Endnotes 1. McGrath, M. (2024). Is the UN warning of 3.1C global warming a surprise? BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ articles/cn0d24w28qno. 2. Díaz, D. (2019). Incendios forestales: 2.094 motivos para cambiar el modelo de producción agropecuaria. InfoNegocios. https://infonegocios.com.py/nota-principal/incendios-forestales-2-094-motivos-para-cambiar-el-modelo-de-produccion- agropecuaria . 3. National Institute for Space Research, Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovations (INPE). (2025) . Monitoramento da Cobertura Vegetal da Amazônia Sul Americana. Projeto PANAMAZÔNIA II. http://www.dsr.inpe.br/ laf/panamazonia/#:~:text=Originalmente%2C%20o%20objetivo%20do%20projeto,%2C%20Peru%2C%20com%20 aproximadamente%2013%25. 4. Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy, Latin America. (2023). Forum of Pan-Amazonian Cities and Global Covenant of Mayors, a Strategic Alliance for the Amazon Region. https://pactodealcaldes-la.org/language/ en/foro-de-ciudades-pan-amazonicas-y-pacto-global-de-alcaldes-una-alianza-estrategica-para-la-region- amazonica/#:~:text=Launched%20in%202020%2C%20the%20Forum%20of%20Pan%2DAmazonian,spanning%20 Brazil%2C%20Bolivia%2C%20Colombia%2C%20Ecuador%2C%20and%20Peru. 5. Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef. (GRSB). (2025). https://grsbeef.org/. 6. The 2009 Constitution of Bolivia defines the country as a Plurinational State, meaning it is a state composed of multiple political communities with constitutional asymmetry. The country’s official name was changed to reflect its multi-ethnic nature. The constitution recognizes political, economic, legal, cultural and linguistic pluralism, ensuring the diversity and rights of the different nations and peoples that make up Bolivia (National Constitution, 2009). Hereafter referred to as Bolivia. 7. Greenpeace. (2022). Deforestación en el norte de Argentina. Informe anual 2022. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/ planet4-argentina-stateless/2023/01/e9b71707-deforestacion-en-el-norte-de-argentina-informe-anual-2022.pdf. 8. Redes Chaco. (2024). https://redeschaco.org/. 9. Maldonado, P ., Hohne E. & Naumann, M. (2006). Atlas del Gran Chaco Americano. Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica. https://redaf.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/ATLAS_GRAN_CHACO_ES.pdf. 10. Maldonado, P ., Hohne E. & Naumann, M. (2006). Atlas del Gran Chaco Americano. Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica. https://redaf.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/ATLAS_GRAN_CHACO_ES.pdf. 11. Maldonado, P ., Hohne E. & Naumann, M. (2006). Atlas del Gran Chaco Americano. Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica. https://redaf.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/ATLAS_GRAN_CHACO_ES.pdf. 12. Bracalenti, M. A., et al. (2024). The agricultural expansion in South America’s Dry Chaco: regional hydroclimate effects. European Geosciences Union: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol. 28, no. 14, pp. 3281-3303. https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/28/3281/2024/#:~:text=This%20dry%2Dforest%20ecoregion%20combines,et%20 al.%2C%202016). 13. Latin American & Caribbean Geographic. (2023). The Gran Chaco: A Blend of Biodiversity and Challenges. https://lacgeo.com/gran-chaco-dry-humid-chaco. 14. Zepharovich, E., Ceddia, M. G., & Rist, S. (2020). Land-Use Conflict in the Gran Chaco: Finding Common Ground through Use of the Q Method. Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 18, pp. 7788. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187788. 15. The Nature Conservancy. (2021). Gran Chaco: Protecting the second largest forest in South America. https://www.nature.org/es-us/sobre-tnc/donde-trabajamos/tnc-en-latinoamerica/argentina/gran-chaco/. 16. Ortega, G. (2013). Extractivismo en el Chaco paraguayo. Un estudio exploratorio. Fundación Rosa Luxemburgo; Diakonia; BASE IS. https://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Paraguay/base-is/20170331050929/pdf_1239.pdf. 17. Conversion refers to the loss of a natural ecosystem due to its replacement with agricultural land or other land uses, or as a result of a profound and lasting change in the species composition, structure, or function of the ecosystem. Deforestation is one example of conversion (the conversion of natural forests). Conversion also encompasses severe and ongoing degradation, or the introduction of management practices that lead to significant and sustained alterations in an ecosystem’s species composition, structure, or function. Any change to natural ecosystems that meets this definition is considered conversion, regardless of whether it is legally permitted. Source: Accountability Framework initiative. Conversion. https://accountability-framework.org/use-the-accountability-framework/definitions/conversion/ . 18. MapBiomas Chaco. https://chaco.mapbiomas.org/. 19. Pasten, M., & Giménez, A. (2013). Escenarios de Cambio Climático en el Gran Chaco Americano para el Año 2040. Estudio de Vulnerabilidad e Impacto del Cambio Climático en el Gran Chaco Americano. Instituto Desarrollo. https://desarrollo.org.py/admin/app/webroot/pdf/publications/08-10-2015-14-33-44-674044884.pdf. 20. Hagen, I., Huggel, C., Ramajo, L., Chacón, N., Ometto, J. P ., Postigo, J. C., & Castellanos, E. J. (2022). Climate change- related risks and adaptation potential in Central and South America during the 21st century. Environmental Research Letters, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 033002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5271. The Gran Chaco: Pathways Towards a Sustainable Future 54

The Gran Chaco Pathways Towards a Sustainable Future 2025