Document text
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FREEDOM OF INFORNIATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION
COVER SHEET
4
SUBJECT: LOUIS "LEPKE" BUCHALTER
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION
COVER SHEET
SUBJECT: LOUIS "LEPKE" BUCHALTER
62-9937 9-9
>192 I . *. _v_ .
Uje l Memorandum - UNITED STATES eovsnnmsnr
TO | Mr. Nich0fQIVm/ p DATE: Augoust 18, l955 x: J . ' Belmont
// }-hrbo.._---- NolaROM I M. s Parsons __._._
R¢en___--
Timur
IUQIXI » Iinterrow .____Y,/I Tale. Room _._
0/V Hollomnn____
ALL ::<"r::::.-2:-.'r:0:: 'S{!Z~¬1'.92II-3ED °"°"
11:-.=.""'-1" " " ":1 ss - ~A
; ./_, On August 12, 1955, our office s
, who is preparing various reports an paper on ommunist aggression or is 1'1-
bujion to Government agencies within the Executive Branch. None of his material
. ""' is for publication. Since it is difficult for the American eo le t erstand that
' /t Russia s leaders are hoodlums, murderers, et would like to
" draw an analogy in his writings between the Russian an some vicious
; ,-»¬ American criminals. get case histories on such American criminals
4 _ to use for this purpose Sed with him the following individuals:'. pr?" . -4
j John Dillinge col-1 Hall, " Baby Face". W3; Nelson, Alvin ker, William 21$-i Cook,
I Louis Buchalter
Attached are blank memoranda on these individuals with the following
! apprelelnie! !m prm _
Bureau is not presently looking for him.exceptions:
92 /4 /L// lapparently desires to F
F Pu.u.ioy. ; - -
.. t -= -92-O!/~ M1 In h ndicated a desire for a good case illustratinga "Dr. Jekyll-Mr. H de" ' ' t ' ose, we have inclui d
l memorandurn on theRECOMMENDATION: W ' I i
AND AG TIER l pa That the attached memorazndabe approved and rnishedD30 5* Pig; "'= '~*-='= ¢Y~'4~-*'- Q2 ,3 7
use . ;D¢5__;g__io A ______
92 < w .
iv.92 _. J
W August 19, 1955
-.1? '92'. v5.1.. i.'f§ .,.<.-aig»B,,11.15~ as: LOUIS ~1.m>xr:~ s ucx~1.u.'r::R, with aliases
081* Antitrust; Harboring; Perj ury _ 'MEMORANDUM
BACKGROUND :
1-0*" "1-W38" Bwihllter was bQ3'!.1.§11...P§_2£l9.1:.1§.§5.$¥.-
on __F:.0'.0.1fuary.6t.l897, the son of Barnett Buchalter, who had come to
America from Russia and operated a hardware shop on the lower East
Side of New York City. I-lie mother was refined and well educated, and
one sister was a school teacher. His brothers included a dentist and a
rabbi. In his youth. Buchalter attended the public schools and assisted
his father in the operation of the hardware store until his father's death
in 1909. " Later, the family moved to Brooklyn. After completing grade
school in 1910, Bochslter obtained employment as a salesman for a concern
engaged in distributing theatrical goods.
CRIMINAL CAREER:
Buchalter was first arrested on September Z, 1915, on. a
charge of burglary. Released by the grand jury, he was next arrested in
January, 1916, on a similar charge, but he was again released. His first
real brush with law enforcement came the following month, when he was
arrested at Bridgeport, Connecticut, charged with the theft oi a grip from
an automobile. Following his conviction, he was sentenced to the Connecticut
Reformatory at Cheshire, Connecticut. where he was received in May, 1916.
For the next dozen years Buchalter was in and out oi prison
on numerous occasions, being arrested on charges includlnghurglary, armed ~
robbery, grand larceny and consorting with criminals. During this time,
he became closely associated with Jacob Shapiro, and the notorious careers
of the two were closely allied thereafter.
During the early 1930's. Bnchalter and Shapiro turned to the
lucrative rackets which were plaguing the entire New York area. In the
_ years that followed, they built a criminal empire seldom matched in§§§,§"m,;'_:_the annals of racketeering. The activities oi their mob became the subjectg§:,l_ft_____-of headline after headline in the metropolitan dailies. with the typical
Harbo weapons oi their ilk, they attacked the poultry. fur. artichoke and clothing§;'fZ.;;:_';iadum-m. Brutality, violence. intimidation and vandalism were cm.-
Kr" stock in trade as they moved in on ourishing businesses. Lead pipes.éi-ti»-eteach bombs, bullets and strong-armed bandits were the tools they used.mterrow .___ -- L. 1 '#604501 6 - 9 9 37 9 .= 9 i" 19
»._.~ . . 0
..-92 _ _ ~§- 9_ , ,
It was soon obvious that it was far less painful to give the outlaws their"cut" than to defy them. One New York man, sitting quietly at home, wasapproached by a stranger" carrying a folded newspaper. Not a. word wasspoken as the intruder took from the newspaper a bottle of acid which hedashed into the face of the innocent victim. leaving him seriously burnedand scarred for life. The owner of a business in New 3'e1'q?.learned theways of the raclteteers when his plant was bombed. Buchalte:-s hi:-slings,armed with iron pipes wrapped in newspapers and with guns. staged a. 7daring attack on th headquarters of a union while a meeting was in progressAnother enemy of rackets was found in a ditch in Detroit. tied Securelyin a. jackknife. positi92on. a Q .
Once established as a kingpin oi this vicious empire; 'Louis Buchalter found it convenient and undoubtedly much safer to retirebehind the scenes. He became one of the wealthiest oi men. living in ~sumptuous luxury and directing his reign of terror from afar.
Although arrested on many occasions. he seemed to beimmune to punishment. Finally, .however, towards the end of 1936.authorities started to close in. ln November of -that year he was convicted,with Shapiro. for violation of the Federal antitrust laws. The followingAugust. Buchalter and Shapiro were indicted. mar other-s,hy a grandjury of New {fork City for conspiracy to extort mo 9 from clothing manu-facturers. with a long list of other charges about to he leveled against him.Buchalter decided ¬6' go into hiding. He dropped out of sight, but whilecontinuing the tremendous investigations necessary to bring him to justice.authorities directed their attention to his henchmen. Federal and localgrand juries began studying in detail the methods and records of theracketeers. Buchslters underworld associates were being forced to appearin court. Big shot mobsters in various parts of the United States weresummoned to appear before grand juries. ln short. "the heat was on. "'The hoodlums facing the grand juries realised that the whole illegitimateempire was crumbling. with Bmehslter" apparently about to squirm outfrom under it. New York -authorities, however, had not forgotten him.They issued a $25. 000 reward for him. dead or alive. The investigationof the FBI to locate Buehalter was intensified, and the pressure from theunderworld for Buchalter_e appearance mounted. Finally, in August, 1939,Buchelter found that he could no longer hide, and he was forced to give
himself up to the FBI. _
DISPOSITION: ~
i
On December Z0. 1939, Louie Buohalter was convicted uponthe first of ten indictments in U. 8. District Court in New York City.
ale
92_ » --
-> .4
Qt-.
Two weeks later he entered pleas of guilty to the nine remaining Federal
indictments. He was sentenced to 14 years in prison and placed on
probation for ten additional years. Other charges, including some for
conspiracy, harboring. narcotics and antitrust violations, still remained
to be disposed oi. In March. 1940. he was found guilty on 15 counts of
an indictment by the General Sessions Court in New York City, for which
he was sentencedsto a term of from 30 years to life, to be served upon
completion oi his Federal sentence. He commenced the latter term at
Leavenworth Penitentiary in April. 1940, bet the law had not finished with
Louis Buchalter. He was later found guilty of murder in Kings County,
New York, and on March 4, 194-4,he died in the electric chair at Sing Sing
~30
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION
COVER SHEET
SUBJECT: LOUIS "LEPKE" BUCHALTER
60-1501-64
r
.1
~r"
1 _ FEDERAL BUREAU OF IN'VES'I'IGA'I'ION /RM NO.
if-_ :H|sCAsE 0|-ulsirmrz-:0 AT NE;-I YORK N. YB? FILE N0- 60_3o2 V km¢ _ .'_ REPORT MADE AT: DATE WHEN MADE: I PERIOD FOR WHICH MADE: REPORT MADE BY:X. f: 135-? YORK cm: I e-10-as j I e/:5»-9/as 5
/ CHARACTER OF CASE J! . -° Q , xii -fin,/ th alias T FUGITIVE. ANTITRUST -:4}"§92 1; o.
TGITma i _;= 92 t /4" '<iIT1VEi§e°P 81» , :57 ~~I furnishes additional information _92
regarding alleged illegal activities of subjectunions herein, also involving Morris Stein. b I
Dressing Corpora threats "l ,received from union officials. Subjects Buchalterand Shapirq out on bail, said to have gone to Europe.Efforts being made to ascertain if they obtainedpassports. Case as to them set for August 12, 1935.Their attorney advises Shapiro will appear but in-forms Buchalter is in Europe for six or seven weeks.Their records and descriptions set out. Records anddescriptions or other available information concern- , ing fugitives herein set out.
_P_ sezwiuaiis.
DL-"r',uLs ~'
REFERENC Bureau letter dated July 31, 1935; New Yo;-k 0fr1¢e o.'_ _ -.r-»-;s¢~l@tizer-te_Bureau~ 8 1935; and report _ g 1 Z ./ ./ ~ ' I »»-~ Qf Spéciaj; Agent I-few York Cjty,'t .-: i dated February 4, 1935. 57¢.- ,» '.If vv .53 ' 5'' re V. §92 ' 7; / IM/ 1! 1- Y / DO NOT '//RITE RN THESE SPACES i 1k > 0 ~
/4 I -_
J V . ~'* ' - / / , -- nfcsaccc AND mosxso. t ' .1 ~ ' ~ APPROVED AND / - I __ 2 '
I f..- .-* K /4!" 1 t - . I I-' 92:. :'.'.wr ' ' 'FoRwAR..£D. ////X §N=Cmw2 U 92_92_ , _ ' " ' BUREAU oF1.92|vzs"r|cAr|':>>a 7 cm-I¢:92:_. o rtcomes #2415 REPORT FURNISHED T0
I-X .1 1/- * .-1- P
._ {J
8.. Bureau ll Encls.! />:;.4__,___,/_. 3 Q. Q M ;"__"; ~ _ 1 '11* . " 4 ,,v A 21:2: -~.. - ._ ' T"° "° ml" 2 /I , 7,31 "1 ~< - ~ M ~-Washington Field 7.» ' ._ , °Q§iT" t _A_ _ J 'U ~. -~ - " 4. _ - New York -John Harian Amen, Spec.» »5 -T=3°'E ."°,.-v ,r<;= t
caLi/
t I,~ 2 Enc s 1° -$1213.; Gen.J_0 E§cchax1_ge"-_fj,;_, L _I 81:1 U$$A"-F92.K""!-J?-Il*!5I,I1-6*!! ' ' /I s w
. 60-302 ,
DETAILS:
Under date of May 8, 1-355 the Bureau transmitted
1; th' ff' d f A 't tAtt G ltia ld o 1S o ice a memoran um rom S518 an orney enera . roM Stephens requestin that an interview be had with Newark, N. J., who, on April , u , ada resse a comp e n to the Department concerning the leaders of
Local #2 of the Fur Dressers Union, and Local #3 of the Floor Workers
Union. In discussing this case with I-Ir. Albert J. Law, Special As-sistant to the Attorney General, Hr. Law suggested thatbeinterviewed in his office and that he would arrange to have a requestsubpoena sent to_for this purpose as soon as the trial of theFresh Jater Fish ase, which was then in progress, was completed.
Agent called at Mr, Dewey's home and, not finding
him in, subsequently contacted him by telephone and he stated thatit would be agreeable to him to call at hr. Law's office, Room 550,
Old Post Office Building, on August 8, l935.
Agent then interviewedand, as requestedin the memorandum of Assistant Attorney General Stephens, obtained a
statement in affidavit form wherein he alleges that payments to racket-
eers and gangsters in connection with acts of violence were charged to
"Organization Expense" of Local #2, International Fur Dressers Union,
and alleges that Morris Stein, who has been active in the Fur Horkers
Union for the past ten years or more, took an active part in many of
the bombings and assaults which had occurred in the fur industry in
recent years; that, as an indication of this, the time records of the
State Fur Dressing Company, formerly of Brooklyn, N. Y., but now lo-
cated at Bound Brook, N. 1., by whom Stein was then employed, will show
th t h w be t fr W k whenever an act of violence occurred fu a e as a en om or ; r-
ther, that in August, 1934, the officers and some of the employees of
the State Fur D1-essin Com an then in Brooklyn, were assaulted by aI mob led b Local #3, International Floor
92 -Yorkers Union, and the En ddare-h,-~ , the State Fur Dressing plant at
' Bound Brook, Ii. J.,was sTui-rounded and threatened by a mob led by Morris
Stein; also, that recently, there had been several meetings of the pro-
prietors of the Fur Dressing Company fortthe purpose of organizing a
new association similar to the Fur Dressers Factor Corporation, which
meetings are rumored to have been called by Louis Buchslter, alias"Lepke". The signed copy of_affi-iavit is forwarded herewithtopthree copies are being forwarded to the Bureau, one copy
is e ng oraarded to Trenton, and two copies are being retained in the
file of this office.
-3-we
60-302,..»
No leads will be set out at this time based on the
informatio cont ed S - n ain in ffidavit pending discu sion ofthis matter with Mr. Law w o W1 turn to New York City on August :112, 1935.
in Hr, Law's office disclosed the
viewed by former Special Agents.described Morris Steinfas follows:
Name: orris Stein I " M
Age: About 40.
Height: Slightly over 5'
yieight: 160 lbs.
Build: Medium
Hair; Light brown
Eyes: Gray-green ?!
Occupation; Member of Organization Committee
of Local #5, International Floor
Horkers Union,
Has also been connected with the
"Industrial" or Communist Union.
Has also been employed as a floor
worker.
Residence: Brooklyn, N. Y.
An examination e of exhibits in this matter
inter- <:_on jwFebruary 6, 1954, which interview was transc and an
swer form. Two copies of this statement are being forwarded to the
Bureau herewith, and one copy is_beingenetgined in the New York Office
__ 160-';__.;_"'* "£;; 7
Question and answer statements were also found cover-
ing the interviews by the ebovementioned former Special Agents and
Mr. Law with the following witnesses on the dates indicated, two copies
of each of which statements are forwarded herewith to the Bureau, one
copy of each being retained in the file of this office:
ti February 5, 1934.
- January l5, 1934
February 6, 1954.
_ 3 -
, 460-502,
a It appears that the Bureau has not previously beenfurnished with copies of the above statements
F k"Oi 'ce 1'21 "lestw29th Richmond Fnr Dress ng orporation, Ne= Y r fi , .
Street, factory, #l7 Cross Street, Stapleton, S. I., called at Mr,Law's office and, upon being interviewed by this agent, stated thathis company consists of himself and six other partners who are allworkers in the company, and three employees consisting of a watchman,a driver and a floor worker, none of whom is a member of the union;* that the company was organized in November or December, 1933 anddresses only wolf-skins which it obtains from New York City fur manu~facturers, and returns them to the same manufacturers after they aredressed. The manufacturers purchase the wolf-skins from fur dealersin New York City, and the fur dealers purchase them at the market inNew York City or from the ship ers direct located in various parts ofthe United States or Canada, vacated that they have re-cently received threats from t e of icers of Local #5 of the Inter-
national Fnr Dressers Union; that they, however, are unable to becomeaffiliated with the union because the union would insist on sendingman~ workers to their plant for employment, and that there was hardly1,76,
J A
enough business to go around annng the present partners who own the busi-
ness and receive smaller profits than the union scale of wages. He sub-
mitted a statement in his own handwriting signed by himself and his six
partners, reading as follows:
"On August 3, 1935 there came to the premises
of Richmond Fur Dressing<3orp. of l-7 Cross St.,
Stapleton, S. I., a party of three who neperesented
themselves as a committee of the union. This party
asked the firm to join the Union and upon refusal
threatened the members of the firm. They have been
identified as Morris Stein of Local No. 5 of theInternational Fur Dressers Union, and B C' '*also of Local No. 3 of the Internetiona ressers' "
the committee has not been Uion. The third member of
identified.
, These people also threatened-
not to go to New York and bring business to the above
firms
Signed!
N
_ 4 _be? Q
so-s02. J
Reference is made to the letter from this office
t he Bureau dated August 6, 1935, a copy of which was forwarded tohand the Washington Field Office, relative to subjects
Buchalter and Shapiro, who were reported to have gone to Eirope in
of their bail bonds in this case, as a result
in which they are defendants were placed on
call as to them on August 12, 1935.
August 9, 1955, at 12:40 'P.I.T.>,
representing subjects Buchalter end Shapiro,
telephoned Mr. La-v s 0 fice and, in the latter's absence, requested
the reporting agent to inform Hr. Law that he had written to both of
his clients instructing them to call at his office, and that subject
She iro informed hi he 1 ld b * P p tn '-ou e in court on Aucust 12, 1935, 3921bject~Buchalter'sF however, telephoned him and said that Buchalter 9292had gone to rope with and ms not e_<..
pected to return for six or seven wee .s. ,4violation of the terms
of which the two cases
the Court Calendar forThis statement is being forwarded herewith to-W
I
t W9
On August 9, 1935 e teletype message was t1a:13nib-
ted to the Washington Field Office containing the addresses and des-
criptions of subjects Buchalter and Shapiro for use in efforts to
determine Whether or not passports had been issued to these subjects.
The police records and descriptions of these subjects, as contained
in the files of the Bureau of Criminal Identification of the New York
City Police Deparunent, follow:
Name;
Age:
Height;Build:
Hair:
Eyes:
Complexion;
60-302-
Criminal Record: LOUIS BUCKHOUSE, aliases:
9-12-15 as
l-12-16 as
2-29-16 as
9-28-17 as
4-23-19 as
1-22-20 as
2- 2-20 as
9-ll-Z5 as
10-19-2 5 as
10-25-27 as
7-17-29 as
ll-ll-51 asLOUIS BUCHALTER, LOUIS KAHER, LOUIS
COEN; O"?-?PK3'7;» WY,-P'P' #B'"45°45*l9th, 3°?-
Louis Buchalter, N.Y.C. Burglary $<_,Assa: lt; on
9-20-15 Discharged, Grand Jury, Det. Poane,Broderick & Miller, 7th Branch.
Louis Buchalter, N.Y.C. Burglary; on 1-14-16,Discharged, Mag. Levy, let, Court Off. Dowling,
Det. Bur.
Louis Kawer, Bridgeport, Conn., Theft; on 5-l6-16,
Cheshire, Refornatory, Judge Curtis.
Louis Buchalter, I.Y.C. Grand Larceny; on l-ll-18
lg years Sing Sing Prison, Judge Nott, General
Sessions; Off. Hayden, 2nd. Branch, Det. Bur.
Louis Buchalter, N.Y.C. Att/ Burglary; on 4-25-19
Discharged, Mag. Frothingham, 2nd. Court. Officer
Sherry, M.O.D.
Louis Cohen, L.Y.C. Burrlarv; on 6-21-E0, zlvearsSing Sing Prison, Judge Nctt, General Sessions Court,
err. Broderick, Grill <1 I-.!cI-Eeznsra, 18th. Pct. 0.9.
Louis Buchalter, N.Y.C. Burglary; on 2-26-20 Dis-
charged, Grand Jury, Off. Hayden, M.O.D.
Louis Buchalter, N.Y.C., Robbery; on 9-12-25, Dis-charged, Mag. Oberwager, 3rd. Court, Officer Eaton,Safe & Loft Squad,
Louis Buckhouse, N.Y.C., Robbery; on lC-23-25, '
Tischurged, Mag. Silberman, Zrd, Court, OfficerMitchell & Herding, 4th. Squad.
Louis Buckhouse, H.Y.C., Homicide Gun!; on ll-4-27Discharged, Mag. McCreery, Homicide Court, Off.
Conway, 4th. Squad,
Louis Buckhcuse, N.Y.C., Burglary & Mal. Mischief;on 8-1-29, Discharged, Mag. Goodwin, 3rd, Court,
Off. Beakey, Radical Squad,
Louis Buckhouse, Dis. Conduct; on 12-24-51 Dis-
charged, Mag. Gottlieb, lst, Court, Off.'Kelly,
Radical Squad,
_ 5 _; £7 TJ=.'- _ E" -, 5
60-302»V
Criminal record of Louis Buckhouse,with aliases, Cont'd.!
.|
ll-ll-51 as Louis Buchalter, Bronx, Extortion; on
6-15-32, Discharged, Consent of District Attor-
ney; Off, Finkheixn & Franz, 40th Squad, -
6-l2-33 as {Louis Buckhouse, Manhattan, 722 P.L., Off.
4 ' >
_ T._ ,
Nmze:
Age:
Height:
H
Build:
Hair:
Eyes:
Complexion:Race:
Occupation:
Residence:Kirwan & Beakey, M,0,D.
1 " /I _'-cw-----u--n-o _
1,/G1%I
/7
'-
JQSOBiSHAPIRD, alias MORRl$ §BIEDEA§
38 years, born in New York City.
5' 5 3/4"
202 lbs.
Stocky
Medium
Blue
Medium
Unite
Laborer
141 Essex Street, New York City.eight:
chestnut:
A review cf the file discloses that
N b r 22 3 . ' on ovem e- , l9 3, When inter-
viewed b former Special Agents*ms subject 0 '2L gave his address as 105 East 29th
Street,IbW York City, which is theaddress of the Hotel Hatfield!.Crime: i Homicide - Gun, arrested 4-3-33 by
_ _, _ _* Det. I92{cCowen, 66th Sq,_ Pnot¢gra§n§i i"on file in New York.BureauH0ff1¢9,
Criminal Record 3
2-22-15
4- 1-15gases snnplao __a_l_ias monms FREIZZTAN, N.Y.P.n. B-405 '2 it it ,:r'1.
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Mal, Mischief; on
2-22-15 Discharged, Hag. Campbell,
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Burglary; on 7-15-15
Discharged, Judge Malone, Off. Rose, lst. Branch
_ 7 _
60-302»
Criminal Record of Jacob Shapiro, with alias, Cont'd.!
8-21-15
12-13-17
1-25-18
3-26-18
6-26-19
6- 4-30
8- 1-25
5-25-25
10-19-25
10-25-27as Morris Friedman, Manhattan, Burglary; on
l0-6-15, Elmira Refornatory, Judge Crain, General
Sessions Court, Off, Murray, 7th Precinct.
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Abduction; on 12-14-17,
Discharged, Mag, McGeehan, Off, Lipok, 13th Pre-
cinct.
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Grand Larceny; on
l-30-l8 Discharged, Mag. Boyle, Off. McGowan,15th Pct. J ""
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Grand Larceny; on
4-4-18, l year 2 months, Sing Sing Prison,
Judge Mulqueen, General Sessions Court, Off.
Cassasso, & Mugge, Det. Bur.
as Smnuel Dishuse, Manhattan, Assault; on 7-11-19,
Penitentiary, Special Sessions Court, Off.
Schweiger, 49th Pct.
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Bribery; on 6-4-20,
Discharged, Off, Mason, 15th Precinct.
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Robbery Gun!, final
charge, Gun; on l0-27-22, l year Sing Sing Prison,Judge Johnstcne, Off, McCartney & Repetti, Det,
Bur.
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, F810 Assault; on l0-3-25
Discharged, Mag. Frothingham, 3rd Court, Off,_Mitchell & Josephs. 13th D.D, » AA ,a__l~in_ ~' .
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Fel, Assault; on 5-29-Q5.
Discharged, Hag. McCreery, 5rd Court, Off. Murphy,
6th Squad,
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Robbery; on ll-16-25
Discharged, Mag, Goodman, Off. Mitchell & Harding,
4th Sq.
as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Homicide; on ll-4-27
Discharged, Mag. McCreery, Homicide Court, Off.
Conroy & Nammach, 4th Squad,
_ 8 _
6G-302 O ,
Criminal Record of Jacob Shapiro, with alias Cont'd.!
'7-17-29 as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Burglary & Mal,
Mischief. On 7-18-29, Discharged, Mag,
Goodman, Off. Beakey, Radical Bureau.
ll-ll-51 as Jacob Shapiro, Manhattan, Dis. Conduct 722
P.~L. Sub ll; on 12-24-31-, Discharged, Mag,C-ottlieb, lst Court, Offn Kelly, Radical Squad,
4- 5-35 as Jacob Shapiro, Bklyn., Homicide; on 4-4-36,
Discharged, Mag. Casey, Homicide Court, Off.McGowan 8; Giddings," 66th Squad,
-..--___.--~
The descriptions, police records or other availableinformation concerning the fugitives herein i0lloav; The descriptionsand records were obtained from the New York City Police Department unlessotherwise stated!,
" HARRY HANDLER, alias HAIDLERN.Y.P.1>.g'E es4s.* D i
2--21-30 as Harry Handler, Jersey City, If. L, DisorderlyPerson. I30 disposition at present,
9- l-32 as Harry Handler, Ifezvark, I5, J., Investigation.
No disposition at present. ,
Lt. Rowe, D..3.
' F A review of the file discloses that in the report ofV special Agent New York N. Y. dated December 2?, 1932,--HarryHandler, in his s a emen _ ofitggt New'ark:Pol-ice "-De-- ~1 - partment, gave his address as _88,1Ia_Yerly Avenue, Newark, I-T, .T., his occu
ration as a cafe owner, and his age as 55 years,
my
9- l-32 as Zewark, N. .T., Investigation.
0 os on at resent
92
-9-
570
Th»-L ?§".f"./57-" '60-302 0
v- Z
In the report of Special Agen
December 2'7 1932 it is stainformvq that his address wasgave his occupa ion as a huckster, and age,88
It is indicated in the file that both of the above-named subjects were indicted in Newark, N. .T., for the bombing of therlaverly Fur Dressing Company and the Strand Fur Dressing Company, thedisposition of which cases is not shown.
.k'ith reference to the file dis-closes that New YorkCity Police epartmen , s a ed that an ":.'as with theMt. Vernon 35.21 Dressing Company; that he la been with the union, aniwas thrown out fo stealing from the union seven or eight years ago, was absent on sick leave during the period coveredy 1S report and will be interviewed upon his return to duty.
ev'ew of the file further disclosed
Jew York City, testified that ...called on me on other usiness and admitted that they aut
quested violence.-.-This man is from Rhine Eur Dressers,.,.",
' uion heinz interviewed in this
esnect stated that he new of ans Merchants Trhmning Association at 7th Avenue & 30thStree , 192 -I lor' ity, and that he believes he is now with the FurDealers or Fur Manufacturers Association-or re-
The Criminal Identification Bureau of the New»Yo'rk
g ary and dismissed on 1-Iovember 3, 1932. His description follows:Police De artment furnished a photograph and aM:je_co_rd_of_ one' V' 'who was arrested on September '7, 1952, charged with bur-
Name :
Age:
Height:
Height:
Build:
Hair:
b60-503.
7Q-.-r? ' I
Complexion:
Race:
Born:
Occupation:
Residence:
Crime:
Photograph:
L
iName:
Age:
Height:
Jeight:
Build:
Hair:
Eyes:
Race:
Residence:
Occupation:
M : .,.-'.:IT4e:
Photograph: Criminal Record:
92 _ <~-f-_-K
As N.Y.C., Grand Larc., Final
Charge, . On 3-27-18, Sent. Suspended,Judge Bosalsky, Gen. Sess. Ct, D.C.
92 12-27'-21 As N.Y.C. Att. Gr. Larceny, On
7-2 , year & 5 months to 2§years Si Sir .Jud Johnston, Gen. Sass, Ct." 1e 12.0. 2-15-18
O60~302»
Criminal record of v.'ith alias C0Bt'd»! '
12-10-24 As PBk1yn., Grand Larcen . Onl-l - , Dismissed, Grand Jury,-ms 0.1!.X 4-2933 As l Bklym, Felonious Assault. Iron Pi e . Lo dis osition at present.
67th SQQQ
Indicted 5-l5-53; jumped bail 9-2-35.
_--_ ----_-~-~~.__
Jlith ref e rs-view of the file discloses thatDressing Corporation, 276 Cal n,
part, as follows:4-. - I '..., stated, 1..
carze into the
him about"In liovezaber, 193
shop end asked for
e 1'eb....One, late and oos~sibly another, went upstairs UPlieanvhile, I ren for :1 revolver and fired 1». amachine outside with a t ma e h four h n. Th ncums running down with revolver and told me tolay down, which I did. I did not see his face buthe was a big man. The police picked him up outsideof the place nearby with a gun in his possession".
* The police record of this fugitive follows:
,, __ _,. , ;j.'F"> - 'll-10--32 - I-Jew York City, Assault Sun!,On ll~253-52 - dismissed, iiagistrate I~Ze1'vin, 5th
Court, 94th Pct.
Further inquiry by a ent deve o ed that his address at the time of his est was ~iven as Eroo}:lyn,
_ ____________ __
_ 1 -~l _'
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tfl6/
9260-502,
J Hith reference to fu itive Iéax Stein, u review ofthe file discloses that Detective mviousM furnished
information to the effect that Max Stein was arrested at 350
Street New York City, February 20, 1933, at 7:50 73rd Squad, for an assault on. 'v1 Q n rue case has a Jomned to March 14, 1-55, 10th , y Y,
On March 14, 191555 Stein jumped bail of -$1,000. The charge was reducedto disorderly conduct-had a gun with an expired permit. On April 4,1933 the charge was changed to simple assault, 3rd degree, end-withdrew his c9mplaint.__ 1 ' '
The Criminal Identification Bureau of the New York
City Police Department was requested to furnish a copy of their record
and photograph, if available, of Max Stein, but the record they fur-
nished concerned another man of the same name, Further efforts wi ll be
made to obtain the correct record of fugitive Max Stein. '
Name :
-_-_-__-___
389$
Height:
- Build:
Hair:
Eyes:
Occupation:Residence:
zhotcgraph:
Race;Arrested: :_ V _Criminal Record? " V
9- 6-24 neg }.Y.Y.C., Dis. Con. P.I>.! and
Revo ver. n -l2-24, N.Y.C. Refornatory on Dis.
Con. charge, Mag. -Veil. On 9-15-24, Sent Suspendedon Revolver charge, in Spec. Sessions Ct,etn sqd. _
10-25-26 As N.Y.C., Queens!, Burglary. Attempt211 . n e-.-26 Elmira Reforms ory, Judge Adel,County ct. a4tn Pct.
-13-..
eo_-502. O _
Criminal record of with aliases Cont'd.! I
12-15-32 As Newark, N..T., Investigationi e l2-16-32, Sent. Suspended,
d Ct. D.B. Lo t ring . nJudge Albano, 2n A
1-26-33 As N.Y.C., Burglary Final chargeAtt. Gr.Lerceny, 2nd.! On 3-30-33, 3 yearsSing-Sin Prison. Judge Freschi, Gen. Sess.
7th Pct. Note: 2-18-35 Paroled.
1-27-36 aro e expires .
With further reference to subject _pstated that he believes this man is now working for the F11 Dressingrm of Schuster & Gaio, somewhere on Long Island.
Mr. Law, prior to his departure for flashington,D. C., on August 6, 1955, informed agent that Indictment 59695-925,against the Needle Trades Workers Industrial Union, et al, would beplaced on the calendar for call on September 16, 1935.
- It is noted that all of the subjectsin this casehave been arraigned and released on bail.
LEADS 1i%"
N. J. OFFICE will obtain from
Obi} H on of -thesetwo fugitives. If it appears that they are presently in New Jersey, theNew York Office should be promptly advised so that arrénger§ents_§riIay be1 '.£1aa<;£¢'nave the certified copies of indictments and bench warrants for-. warded immediately. '
HAS}-III92"GION FIELD OFFICE will continue efforts toascertain through the State Deparunent whether or not passports have beenissued to subjects Buchalter and Shapiro and, if so, will forward photo-stetic copies of the applications therefor. C
' NEH YORK OFFICE will confer with lir. law relative tofurther investigation required in this matter and will take appropriatesteps to locate the fugitives herein, as indicated in the details of thisreport, - -
PK3DII~.G¢
._ 14 ..J100
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION
COVER SHEET
SUBJECT: LOUIS "LEPKE" BUCHALTER
60-1501-140X
K
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DIRICTOR - -
/ _ glfshzral §1n'2.*-xxx rrf '
31. $, §:;:rrhn.ud of Zinnia
Fvlssim §- L
July 25, 1956
_MEM_0RliNDUM FOR THE DIRECTOR
Re: LOUISGQICKEALTER, with aliases:
l. Z Louis"YkCohen, Louis? ckholter._IT¬'fi5:y, iséitgr, Lou er;~~ _» Louisauckhouse, Loggsiuckholtz,
.1/- y
The Bureau files reflect the following information pertain-
Q ing to Louis Buckhalter, with aliases. He f tte io @, 4. ;_:v~ B e when a com laint was made b -:"$a<;»92V'i;4_ ho stated a o r y een a true _}92f *7 ->"~_{L a or ng ne p s ro V
k I Q I - 0
he had no information to verify this statement. iLeiake, Lgpge Le Icy, Sefky ipke,
m manufacturers in New York City to
andpay 1- a --»~ oars or e
in business; that in 1932 the officers oi the
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, which organization he states
dominates the Knee Pants Manufacturers Association, forced him entirely
out of business; that this union was supposedly for both contractors
manufacturers oi the_!§arment Industry, but that it amounted to a strong-
arm racket which assessed the contractors and manufacturers a fee on
each employee in their service; and that upon the failure of anyone to
pay their demands they were sly unable to obtain workirom themanufacturers in New York. further stated that Lipke, which
is an alias of subject, was an ottio al of this organization. However, "Mr. Nathan ........ ..
Mn Tolson _________ _. {A
M!» Bauzhman .... ..
Mm Clesg .......... ..
Mr. C-osy .------ . .
Mr. Dawsey __.__,__
Mr. Edwards ...... ..
nu. Ewen ........... _.
;; Mr. For-worth ..... ..
1 MI. G18ViR ......... .-
¢ Mr. Barbe ......... ..
Mr. Joseph ........ ..
1 Mr. I4esmr._....
___ y Mr. Nichols ........ -.
~ an-. Quum.-..._.7mm. scan
_ MI. Tracy _________ ..
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In connection with the investigation of the Bureau case
em; Workers of
W&B
New York, he explaining that what is meant by "canvas business"
J" ._-»./~ 1-,». .. t !' :.., ; ,.' <,, Ewing L0 -1-so/6%./-i
> . . @012 .- 4.1..-e W"--"* - * rd *Saws i J
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Memorandum for the Director. - 2 - July 25, 1936
is that canvas was used in men's suits and overcoats, which is a part
oi the industry. No investigation was made to verify this statement.
omplaint was also made byo are manufacturers of paper oxes n ew y,
osep arisi and his gang, of which he listed Louis Lepke as
a member, were interfering with interstate commerce by violence;
that the paper box industry consisting of 215 shops in New York City,
Long Island and Brooklyn, and possibly 40 shops in the State oi New
Jersey, carried on interstate commerce between the State of New
Jersey and New York, and that a small amount of business was done by
the New York concerns with individuals in Connecticut; that there had
been nunerous instances in which violence was used to forc driversof the industry, as well as inside employees, to join thefrruck Drivers
Union, thereby exacting lucrative revenue from the workers in the form
of dues and initiation fees. However, a statement was later taken from
a number of employees of the/National Eagle Paper Box Company, Inc.,
located at 1226 Flushing Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, in which they
stated that Parisi was the main racketeer in the paper box industry
and that he was merely using Buckha.lter's alias Louis Lepks! name
because he knew he was an ex-convict and a racketeer of Greater New
York, and that by associating himself with Lepke, Psrisi could thereby
danand more respect from the manufacturers and from their employees.
Benjamin Heffnan, Assistant Attorney General, Department of
Labor, Attorney General's Office of the State of New York, at 8 Center
ew York City, stated in an interview with Special Agent
t New York City on August 155, 1954, that he had been unable
- o o any evidence which might indicate that Louis Lepke was
connected with the paper box industry. _ This case relating to theracketeering activities of gangsters inthe/paper box industry is
still being inve tigate b the ureau and is
files as JOSEPH
LOUIS LEPKE and
On January 51, 1935, Special Agent in Charge .1. E. P. Dunn,K
_92%s
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gangsters and criminals in_ their locality. The Los Angeles letter advised
that through information. obtained from the Los Angeles Police Department,
Louis Buckhalter, in company with _BenJsmin,6iegel, had been seen in
California and that they had stated their reasons for leaving New York
were to attempt to entrench Buckhalter politically in California; that
Buckhalter exhibited a great deal of interest in the reopening of
dog tracks in California, together with a possible connection on his
part with the slot-machine business. However, no investigation was
conducted to verify this information.
The files furthe
ng an interv ew
on January 5, 1955, tha g
Miller had been killed as a result of orders from New York City; that
the syndicate to which Vernon Miller had belonged, as well as the
entire Barker-Karpis gang, was operated in New York, Chicago, Illinois,
Kansas City and St. Paul, and that the chief connections in New York
were Louis Buckhalter and "Benny the Bug" Siegel. She stated she
was of the opinion that Louis Buckhalter had been instrumental in
causing Vernon Miller's death, but investigation never substantiated
this assumption.b7C
- It is to be noted that during the time Alvip/karpis, with
aliases, at el, were being sought for the kidnaping of Edward George
Bremer, Louis Buckhalter's home at 25 Central Park West, New York City,
was kept under continuous surveillance by New York Police, for they
believed that Harry Campbell mi to contact him since infome-tion had been obtained fm as previously stated, that
Louis Buckhalter was the g s ma n con act in New York City. The
file reflects that their efforts were futile. .b-It
Louis Buckhalter is now being
antitrust matter entitled
originally made the
this
the manufacture of women's dresses;
and that the bulk of the industry was carried on by a system of jobbers
l
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!Memorandum for the Director. - 4 - July 25, 1956
and contractors' relationship, in that the jobbers would buy the
material and design the dresses while the contractors would do the
sewing, operating and finishing of the dresses; that prior to the
Code the jobbers could bid one contractor against the other until
the price of contractor service reached a starvation figure; that
the Code set up machinery whereby the jobber was responsible to
the worker and contractors for a decent wage, and in the event he
didn't pay it the victhh could present his case to an impartial
chairman who would hear the facts and designate the reimbursing of
the complainant, if such was warranted. The large jobbers,
particularly those in the low price wholesale field, rebelled
against this restraint and employed racketeers for protection.
w ' t to evade the articles of the Code. stated
further that he had heard that contractors who e claims
before the impartial chairman against certain wholesale firms in the
Dress Industry, had been visited at night by gangsters and threatened
with death. The individuals who were th e t and the sters gangwho made the threats were unknown ce this was a
rumor that he was unable to verify.
The New York Office has conducted an extensive investigation
on the Dress Industry and advised the Bureau by letter on July 3, 1956
that the Dress Industry investigation would be completed in approximately
six or eight weeks. This investigation, however, has failed to develop
any information definitely connecting Buckhalter with the alleged
racketeering activities in this industry. ,Le and Charles Gurrah, with five others, were named
as being the outstanding racketeers employed b
A news article in the New York American appeared on April 50,
1956, which was entitled "The Garment Racket Drive Opens", and stated in
substance that racketeers moved into the office of Arthur Saffer, Inc.,
1239 Broadway, which is a men's clothing concern, and compelled him to
be banker and pay off men for them. The article quoted Murray I. Gurfern,
who is Special Prosecutor Dewey's assistant as follows: "Starting his
contacts through personal friends,E¥dTer was drawn in by Louis Buckhalter
alias Lepke and Charles alias Jacob Shapiro, until he could not extricate
himself from.hie crhminal associates. Lepke and Shapiro, known ascurrah,
simply made their headquarters at Saffer's offices installing their
henchmen who terrorized business men of the garment district".
I
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Memorandum for the Director. - 5 - July 25, 1956
F The files regarding the investigation of the case entitled
"TEE UR DRESSING INVESTIGATION, ANTITRUST" reflect that the investiga-
tion was predicated upon a complaint received from the VAN>DYE4WAY
COPORATION, located at 465 Straight Street, Paterson, New Jersey,
on December 8, 1951, against the KAMACHATKA FUR DYEING CORPORATION;
THE ICELAN FUR DYEING 60.; TEE PHILIP SINGER & BRO.; TEE GREAT
NORTRERN FUR DYEING & DRESSING 00.; and THE MENDOZA FUR DYEING WORKS,
INC., all of New York City. The complainant and the five corporations
complained of are competitors in the business of dyeing rabbit skins;
that
in a
them
made
thattheir customers are Jobbers who deal in rabbit skins, buying them
raw state, sending them to the dyers for dyeing, and then selling
in a dressed condition to clothing manufacturers. The complaint
was that these five corporations notified the jobbers in attendance
unless all of their dyeing work was given to one of the said five
corporations no credit would be extended to them and that if they gave
any.w0rk whatever to the complainant, not only would no credit be
extended to them, but none of their work would be accepted. Through
the investigation of this complaint is information obtained that a
great number of the concerns in this industry were doing the same thing
and also hiring gangsters to establish their strong-arm tactics.
As a result of these investigations a United States Grand Jury
in the Southern District of New York returned two indictments on November
6, 1955, against a large number of business firms and individuals,
together with two labor unions of this industry, charging them with a
violation of the antitrust laws, in that by their agreements and tactics
they
werewere acting in restraint of interstate comerce. Bench warrants
issued for all defendants on November 9, 1955. ,
Louis Buckhalter was made a defendant in both indictments and
on November 22, 1955, he appeared before United States District Judge
Robert A. Inch, and was arraigned, Buckhalter pleading not guilty on
both indictments, his bail being Bet for $2500.00 and $5,000.00,
respectively. On June ll, 1954, Buckhalter was called before Judge
William Bondy and was requested to give a new bail, there being a
question as to the old one, and at this time his bail was reduced in
the FUR DRESSERS EAOTO CORPORATION, et al case to $5,000.00. Included
in the terms of the bail bonds was a pnnhithniagainst leaving the
jurisdiction without the permission of the court. The Bureau was
informed by letter on August 5, 1955 that there had appeared articles
tp i-92
6
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Memorandum for the Director. - 6 - July 25, 1956
in the newspapers on August lst and 2nd, 1955, by the New York Bureau
Office, that Buckhalter had sailed for Europe. The two above stated
cases were called for trial on August 12, l935, and at that time
J. Arthur Adler, attorney for Buckhalter, advised the court that his
client was presently in Carlsbad, Czechoslovakia, for his health.
Federal Judge Hayes, Southern District of New fork forfeited the bond
of Buckhalter, subject to being reinstated if he surrendered himself
to the United States Marshal, New York City, by September 5, 1935,
the case being continued until that date.
On September 5, 1955, Buckhalter and his family arrived in
New York City aboard the S.S. Berengaria from Havre, France. It is
presumed he was reinstated by the court on this date since the files
made no mention of the matter.
In a memorandum from.assistant Attorney General Dickinson,
dated December 10, 1965, he stated that these tub indictments above
referred to are probably the only two pending against this man;_thgt
Cgmissioner of Police Valentine of New York classed Buckhalter as
aneng the nine most notorious and dangerous criminals in the country;
and that the proof available against him is comparatively slight, this
being due primarily to the fact witnesses who presumably could give
the desired testimony are afraid to do so. This case is still pending
having been continued from time to time by the United States Attorney
office.
It is to be noted that Jacob Shapiro alias Gurrah's name has
been associated with that of Buckhalter all through the investigations
that the Bureau has conducted in the Garment Industry. He too, was
indicts in the same cases as Buckhalter, but investigations thus far
have failed to supply any tangible evidence which would assure a
prosecution in behalf of the Government.
A copy of Louis Buckhalter's complete criminal record is
attached hereto.
Respe tfully,
E0 A0 Tamm.
Enclosure.
,~~~Eg§;;;;;°°*'=R e mtal umn of iinm _
The following is a transcript of the record, including the most recently reported data, as shown in the les 092 , ./92 ,-
YE. 5. Zzpartmeut of 3111511. . '15 -j
Fonn 6
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asbington, E. QB. July E2, 1936.
.
f
t-he Federal Bureau of Investigation concerning our number $31-322228.
Q, ¬<..¢~4m~<~
J. E. I-Ioovmz, Director.
CONTRIBUTOR OFFINGERPRINTSi ,_ V ____ ';_.. -- - - i
I l umnsrmn 011% CHARGE nxsPos1'rIONNAME AND NUMBER ,- RECEIVED _
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Sftef. , ifheshiro,
$021110
iD, Haw York, TI»Y¢
PD, HUI YOX'k| Hays
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U512, New York, NJ.
3u.0£!'., Haw York,
HQYUQ
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|Louis Keuver,
aliases: Louis
Euohaltar, Louie!?7K|92uV!.I'4 "#5171Lou:la Buckhoune,
aliases: "Lefky", _
"Safky", V
Louie Buckhoule,Ilia: "LQp1q/", *
Whis subject 1|
E0121: Buckhalter,
§e1iaa "Lcpkn",
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in "Lepke",
6610
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tunes: "Lepke",
uia Buckualt
2-15, Louis Buc
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é rel. exp. full
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mischief8'21~29 , ziille
11-11-31 92 dis. cam, via. l
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int-appearing on PDQ, New York, 3~!.Y.
iotttied 6-16-33.
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lien Wu Ylork City, e.L.; 1-1 1:3, yr-._
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Single }!.n:j;ur3zrint files oi the Ziursggu
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION
COVER SHEET
SUBJECT: LOUIS "LEPKE" BUCHALTER
60-1501-237
I I
O I.
ieheral urzau nf investigation , .
I. Olimteh étatcs Eivpartment uf ilustlre
9 607 U. S. Court HouseFoley Square ~
New York, N. Y.P November 7, 1957
O-502
Director," Federal Bureau of Investigation,
Washington, D. C. Q
I Re: FUR DBESE-ING INVESTIGATION.
JACOBQSHAPIRO with a iases -6' FUGITIVE. LOUIS"BUCHALTEB
with aliases - FUGITIVE, et al.
ANTITRUST.
. Bureau file #6Ol5Ol!
1 Dear Sir:
It is equested that an identification order be issueo for
[LOUIS BUCHALTER with aliases. Data on this individual for placement
thereon are as follows:
J NAME AND ALL ALIASES: Lou.isoBu.c-halter; aléasesz Louisa K uvar, LouisOKawer Louis Kauver, Loui Lauver, Louis&Buckhouse,
Louis_?Buck.halter, LouisOBuckholtz, Louis':"Cohen,/ L0uis"'Seifer, "Lepke", "Lepky", "Lefky", "5ef1Qm, .1 "" "" """ """-'
/
¢" Fingerprint Classification: 15 Q 25 E II 16 _
M 27 W 0
Offense for which wanted!: Violation Antitrust Laws.
/
A Description :
W
i . Age, : 40, born Feb. 12, 1897 at New York City.
E Height: s'7%"1 _,, _. _Weight: 160 lbs. RECORDED -_ e s e s so , _Color of Eyes: Brown. ;_ _ ».,_. ,. Q "2_ I §Color of Hair: Dark brown. '_ .-- e _ ; ,_;5{__Z_'
Complexion: Dark. "'~-'*--"' -~Build Medium. ¢
"7 Race: White. *-Nationality: 1.meric:-.1: ~- Jewish. ,u_,,,,,,_,_5Education: Grammar School. " ,
-_--,,Occupation: Racketeer. __ 4
Scars & Marks: Appendicitis 0; "L-'*Z 5-_-1., 1
Peculiarities: Nose large rather straight and in-5 Acorms DESTROYED pr°m1ne,,t_ -- »
Q {E5 1359 Eyes alert, shifting. lW @ 6
Photograph taken June l2 1955 bj=Neqr-Y » I -.___ i.n,__B11I-Jean. , ... Ork ?O11C8' De@_-I-tmen-t. On_ file
C! Q vs O ~ I
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92
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Father
Mother*
Brother:
Sister:1 4.9?
Barnet Buchalter deceased!.
Mrs. Rose Buchalter, care of Mrs. Sarah Moss, 2130
Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Emanuel Buchalter, DDS, 110 W. 86th 3treet, Apt. 12A,
?New York, N. Y. Offices: 57 W. 57th St., New York City;
S27 Roebling 3t., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mrs. Sarah Moss, 2150 Broadway, New York City Beacon
Hotel!. Summer address Camp Allegro, Pittsfield, Mass.
Half-sister: Mrs. M. J. Morse, Apt. 8B, 161 West 75th btreet, New
YorkCity.
Half-brotherm_Dr. C. H. Kauvar, residence 1516 Gilpin Street,
Brother:Denver, Colorado. Office address 1580 Gaylord Street,
Denver, Colorado.
Isadore Buchalter, druggist. ! Present addresses not
Halfbrother: Phillip Kauvar. ! available, will probably
" Wife:
Stepsoni
4'
CRIMENAL RECORD:
A esting Agen y;
Cha ge: Burgla .
* .
#-
Charge: Theft.
Name§nder~which received: Louis Kauvar.
f L Regeivipé-Agecy State Reformatory, Cheshire,
Conn.
Crime: Theft.ggge under Jhich arrested: Louis Buckalter.
esting ency:Cggrge: Burgl and Felonious Assault.
e under whtg: arrested: Louis Buckalter.
L_, I
Name-under-whieh~arreste&: Louis Kauvar.
A1'resti?1g'~Agency: PD, Bridgeport, Conn.1 be obtained in near future.
Betty Budhalter, present whereabouts not known. Former
address 26 Central Park West, New York, N. Y.
Harold Buchalter, present whereabouts not known. Formeraddress 26 Central Park West, New York, N. Y.
92
x --
Numb : B 46045.
Police Dept., New York Date: September 2, 1915.
City, N. Y.
Dispo ticn: discharged 9/20/15
ber: B 46045.
Dat 1/12/16.Disp sition: Discharged 1/fly/1ePD, mzc
Number:_ e -
Date: 2/gs/16.
Disposition: s/1e/1e indetermin
ate sentence Reformatory,
Cheshire, Conn.
Number: 517.
Date: Hay 13, 1916.
Sentence: Indeterminate.
Release, manner and date of:
Released on parole 7/12/17;
absconded 7/25/17; warrant
issued £9r~vio1ation of parole,
never executed. Dismissed by
Parole Board 12/9/51.
-3.
92
:6;Uvs 0" c
92~
* Name under which arrested= Louis Buckalter.
UK_ s
M-
144-J:fr-FY.
-31-
>,.
FArresting-Agency= PD, NYC, NY.
Charge: Grand Larceny, Second.
Name under which received: Louis Buckalter.
Receiving Agency: SingSing Prison,' Ossining, N. Y.
Crime: Grand Larceny, Second.
Name under which received: Louis Buckalter.
Receiving~Agency: Auburn Prison.
Crime: Grand Larceny, Second.
Name under which received: Louis Buchalter.
Receiving~Ageney: Great Meadow Prison,
Comstock, N. Y.
Name under which arrested: Louis Buckholtz.
Arresting Agency: PD, NYC, NY.
Charge: Attempted Burglary.
Name~under-which arrested: Louis Cohen.
Arresting Agency: PD, NYC, NY.
Charge: Attempted Burglary, 5rd. 4
Name under which received: Louis Cohen.
Receiving~Agency: Sing Sing Prison.
Crime: Attempted Burglary, 5rd.
N und which arrested: Louis Buckholtz.Aigggzinggtgency: PD, NYC, NY.Char =13 glary.
N e under ch arrested: Louis Buckhalter.
A esting Ag ncy: PD, NYC, NY.
Cha e: Rob .
_5_/
Number: B 46045.
Date: September 28, 1917.
Disposition: 1/11/18, 1% yrs.
Sing Sing Prison.
Number:
Date: January ll, 1918.
Sentence: 1% years.
Release, manner and date of:
Transferred 2/19/18. -2
Number: A 56526.
Date: February 19, 1918, on tranSentence:' "" * "
Release, manner and date of:
Transferred May 21, 1918.
Number: 4474.
Date: May 21, 1918, on transfer.
Sentence: ""
Be1ease,»manner~andsdate~of:
Discharged January 27, 1919.
Number: B 46045.
Date: April 25, 1919.
Disposition: 4/25/19 discharged.
Number: B 46045.
Date: January 22, 1920.
Disposition: 6/21/20, 2% yrs.
Sing Sing Prison.
Number:»
Date: June 21, 1920.
Sentence: 2% years.
Re1eese,~munner*and~date~of:'
Released on parole 5/16/22.
Discharged apen~expiration of»
this sentence 12/19/22.
Nuger: B 46045.Dat : February 2, I920.Dispisiitiouz 2/26/20 discharged.
N er: B 46045.
Date éizxsmbs-1-,~ 11, 1925.
Dispo ition: 9/12/25 discharged.
Illlilll
so-502. Q J
92- Q Q
gr
* e under which arrested: Louis Bckholtz
Louis Buckhouse!
esting Ag ncy: NYC PD.
C ge: Rob . A
* N under ch arrested: Louis Buckhouse.
Arre ing Age cy= NYC PD. . -C:::§b Hom:t§Re gun!.
N e under wh ch arrested: Louis Buckhouse
alias "Le ", alias "Sefky".A:::stin%u:genc§= NYC PD.
Charge: glarY92and Malicious Mischief.
N e under which arrested: Louis Buckhouse
»_alias "Lepky".er: 6045.
Date Octo r 19, 1925.
Dispo ition= 0/25/25 discharged.
N r: B 46045.
Date: October 25, 1927.
Dispos ion: ll/4/27 discharged.
Num er: B 46045.
Date. July 17, 1929.
DispOs'ti0n: e/21/29 discharged.
N ' er: B 46045.
Arre'ting Age cy: NYC PD. Date. November 11, 1951.
Charg Viol. ec. 722 P.L.-"" ' " Dispo 'tion 12/24/51 discharged.
LNeme~under~which arrested: Louis Buckhalter. Number: B 46045.
Arrestig Agency: NYC PD {BR9NX§
Charge: Extortion.
' f/~¢;'f_ _;. ' ~ e ._a""
Nam under which arrested: Louis Buckhouse
alia "Lepke".
Arrest ng Age y: NYC PD.
Charge: Viol. S . 722, P.L.
Name~underiwhinhHarrested: Louis Buchalter.
Arresting Agency: U. S. Marshal, SDNY.
Charge: Viol. Antitrust Laws. Two~indict-
meats,-i.e., U:S;vs."ProtectIve
Fur Dressers Factor Cup; et~al,
sour, 11/6/ss.Bate: November 11, 1951.
Disposition e/15/52 dismissed.
mum r= B 46045. ~
Date: une 12, 1955.
Dispos ion 6/15/55 discharged.
Number: 70172.
Date: November 21, 1955.
Disposition= ll/21/55 released on
bail pending trial.
1if9/56~U.S; vs. Protective Fur
Dressers Corp. et al; convicted
SDNY vio1ation"§herman Antitrust
Act on-4 c6EH¤T 11fl2/56 sentenc
'1w7r:-on each count. Counts 5 and
to-run concurrent with each other,
andwwith count 2, and fined $5,00
on count 1 and $5,000 on count 2.
..>,
Name under which received: Louis Buchalter. Number:
Receivingiégencyz U.S.Detention Headquarters,
Crime:NYC, NY. _Em,
Sherman Antitrust Act,'case~of*U1S.
vs. Protective Fur Dressers Corp.,
8$&l-.
-4- _Date: November 12, 1956.
Sentence: 2 yrs. and $10,000.
Release, manner and date of:
12/5/se released on bail pending
appeal. 5/B/57 conviction revers
by~Circuit Court of Appeals, Seco
Circuit.
. ._92. 0 o 1
9269$ "
July 6, 1957: Subject Buchalter faile
to appear when case of U.S. vs. Fur
Dressers Factor Corp., et al called
for trial. Bail in amount $5,000
ordered forfeited and bench warrant
issued July 7, 1957. Returned "Not
Found" by U. S. Marshal, July 9, 1957.
Also WANTED as Louis Buchalter with aliases: Louis Buckhalter,
Louis Buckalter, for conspiracy and extortion, PD, New fork
City, N. Y.
Indictment was returned by the Federal Grand Jury, SDNY, at
New York City, on November 6, 1955, charging Louis Buchalter alias»L0uis - '
Buckhouse alias Louis Cohen alias Louis Kawer alias "Lepke', and others
with a violati0n=0f the Sherman Antitrust Law, in that he with others
conspired to restrain interstate commerce; to monopolize interstate
commerce; attempted to monopolize interstate commerce, and had monopolized
_ __ "~qinterstate commerce. Y ». ~
-Z.. _ A _ _ .=.*-<~"_,_,, _ .. 5_ ,,,-.-. M7,. . =., »"~-»-~ ¢~-*- -H1»-.~ - -v -
Very truly yours,
R. E. VE'_1TE.RLI, 1;9og._
Special Agent in Charge.
SPECIAL DELIVERY
-5-
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FREEDOM OF INFORNIATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION
COVER SHEET
SUBJECT: LOUIS "LEPKE" BUCHALTER
60-1501-340
- O s U
' FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIONvf
F01mNo.1THI8CAsEORlGINATEDAT I~IEW' YORK CITY NY FILENO- 60-502
REPORT mm: AT mm: wmzn mm: rzmoo roa nEPOR1' MAD! av '
wmcn mun:' 0N 'W yoax CITY 11/as/37 11/12 O/o7 _ Q ?QE CHANGED: * * imu 0FUR1!'REssINs INVESTIGATION; °' mm°F° EJACOBOSHAPIRO, W32!; aliases "Gurrah," chai-1oa5Shapir , Morri riedman, Samuelibishouse, mmm*w@sLOUISOBUCHALTER with aliases "Le Ice," LouisCbuckhouse, Louiszguckhalter,Louiségwer, Louiéjhohen, Loui§:Suc:%lter, Loui uvar, Louiéizgckholtz, Loui Lauvar,_L'3giaQsai=ro1-., Louis U.v6r_, "Leplsy," "Le. flcy,"Se_i_ky," - mmrrvs, et al. "' 'ANTITRUST
Synops1s:
Information from file in instant case andin the case entitled Vernon C. Miller,
with aliases, et al, Obstruction of Jus-tice; Endeavor to deliver Federal Prisoner,Frank Nash! New York File 62-4949, and also
from informants, reflects names of certainn relatives and associates of Buohalter andi Shapiro. Investigation in New York City
established present location of certain
relatives of subjects. Undeveloped leads
hereinafter set forth.1/
=/
Z, /, I ' I1
' ' 1,7c,
EFERENCE: P New York
57.I
7Report of Special Agent
City, dated October l8,
Letters to the Bureau from New York dated
November 7th and November 15th, 1937.
Telegram from Seattle to New York dated
November ll, 1957.m- ~ ~ I
Teletype to Denver from New York datedmms mmom
é~ {Q $53 November 16, 195"/. 1
I92P"*°VE° AND I ' s"° - "°""' no NOT WRITE m "mess sPAc£s E IFORWARDED: f I m Cwmcz _ V i .-, ____ _
corn-:s or TH ls new-oR'r ' '
D PM Mr--~ __ . I '~ -_%____~2 oZi§§§.na City 92 ,92 WQOV [5 O =.922 Newark . ., ~ " _./~ ;~. ,9292'-_ J3 New YOPK I. 92 92 ~ -- > 92 ' _ ,_~§_"__,______ _____ _ _,_______o._- v'*"¬-~_ 3, 92. .- 1 ." '4 .-' .-, ff N i e [$12 I /,£;}/,/ I ex v"92 __ *;;g;;hh_¬@ Bureau ,__ _2 Buffalo » ,92 ~a 2 W I I ' . /7 I3I
.1. GOVIIIIUIT PRIIHIG orvlcl 7--2034
516/60-302
DETAILS:
' The title of this case is changed to the extentof setting out the names and aliases of subjects JACOB SHAPIRO andLOUIS BUCHALTER for ready reference in the investigation of thiscase inasmuch
The remaining
title at this
cause they doas they are the two fugitives sought by the Bureau.subjects in this case are not being included in thetime because of their great number, and also be-not play an essential part in the future investi-gation looking to the apprehension of the fugitives.
This is a joint report of Special Agent
we
' In accordance with verbal instru ionsfrom Mr. C. Tolson of the Bureau to Special Agent
on November 10, 1937, to assign two additional agen s rom th soffice to this case for the principal purpose of locating andapprehending Jacob Shapiro, with aliases, and Louie Buonaltor,the m'iter~ and Special .*92.genT:_ were azrlgns-1 .0 "hi:investigation.
Inasmuch as the investigation of agents wasto be confined exclusively to the location and apprehension ofShapiro and Buchalter, information was drawn from the files inthis case and
with aliases,from files in the case entitled Vernon C. Miller,et al; Obstruction of Justice Endeavor to DeliverFederal Prisoner Frank Nash! New York File 62-4949, reflecting ieassociates and relatives of 3uchalter and Shapiro as known up untilthis time.
The Vernon C. Miller file was consulted forthe reason that the telephone of Buchalter located in the apart-ment occupied by Buchalter and his wife at the hotel Pierre, NewYork City, in1935 was surveilled by agents of the New York officeduring which time some information was secured as to Buchalter'sassociates and relatives and also some information pertaining tohis wife and son. The following names of associates and relativeswere obtained from the files in both cases and are hereinafterset forth with descriptive'dEta following each aame=
-2-
60-302
P We _ ADLER, J. ARTHUR. Commonly known as JAKE
ADLER, former Assistant U. S. Attorney in the Southern District
of New York, and now a practicing attorney in New York City with
offices at 151 West 50th Street, New York City Lo 5-5980!. For
some period of time Adler's practice has been known to consist
of representing known criminals and racketeers in and about New
York City and he has represented subjects Shapiro and Buchalter
in the instant case. _H Adler's brother is reported to have a
part interest in the Paradise cabaretxlocated on Broadway in the
Times SqdEr6 district, New York City, and Adler is reported to
spend a great deal of time at that place.
ARBEITSR, ABE. Last known address 1104 El
Avenue, Bronx, New York, listed as the name of the father of
Betty Buchalter, wife of subject Buchalter, in a bank account at
the Drydock Savings Bank in New York City, held by Betty Euchalt
in New York City in 1953.
ARBEITER, SAk and Sdh Last known ad-
dress listed as 115 Central Park Jest. Indicate Betty ?uchalter
as their daughter in bank account held by them in the Harlem
Savings Bank in New York City, in 1953. It has not yet been
determined the relationship between Abe and Sam Arbeiter but in-
vestigation will be conducted to that end.
. Associated with the WorldMoving and Storage Compan , East " Street New York City,and last known address listed as 192Iev.- York
City. It is indicated that he frequents the vicin ty of 2550
Hotel in New York City. It was indi-
Euchalter for some timeBroadway and the
cated that he acted
and whenever Buchal
wasiquite_frequently
made the necessary a
that the World moving and Storage Company is owned by one Milton
Spitzer. Both of them are believed to be close associates of
Buchalter.forrthem-or'-
York City. May be reac ed
One of the officers in the Fur DressersCorpora
- 5 _residence, which
It was reportedI
der
er
_-Q.
ect92.he
60-502
of investigation in instant case. He has iven inf rmation to the _1effect that Buchalter and Sha were
v or s rong arm ac iv ties by
.a iro. ese ayments which were made in cash, uc a er and p pwere made to Buchalter and Shapiro Although* has indicated recently tha e wou d e wi ing to co-
e Bureau it is not known if his attitude is sincere opera e with th
in this respect inasmuch as he has been associated with the sub-
ts in criminal activity, according to his own admission. Itgee
' ' 'b1e he will be able to give information relative is quite possi
to the location of Buchalter and Shapiro at some future time.
BUCHALTER " ' e 0 subject Louis
Buchalter. Has a by former marriage.
husband was zoriu '1~ veteran an- has been dead for 5 Her former . . ._
nine years,_ Betty Buchalter is described as aooit Jo years of
age; 5' 6" in height; 145 poundgj darxbrown hair and heavy build.
She has used various aliases, among them, the name Mrs. Betty
Saffer, Mrs. Wilson, and Betty Wasserman. It has been determined
that the present address of Betty Buchalter is 310 West 86th
Street, Apt. 12$, New York City.
She indicated during her telephone conversa-
tions which were surveillod as indicated above in 1933, that _ 1
-s 1 v _._ 7 co; 1 ' B ' 1208 Stratord Avenue, Bronx, h. l. Tivo-i 2'uu23! 1 Louis rein,
was herfather although other investigation indicates that her
father's name is Arbeiter. She communicated with an attorney
elephone Cortlandt 7-0027 in 1933 at t
torne over the telephone e# It was apparent that
as e accounting to the Ve
h e name could not be clearly distinguied times. The attorney, w os
through the telephone surveillance, informed Betty that the Veterans 92
atBureau had written her several letters which
that time. Betty informed"the athen residing with relatives at , New
York.
v Jden is u er, who formerly Emanuel Buchalter, ,
lived at 426 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New York, but who is presently
- 4 _5'7C
60-302 ~
residing at and is in the
seventh term a De Witt linton 1 c oo , ronx, New York.
,_ BUCHALTSR, EMANUEL, D.D.S., residing at 110west 86th Street, New York City Tr 1-zosz! and maintaining offices
at 57 West 57th Street Wi 2-3320!, and 524 Roebling Street,
Brooklyn, N. Y. St 2-8511!. Emnuel Buchalter is a brother of
Louis Buchalter and while reported to be a reputable business
man it is not believed that he will knowingly furnish any in-
formation leading to the location of his brother.
_ assumes e name of
Buchalter. he resides 10 Jest 86th Street,
and is now in sixth term at High School, Bronx,
New York.
BUCHALTER, ISIDGRE, residing at 947 HontgomeryStreet with his wife under the name of Mr. and Mrs. Irvin; Euchalter
Slocum 6-9778! He is employed as a pharmacist in the Harvard
Drug Company, 4239 Broadway, New York City, telephone Washington
Heights 7-3957. The proprietor of this drugstore is a man named
PAHPAF. '
wire of Emanuel Buchalter,
sister-inlaw of subject, residing with her husband at 110 West
-86th Street, New York City. .
BUCHALTER, ROSE, Mrs. Wife of Barnet -
Euchalter, deceased,.mother of Louis_Buchalter; also mother of
Emanuel, Isidore, Mrs. Sarah Moss, Mrs. H. J. Morse, PhillipKauvar and C. H. Rauvar. Presently residing at 2150 Broadway,
New York City, Beacon Hotel Tr 7-2500!.
p DAVIS, DIXIE, attorney, New York City, now
being sought by Prosecutor Dewey, in connection with policy rackets]
Davis represented Buchalter in certain activities and accompaniedhim to the office of New York County Assistant District Attorney
Mendelsohn for questioning in 1953. his correct name is J. Richard
Davis.
- 5 -C
CL
w Qrt
9292__tact wi60-502
i ,92__ --~ -_-
FEIN, LOUIS, 1268 Stratford Avenue,
Ti 2-5945!. Addressed in certain telephone conversation as
"Father" by Betty Buchalter although exact relationship not yet
established.
Recipients of telegram including a Jewish New Years greeting
sent by Betty Buchalter on September 30, 1933. Exact relation-
ship to be determined.
Elizab e station
contacted Buchalter some time ago for
New York City, to persuade Buchalter to esist rom 1nJUT1ng-in his business. "
Also known as
Brooklyn, K. Y.
is a friend of Betty Buc a ter. She made a trip wi ettyYto
Montreal in August 1953. She also has a son who is reported to
have attended school, possibly at Bedford Academy,'$ith Betty's
- KAUVAR, C.
Denver, Colorado, offices, 1580
brother of Buchalter, being the son of Buchalterfs mother by
marriage prior to her marriage to Buchalter's father Barnet, now
deceased.al Jewish Rabbi, 1316 Gilpin Stre
Gaylord Street, Denver; Half-
PHILLIu KAUVAR, half-brother of Buchalter, "
located in New York City and alleged to be in the trucking busi»
ness, although his address has not yet been determined.
Brooklyn,
direct con-
Shapiro, 18 known to have close associates
who are associates of Buchalter and Shapiro.
- 6 -et
60-302
correct
one
York y was
6 West 57th Street, New York Ci
LERNER, P. MORSE,_Dr. Female doctorat 242 East 15th Street, Ar 4-4645} treeteqjeme oi"'hireli_ngs
of Buchalter and Shapiro for certain injuries received by th6h1
while engaging in their strong arm activities in connection with
instant case.
_o.'mer of a concession some
time ago at the St. Moritz Hotel, 5O Central Park South. Known
to be acquainted with Eetty Buchalter and probably knows Buchalter
and Shaoiro.W
< -- 57¢MORSE, M. .1. L¬rs., apartment es, 161 feet
75th Street, New York City; sister of C. H. Kauvar and zhillip Kauvar,
and half sister of Buchalter. Her telephone number is Endicott
2-7972!. Eer husband is believed to be m. J. Morse, whose occupation
has not yet been determined.
iibss, lire]? Hotel Beacon, 2130 Broadwa
New York City Tr 7-2500.! W§he is a sister of Buchalter and is
reported to be a social director?in charge of Chmp Allegro, Berk-
éhire Inn, Pittsfield, Mass.; winter office, Hotel Beacon, tele-
phone Su 7-3812. Buchalter's mother is Mrs. Rose Buchalter,
who is residing at this address with her daughter, Mrs. Moss;
N. Y. Given as the sen er 0 a etter addresse 0 Mrs.
Rose Buchalter when the latter was in Denver in November 1933.
Investigation will be conducted to determine if any possible as-
sociation exists between the Richmond woman and the Suchalters.
_ 7 -Y,
I
4-750 Rev. 12-
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Page s! withheld entirely at this location in the file. Qne or more of the following
statements, where indicated, explain this deletion.
Deletions were made pursuant to the exemptions indicated below with no segregable material
available
[:1 b! l!
D b!!
U b!!for release to you.
Section 552 Section 552a
III
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reference to you or the subject of your
Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Government agency ies!. These documents were referred
to that agency ies! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain information furnished by another Government agency ies!. You will be
advised by the FBI as to the releasability of this information following our consultation
with the
Page s! withheld for the following reason s!:
For yourother agency ies!.
information:
The following number is to be used for reference regarding these pages:
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92». M
bIC»,60-302
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ii
At the Marriage Liceqse Bureau of the City of New York,
Borough of Manhattan, in volume 8, #18824, it was determined that
LOUIS BUCHALTER married BETTY WASSERIAN on August 20, 1931. The information
contained in the marriage license was as follows:
NAME LOUIS BUCHALTER
Residence 215 We 86th Street, New York City
-19-
uni -
60-302
Occupation Salesman 92
Birthplace New York City
Father , Barnett, born in Russia.
Mother lose Di Weltoff, born in Russia
Color White
Age 34
First marriage
HABEE 92 BETTY WASSERMAN
Residence 255 We 90th Street, New York City
Birthplace London, England
Father Abraham, born in England
Mother Sarah Jacobs, born in Russia
Color White
Age 29
Second nnrriege, widow since_l928
» This license is dated August 20, 1951 and the mrriage
was performed on the same date at the Municipal Building by MICHAEL J.
CRUISE, City Clerk. The witnesses to this marriage were Morris
Wolenslcy and=.1=everomo, 201 East 35th Street, New York City,
It l b t that i f t 1 t snou d e no ed n orm 10 he Verne- Miller file above mentioned is to the effect me
accompanied Buchalter to Germany in 1953 in the course o w
Buchalter is reported to have visited the baths at Carlsbad.
mo »
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Q» ' Q.92 W
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60-$02
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The descriptions of Buchalter and Shapiro will not be
set forth in this report inasmuch as the most complete descriptions
available at this time are set forth in th_e reward circulars he-lug
distributed by the various field. divisions oi the Bureau 1,111-oughout
the country, dated November 8, 1937»
-21-
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4-150 Rev. 12-14-ss! XXXXXX
92-.4 XXXXXX
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FOIPA DELETED PAGE INFORMATION SHEET r
59* Page s! withheld entirely at this location in the file. One or more of the following
statements, where indicated, explain this deletion.
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XXXXXXDeletions were made pursuant to the exemptions indicated below with no segregable material
available for release to you.
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Information pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subject of your
request.
Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Government agency ies!. These documents were referred
to that agency ies! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain information furnished by another Government agency ies!. You will be
advised by the FBI as to the releasability of this information following our consultation
with the other agency ies!.
Page s! withheld for the following reason s!:
For your information:
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The following number is to be used for reference regarding these pages:
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wl THE NEW YORK OFFICE will conduct iHY68t1g&t1On
based on all available information looking to the location and
apprehension oi Buchalter and Shapiro.
PENDING -
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