquiry; and other liberals and _soc a y m n pc P -
1-egg r cer ed with the plight of the sharecroppersgnfe those Pi... hlgd ti}: aggwlnr 1-gi1n_1 Qt 1'EI'10I Il'lSI.Il.l.'iiIPd M ... 1.1 n_ m _____a _B _ . . .;,{,,§'§§.-, §E i;,, Ziiflsii-t to maintain a d;ing plantation system and they sistheir efforts at organizing sharecropper into the Southern Tenant Farm!"
Union thwarted by systematic terrorim.I only review that to show/you the type of claim made on their
1-L .p.»aThe Cniimiirair. Wlho piféished that? _ _ _ _Mr. Cnainmux. That was published in Fight, their oicial pl.ll'illtl-
Lion - 1.1 ' it 4The Cmmnaiu. oicial publication oi " "" ~51-
nl92l'Ii¥.!e That is right, issue of March 193?. IAre there any questions you wish to ask on the league befom
A __ :1 Gp ll}! ,Mr. Mason. Before we pass that, may I say that 1 gave the IE;of Marshall, Robert Marshall, as one of the membialrshoif theleague. I have a quotation from B__obert Mal" W 10 S
Personally I am in favor of public ownership of oil lands both in Mexico Mlin this country. blThat statement was made in connection with the meeting oni
Mexican labor question......... , _-
UN-AMEIIICAN PROPAGAYDA ACTIVITIES
Mr. STARNES. Mr. Chaillaux, do you have any information upon
how the American League for Peace and Democracy is nancially
niaintained? I mean, from what souroe does it obtain its inonev?
Mr. Ciiainuiox. Before you came in, Congressman Starnes, I toldof having attended their national convention in Cleveland in 1936.
They too up a collection _the rst evening and took in $i,900. Every
one of_thc1r branches raised funds through every type of levioug
means imaginable. they would take up a collection at every possiblechance, at every meeting. Thriy passed up no opportunity to raisefn|ids_1n every possible way. hey are now raising funds to aid theLoyalist cause in Spain.i-ir. Do have any infomiation which would lead you
to believe that they are being nanced from sources outside of the
United States?
.92Ir. CHAILLAUX. No; there is no evidence to substantiate that,
Tim OIIAIPMAN I min-lit env in fl-int f92 92'I'92"llLfl ;l'921'92 §92nI- 1IVl92 1.-.... ,..........,.-..-. _,...........---.. - .-..,,,;... .,.._,. . . . U....., 92,.....,¢92,.,,,,,, Ln , U nu : UL-gag
to the Secretary of State s reports. These organizations are now com-
lied to le a report of the amounts that they are sending lo Spain.Ifou will notice a clippin of a meeting out in California which wascalled the other night, Were they raised a certain sum df !Il0!'i9v tasend to Loyalist Spain. All those reports have to be led withithe
Secretary of State. We have that information available, denite
information on the amount of money collected in the United States
lllll sent to the Loyalist cause in Spain.
liir. Smnnss. Do you have any information as to the number of
the names, if any, of Government oicials who are members of the
American League for Peace and Democracy?
l___l' ll1;-__C1¥TAIg-:§ll1§. ho; I do not_ha92;e of__Governinent oicials here,
"'""'.Y- l QBIIBVB Some are available. 1-lowever 1 was interested
9Union upholds those who advocate the overthrow of our form ofwhose utterances and activities impel-il the existence ot our
state.
4._-.___...,,,.- ¢.-o_- -._-_. -.- _- ~ 4... __ -___..... ,. ._..1=.4_ _; ._-_~;;;,:V
535 UN-Anaaioax PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES
lt Cant Happen Here, expelled Communist students in Mlcliigan, San Fm,cisco Communist strikes, Newspaper Guild, criminal annrchiats, admission Qalien pacilists to citizenship, prohibition of interstate transportation or cu-inbreakers. Oklahoma. City Federal 'OllSpl1:tI.'y, Rensselaer Polyteclinic lnctim,Communist teacher, University of 1"'ittsbu1'gl1 atheist p1'0fl!:s5utS, and New You
Communist cases.has found that a State may punl
u erances cinangc onmintlon of organized government: and ulfl.ening its overthrow by ulilawful Ill9£lllH. Tliese imperii its own existent»as a constitutional Stale. Freedom of speech and press does not promdisturbances of the public peace or the attempt. to 5-.'.b92'ert the
M9! ' * '." rilYet in the name of so-called £0llnt1'U.ltl0lll1lit§', the American Ci
orrlcmts was
In the latest list of oict-rs the following names have been addedDunbar Baumley, Carl C._ll]_tt92l, Harold Fey, John E, ljinncrty, Q_.-a9292'l92,li1g__Gl-crepe, Charles i-tour-:ton,'?Cj,"'.i.~ lsernian, Corliss I.-amen!_ k, Raymond L. E1541, Bishop Edgar l HeywoodJ. ,ot-man, B. Charucy Vluq,t_e_c-la. Joseph sgblbsslgerg, John l92'e92-inWilliam L. Muuu. A. J. !lust6T.Iamcs H. Floater, Dr. HcnrijJohn A Lapp, Sidney H.o.ward- Powers Ha_p_gu,u|.L John Dos _i':92.~tio¢-'. "'i'| .
IJElmer Browifl, and r. Mary E. 92v'oollg3' has l=-ecorne n vii-e'c,iai1',_ta|1new dislone have been set upthis year. Tlltliie include one in SantaUall£.; Kern County. ulif.; Indiana Civil Rights Tfonlniitloe, B. F. hoNew Palestine, Ind-; Iowa Civil Liberties Union at 1116 ParamountDee Moines; Kanhas City, Kans.. in the Federal Reserve Building;t-ivii Liberties Faniiiiittec in Baltimore with ldauritz Llallgrcn asWestern Massachusetts Civil Liberties Committee at Anlhc|5t'. withColston Warne as chairman; Ann Arbor. Mi:-h.: Kansas City, Mo., BureauJersey Civil Liberties Bureau; Erie Coultry Bureau; Cincinnati Bureau;B l Atn=rl11' Tacoma Bureau licntral Wisconsin; etc. menu n . .in their 1935 report thcr condeinn; The Senate lrbuster on the antily 'bill; Alabama State for keeping tar-ottslioro Negroes in prison; decisionCalifornia Supreme Court denying writ of haheae corpus to lloonry; Ilia!Hagues activities; hicatzo police llleinorial Day activities; Florida courtclslons in l"ompo rose: Ohio National Guards in connection with atrialGotten planter aitualion in Geo:-gilt; New Mexico Supreme Court oncases; Gadsden. A1a., otheinls; San Antonio police; Memphis City oit-iiiBan Antonio police oicials; the .92lassnt-lntsetts State legislative committeevestigating-4auhrersivism; the United States ongreas for enactment atbill seltjing up the Committee to lnvcstiaate Un-Ameriranism; Congress1:-aesir an act prohibiting picln-ting of foreign embassies in District of Co blagew York State Legislature for enacting a bill to prohibit holdingo ' ' ti; Communists they exp:-e.-s glee over Governor Lelmions W10samel; Deportation warrant against .-mart-hist editor; State Depar-limltntion of stay for alien C. I. 0. president of International Woodworllcensorship of State hon:-tls of radical lms; decisions of Supreme CourtGeorgia Tar case, its rt-iusnl to rehear flag-salute case, its refn.~.=al to tjurisdiction in cane of alien slacker applying. for citizenship; its refusalreview conviction cases of Put-rto Ric-an 1-ex-oltitionistn convicted for .
and its refusal to take jurisdiction in the Scotlsboro case.It claims it is with the t. l. 0. suing llayor Hague for an injunctionrestrain interference with . I. O. rights in New Jet-.<e_v. ,It t!lIiti !iZts the Government for shutting out William Gallacher, B
Communist in 1938.The nancial report of thin organization as of January 31. 1937. la: l'26.-i04.2l; expenditures, $25,186.34. Its trust funds show: Receipts, $30.1"Renditures $1,413.47. Its revolving fund, $4-iif; loans tine, $1,129!:1 for Communist International Labor Defense!. It shows total asset!
mfeeo; liabilities of tress. ng the Year it published and circulated in addition to its regular1 weekly, monthly, and annually, some 43 pamphlets and books, rig the militia, Congress, alien inter-rerence, S0{'fl.l.ii::921 inner pl 3-Tedd. Dr. James M. .=£.~...UN-AMERICAN Pnor.i'o_t1<D_t ACTWITIES
Supreme Ffourt. censorshipa, etc, Que of the pamphlets was an
Secretary lckcs entitled Nations in Night gums
It says it will ght in the next - e .ind deportation laws "to end an g:é3£:92l§B£;]l'E're>ts for changes in the itIt Wm ght against mum"? tralnmz in 8:808? to admit all lll withe ling salute and loyalty oath regulations wh 0'5 *'*. 'l ~ !1'3%9i- 1"tr Will, it says, ght for the release or all u$§if.;l'3]l'.l;l,gj. 0 j r is ners '
ggditilm and criminal syndlcaliem laws.
It will fight to prevent dgcla 15 -law during Strikes. It will agr:¬;L;:t%fmg1eart'a,§, laws and S_"spe 5freedom of our colonies. etc. ' ta 0 and mom; "39 *
Footnote: Open letter of Fred Be IUnion during the Gaston , NI C cit; i-l_lilf:;!;1ded hiy the American Citcall to get fed up on Connnunislri in Rusei:I:fnE1r égsrggld T0 Smile 1 urn o the Unto serve a 20-year sentence:
"Room 'BA[,|J ']'._JoH"HUg;;;2¬of American Civil Lr'be:'ries Union,
"Noa;g;i,i£;oi:;fCa philosopher and edummr
_HA;:;f*FuF};r;l!f the American Socialist Pm-r|;_
~...;'.¬";.?:'.:'*lz'.i...'f;t. " "M
.-lndnrtrlcl 0:1-per! of Russell S13;-'-9 Foundation,
Yon and the rm - .battles for full ail.-t1t.¢l"Z'i> °1.§lf,,,1 ;*,.;',',"*b;~§1-1': supported me in themws in Soviet Russia which I ,am hrln hill ezented in the story gti-I cannot remain true to my ideals ans E oi the American masat the press wlliciz ,1-.79 gargegs. imdtr i,"n,1a,|1_§11e11t. _You andand cmlrlermled the iniquitiee of the Ft:S :i:;!:1i¬'1f!;]l:!¬'[21fI?pliavgtélflsr I1 ' 1d|"'}':l;1'5|liD in Germany. 3
.- n you and the so-¢a11eq kmemu be * Pals have eitherunwittlnglv blinded yourselves to rh . 9 iniquitous and reactions
dictatorship in Sorlet Russia."
In 1938 the American Civil Liberties U i FmLabor Defense in having S¬92'eI't1l billqnilgtggin '19 C°n n "1Stc1'i_lllJl_B the use of the National Guard in wriousiegrlgingge Housell nus l.'. ed Z -of our Natrilglllli Iligggaélggzddinguzclng the police and the Nat"Slum Wachers mth It contimfes 1ilgilzgigfdimeieugion in an h - ' ' 5 I1 it tas recently taken up the Cudggls for the GL0 a o tl:
oniomo own. unmmra C°l92[|."I.'1'1 J[}N'l~92 3,
Olcc .
nil, E -- ' . - "l'l1; rear - , 'L§!!: i§:1 B°mh d- C°""-991, William E. Rotlrig92tc;:lgxtg?i:ie I
Elrcouline 130",-,1 ._Ed Benarrow, Gm, C Ff rnlmrd. Jessie F. Bin.to1'd. Robert T::i:eJ Ilisll 1 la L.e{.,iob£:il:1 11? %§:Z:' :lt1Pl'E92la |13dMi "Ii? 1.? [En Iirlftpl 4. ' ' ' - E 1tlharp. Rotgttltu-:tciIT?'i;il1!i-un'1*-E2 §°d__,,li¢ll§1. Charles P. Schwartz. lAdmin? boa é.__R "Ii rnui n. 'i'niir|o'w. anti Rev. vii B_ Tflrh"'" P"°f' Perv; H. Bgggggnsi Rm Nmpmn B" Barr P'°f' F.1. Cooke. Pm. William El'Dodd. 1ilaP1BmkPm}ge' PM A '1'mt. Thomas n. Eliot D1-Fowl R r B Dlckermn PM Pl Unreal-or Plir 5 1.1114 - Embree. John M. Fowl-es._, ____ _ .'l1ABB II-n I "..¢|92.-t-r I'J,.-..:|.__. 1 _ _ _Ion F I-11.1357! LIUL. n. uualnuc nriyuuu, Llliillll HQTSTPIB, DIt ti .W -"4 Pl L Kuhn. Prof James Vi-eber Linn Robb: Louis I.1' I M _ ti ' . n ,Mew! _n. Catllerine ll. McCuI|och, Re .u_de 121 ???r. Charles 0. M -W. Reese. Amelia Sears P1?;;]g¥P Joseph L M0Ss' Rum ' Pam
El_niGth.vRev. Ernest F. Tim.
1 u. 437763,
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l|OU 0. .. Al -ii.-_ul92 .92.92 lli|yl.-92U.92l92lJ.92 l92L"{'lVl'1Il~}$ m°"' "1 " ""' °°' '"'" '=° -aux the Yuan -Communist League believes that real educat 8
M8lILllOI' 1. A state or, regional council shall be constituted [[1 311regions designated by the National Council, having live or more brunt.-big:
Ioung Onmmunlst League. Sm. 2. Any member of the State dlommittee may be recalled by n
- vote in a state netereudunt.
- "A3110!-I IX. NATIOIIAI, mvglo '
Sncnon 1. The national convention shall be the h h t bod 1' ition and shall have the power to decide upon all llllkelzi oi p{>li!cy.the 0 Sm. 6. The convention shall be ruled by the order of business and p
_ proposed by the national council subject to change by a majority vote ni convention.
Sac. 8. All decisions of the naonnl convention with the exception of
mints to the declaration of principles and bylaws, and election or ml
iJaaaf:¬:i'i. shall he made by a maiuriti vote of the convention.
" "arrrcnll tn. as-rronu. council. _
HSam-Ion 1. The national council is to nsi t Q-national vice president. national executive s?cret?iry?ar::eu$g1E:flaadvassergtsirly. and 56 additional members._- . e national council shall he the e bod if mm, _het-ween aessibua or the national convention. Biiu mlgeosugiedgdsiom
_; formulate such policies as it deems necessary,
.. "Sec. 6. The national council shall elect 21 oi its members as the ahboard, which aball meet at least tour times a year.
. "as'ncLI: xv. nsancls l
lmwon 1. all branches and committees of the Youth Communist 14,.lhlll kw» nancial records and shall issue nancial statements periodically,"3511 2- EVE17 YWIIK Communist League convention, whether national Sou
- Rlillll. 0r'counl;y. shall set up uditl 1 l the is he {aiding bowel W *1 I13 comm t ee to audit the nals-at
-. - arms: sun. nmsioss or -rm: rouse colnrUms1' LIAQUI
."8Icnolt 1. me national council hall lie.ot the-organization as it deems nelcessary Zprgfopgmsfé ?:u:tll :1]i:s.d".-
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_ "arrives nu. xnrnsanonan as-nr.r_a1-1011
' Smol 1. The Yo Co new1- -use ». .1. sit. @."..;':...,....'ss:.:.&.*:*:. "*"='= M 0*
_....... __ . '_-_._ 'uau.|u.a'.l'10192lB
..:%r°.:*".l..-..l':.'.."...."°""... :::l.:. ;".;:;t.l.."n" = ""~ " - '",, gue.It smug The um! °° "° "hall be emllvwered to issue such publicationssees t and to take measures to insure their circulation among the youth.
7 I
-. aa1-wan :11. nrannr -
Baa-nos 1. The emblem at the-Young Cdmmuplgt 1,9,8 an 11 be 3;, up1:1 gédgspozi a red nve D0lnt star. encircled by a golden l_92§ L:g!g92_92_QQ gm-1
The followllll statements of urpoaegLeague are to be found in its He¢nmtlo:ngrb§1L£1p?§;,m,§°{l;'§'i;cm'immwtgegafeihg lllflltll the maintenance of democracy today they will on we who hen 11:11!-Id vision oi tomori-owa new social order~-socialism!wh t it "Q 5°c" 1°" 9'" 901111117 not only for what it is but Im a can become. not tor its suffering or today but tor this plmlli d onture-wheu America shall belong to the people.' ' U AMElUU.92N liiUl'.92G.l92;92'lJ.92 ACTIVITIES
m mush bo a- study and action, by combinirq the stud:-ghoul as illuminated by Marxism-Leninism with active purl-H -Ind progressive movement. - l4-he young Cpllllllnit League is an organization for ednt-.. ~.. .-. ..
and particularly test.-ism. its most Iorm. denies
d d grades even that culture which la available. -w.:?:g§ml;ll12e cgn win the great battles that-lie ahead. Because of the
re menace ot war and fascism, we consider as the-most important and:'f:1I1|[ task the unication of youth in behalf oi! their moat essential needs-
ie are happy to note that this is already taking place through sucb~ move-genlli an Christian Youth Building a New! World and the American Youth. i . - 92Lu~'lI :$:; more than ever the onrush of war and fascism should unite Socialist
.4 ';;mn|11[]15t youth who have declared their belief. in-a Socialist society.
-no followers of 'rrot?kY B?@ fell "PL °° '5 "T°°"""". Ed "t?'? E,!!'._ !|y mud or sociallsmtl1e Soviet Union. '.l.I1By'll.ilV'Q'C01l8pl1'9 Wlllll rasusm
3 11.-ft-at the heroic struggle oi! the Spanish Peoples Front. -
"We will enlist the support of the youth or the Nation to insist that the
us-ricun Government adopt an efective peace policy in cooperation with theFM gorts of the Soviet Union. We are unalterably opposed to the reac-
uianlrles of this Nation who would draw us into another war in alliance wt
94- Fascist powers. _ '
-we oppose the expenditures of billions of dollars for armaments in Arm
and propose that these funds be used to help young people secure edumtio,-9|.,l-mi-lit. We favor. the nationalization 01' the munitions industry
inure: the amlltion of the Reserve Officers Training Ceres nod the @-
hm at all Army influence and personnel from the Civilian Conservation
ma, We pledge our aid to the annual student peace strike.
"We condemn American intervention in the internal affairs ot tls
Anrflclll countries and the Philippines. and we support the PUBIR
pupil» in their ght tor independence. We support the struggles .
-wmsed peoples the world over. ._ l"The Young ommunist League gives its a92|]Ipo!t't.o.l.lle rst land at so-clnlilir Soviet Union. ' '-" ill-al democracy ourishes and islextended-under the new 30Vi¢l=
snulion. - =="-'- ~" ~-7 . .
We hall these triumphs as a chaliengi sulfa: inspiration to amerlel
1 forecast or wliat socialism can mean-in Ml ll-hi The 3'-"i=1 lilllll H11
nwrtl illee achievements because itlhaa remmd true to the Principles 0.!
ulrnlatiuuslism, and has been guided-by 4:he~tea¢hlI18 01' H111. $118918. Il-IL» - 1nasuuln. _ . . 1"We will support all measures aiIae4£"' lfllillllellli 01' Q.Communist E3110 adilallf [l0W918 Of t r-l~-f.The following is a ls e oer! ll." Y0 !!!
ll Green, national president. "-'"- -. - - -"'- "" ' - -
Angelo Herudou Negro!, naolsl wiaflileb
in-llry Winston, national ad"_'.l-:'.ietrtlil'¢'!!¢1'9t".7- '
1arl Ross, nnLl0nill executive seet'etll'!-' "
Fcieatc Struck. national student dllilnl ',. l -=
I ¥..L!|;I |- ! - Th r: vilack Kilns. State 8!e !l-l£l1I¢El'l'Ix H1109 _ltlarencecozrence. " .$ 1 -=3 Di k,-w-";' I[lava Doran. FT! 1"! -
!l_'II'r_Wlnston Neg|:n!..- __ ___ _ __ ' '
Laud lnown. iltate secrets;-;, wQgf92§T'T1- f¬I1IIl7I.lI-
' "III! Struck. _ /-
Ial Wells. Silte Ofgjniigf. Qh[q_ ll/4 A "c 1.7" llvrton. Harlem, N. Y., orgaairkll. ' 92_-.- l
Jun Lillie. State secretary, New r!o1*¥~' - ' - t. - ,rloliiefllhn, Chicago--organiser. '
If "n. Los Angeles organizes: -7'1!-I Fllrrr. Birmingham, Au...» sremllm ..
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It'll! I'.92C'l'Ul1' A IUIHBEBB
in its companion pamphlet, The Communist Party in Action. this statementmay be found: We must build our revolutionary unions and the l'e92'rIltlii0ilar]oppositions of the A. F. of L. unions rst of all in the shops. Our slogan itEvery shop must become a fortress of communism." The iom|n1misis furthtt
state, in another pamphlet, The Manual on Organization: "The way of the ilntl
overthrow of the old order, and the establishment of the newtbe proletarludictatorship. " " ° These experiences will be learned in the tiny-to do
struggles " ° ', in strikes for higher wages and shorter hours, in strutgles for relief, for unemployment insurance, against evictions * ' '.
"'l be workers learn through their own experiences that they must havenCommunist Party, which leads them in their struggles " . In order
achieve this, every available party member must join the union of his industry.craft, or occupation, and work there in a real bolshevllt manner."
rm: cnssermor eunsm '
The shop unit is trained to work in a conspirative manner, in order to org:
he and lead other workers, to safeguard the organization and to preventlmembers from being tired. The C. I. 0. follows this line and uses the Nutio
Labor Relations Board to force relnstatements.Communists elplain their stand in their publication. The Way Out: It Communist Party! must work toward the bringing together the indepentiand revolutionary trade unions into an independent federation of labor.building of such I broad class trade union, center of all class unions wltl
stand outside of the American Federation oi Labor as u part of a widelutionary trade union movement, is an important task of our party ' ' '
The outstanding events of the recent period are a more rapid and deep-gal
radieaiization of the workers. already expressed in the growth of a militant rnstrike movement already embracing large sections of workers in the basic ind
tries"it is interesting to note that as early as July 10, I933, the Communists alreahad high hopes of success in the auto industries. In an Open Letter to
Members of the Communist Party, issued by the central committee of the
mnniat Party. they claimed that "the success of the party and of the Au
mobile Workers Union in Detroit shows what can be accomplished by the pa
and the revolutionary trade unions in other districts when they vigoro
defend the interests of the workers and carry out the principles of concen
tion In the proper way." The C. I. 0. has continually concentrated its etto
first on auto, secondly on steel. and announces a containned plan of concention. Homer Martin, head of the C. I. 0. auto unit is now faced with C
mnnlst trouble makers in that industry.
UIIIKE» IIHEABBAI-H IUD IIIVOLUTION
"In the twelfth plenum of the executive committee of the Communist In
national, Prepare for Power, issued in 1934, they declare: "The revolution.
a certain extent, veils its offensive operations under the guise of def
' ' Strikes are mere dress rehearsals for the revolution." It is notices
that the various moves of the C. I. 0. are painted as defensive, and the bl
tor dilculties are shouldered on others. __ '
The following quotation is taken from the eleventh plenary sessions re
Every shop must become a fortress of communism, and every member of
party an organizer and leader of the daily struggles of the masses."In August 1935, in New Steps in the United Front. the Clllmhit I"
national advocated united struggles of the workers and unity of the t
onion movement in each country." and ordered the establishment of one t
anion for each industry; one federation of trade unions in each country:
international federation of trade unions in each industry; one general inte
tlonal of all trade unions based on class struggle." This apparently is
C. I. O. plan for its sections are set up mostly if not entirely, each toone industry, and each are internationals. Communist movements change i
names as frequently as their organizations are discredited in the public
It is signicant to note that recently the C. I. 0. has ht-t-1| speculating
renaming itself. It is understood that the names Council, Federation,Congress, are being considered. It is understood that a convention of
C. I. I!. will be called in the fall for the purpose of deciding on a new ntuna"'1 92-ii-92t92LlJ92iiit - -U4-5
C. I. 0. ECH lI.'l IOHCOW DEMAND!
At this Third International C 1American section, the Comm1rnis't'n%'a';'t'; 1?! i'1'1";5 li"r';it1gtiJs§'t""i' the head qtthela tle United States have already before the Congress in t'1.§"...'t."|.§°':,e|'3.,j.,; 3::r em f t d i -- . ' , 'il;.......i....15 ..i.Ei..°§1t.lT " "" ' be"e""g e"de"t'y they had Lew and
Earl Browder, in detallin th weed .the members of the Comrnugist ePal:"ty att:@'t't'f1'in§'tt§§"'@@'£i'¢'§'§t't§"i""*'~'z"""" '0City held the same year, called for a greater intensification 0'; th: Co't'::'m§:|l:
drive or strikes, for industrial union cancelation of f '. _ H 1 - armers debts andallférgg 9 BB0 Urged his followers to ght against the deportation orwithin their ranks d dand Japan. Later we saw the 6,"; 3'f"'lir?i':>':;"|°'Bn t?he _ IC t, f l d t l . .'.i. ?.§l;. " """- -Wis on W. -
The report of the ResolutlParty of the U. S. A.." made "19'gts"t'i'.'.-ci'|'t't-':=:'g' t¬1':::"::':e'1'1'::o|" ""e<g'e commum drive forward more energetically oh the issue of orgagling ait: 't"92',1k gig
industries. industrial unions, »must seek to isolate the reactlgrlig";i'Ta'%1.eaa1':$'ggte';¬ c'tas"'ls3m8g'e" Westand in the way of Organizing the unorganized. demdnei an ugtriesl whoillas over from words to deeds ' * '.' to promote the or ruins; C'ogI' 8'power of the working class for the higher stages of strn la f on t Ethrow of capitalism and the establishment of sociansm-.581?! :5 the marstrengthening of shop units and for their increased ' ti CT ed for theIITISIIIIB. to establish additional units in auto steel mbbelinngeke; t'..".I'u,{'Q',§fan to develop within the A. F. of L a 'strugg'le for i' d i '5They hve isolated the A. F of L and'are now attem n mu a' un'on'm"Martin - - pting to isolate Homgplmmsm head of the C. i. 0. auto unions and the struggles were immediately
9RDl'1!IB ID DIBBEGARD GOVERNMENT
Gamma! unions today. mentioned s tn "g pagiclulatgy those unions in the Cl?rysieis ?t:$':-'sl'in¥l'.'I'c?tor:,'.Vhi:eirt-tc'>':etS'tg¢1'u5 91' 0 Y. . it La hii , "1 3" the Yllbbggfhli. 8Hdugacl?tn;'in§i'u§t'i"i§: C%§:r:r't'e't'itr; Niflli {Auburn punt"llleketlijng until all demands were met, and to reject all gfots E: :anb'<!kr-await:ere unigns wlgehevygulhhngioievitd G""emme""' It demanded the f°rm'm°n d
mu mm one mpnbm of irikgrigcgngreggétalléazsnalndi presigential boards. ertainly these have been tn t u r em 8 we" """*~ F- of L- Mrs recently. the: tn? 1~ze:t1gna'1"'i's't'>br"Rg1'a§|:>':t'§ %' ""3 extent theb"'A"'e 0' 1' 0' are painting 5- F- of L. unions as comDlnyo':1';1io?1':x fhargs ~ -1898 an example of nccess the Communists pointed out that there were
- mikes. bringing out 1.141.363 workers with the loss of 15 541329days in 1935, as compared with 894 strikes in 1931 which it cl 'b workm279.299 workers with the loss of 6.8381R3 working dove Th a b fought outthese losses in wages to the workers as Communist successes, BY ra§BBfi over
anus PBAIBI Lswtsiros APPOINTIHO ans-|:r,s
Until 1934, th Co i t .rue Fm?-5 =l 1?<@1.1;°...;:.*:*.:.":." .:"=.':. :.:.°..':.':.¥.:.;.'?..'; -.§i."'"- '.....an at that time. The "reds" termed them labor 1 1Ed k t m seaders, strike breakers,... ::.:.;.::::. *s:..;:' rs 5.2:; 22- Re" on ~=. o ese men is praised, and William Green.-"mhew W011. and William I-Iutcheson, A. F. ot L. leaders, are so .m.1.,..,,M_e Communist report Stated: While we meet the I !mud great crusade rcanv trade unionism .mto th. . . is launchillt themono | ' 9 Oi-19!! H1101! citadel ofmm I;°9i9:??l:Eel1I:- thlgg-lgilgmfnhgitrgnin has been seen in the labor movementme rst great Organizing cam I 1 Dari; Comrade Foster. carried throughthe great general strike We pa gn n"t"'£ R ee' ""d""t"y' which culminated inpossible without the-me i tier indttstrt 1119 transformation would have beenmcimtlon or the com ii an Hook oPT1!- W911 Planned, and well directedovement." At this tim.'h' Q -" t° ~"° ad S f° ° '°"s in this Q 1- 0-!Ind referred jubn-gm to 1 ant over the Lewis C. I. O. more
Y leart and expressed appreciation over.1
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