Making the Green Transition Work for People and the Economy 2025

Metric Period Source Social-protection coverage, %2022, or latest year available Social protection coverage around the world, SDG Labour Market Indicators (ILOSDG), ILOSTAT Share of income of bottom 50% 2023, or latest year available World Inequality Database Real wage growth (10-year average), % 2023, or latest year available International Labour Organization (ILO). (2024). Global Wage Report 2024-25. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/ GWR-2024_Layout_E_RGB_Web.pdf. Tax progressivity, 0-1 (best) 2024, or latest year available Oxfam. (2024). The Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2024. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/the-commitment-to-reducing-inequality-index-2024-621653/. Share of youth population (aged 15-24 years) 2024, or latest year available UN Populations Division Data Portal Fiscal balance as % of GDP 2025, or latest year available Kose, M. A., S. Kurlat, F. Ohnsorge and N. Sugawara. (2022). A cross-country database of fiscal space. Journal of International Money and Finance, vol. 128. Inclusion in public spaces, 1-0 (best) 2023, or latest year available V-Dem Dataset Core version 15, V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg Legal framework for renewable energy, 0-100 (best)2023, or latest year available “Electricity Sector – Renewables”, Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE), World Bank Policies to encourage cleaner transport, 0-100 (best) 2023, or latest year available “Transport Sector – Renewables”, Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE), World Bank Number of green patents, # (three-year average) 2022, or latest year available Patents - Technology Development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) STI Micro-data Lab: Intellectual Property database Regulatory quality, -2.5 - +2.5 (best) 2022, or latest year available Regulatory quality (estimate), World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators Land-use availability, million km 22023, or latest year available Agricultural land (% of land area), forest land (% of land area); land area, sq. km; World Bank, World Development Indicators Database, published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) CO2 emissions intensity, kg per PPP $ of GDP2023, or latest year available World Bank, World Development Indicators Database, published by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission Fossil-fuel subsidies as a % of GDP 2023, or latest year available Fossil Fuel Subsidy Tracker, sourced from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), International Energy Agency (IEA), United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank Coverage of public transport, % 2024, or latest year available SDG 11.2.1: Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport by sex, age, and persons with disabilities, UN-Habitat Urban Indicators Database R&D expenditure as % of GDP 2023, or latest year available World Bank, World Development Indicators database, published by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)Metrics used in the development of the archetypes (continued) TABLE 1 Making the Green Transition Work for People and the Economy 52